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1、浅论傅山四宁四毋摘要历史的发展总是有高潮有低谷的,例如唐朝的开元盛世,宋朝文化的开放,但是也有像清朝闭关锁国的落后时期。书法史的发展也是这样,汉朝是书法成熟时期,到东晋时期书法发展到历史最高点,后来到唐朝的进一步发展,中国书法不断发展变化。当然书法的发展也离不开政治因素,国家的昌盛以及改朝换代带来的动乱时期,都给书法的发展带来一定的影响。在明清时期书法发展又到了一个转折点,朝廷的八股取士极大抑制了文人对艺术的表现。以至于明末清初时期出现了一批像朱耷、倪元璐、黄道周、王铎、傅山这样极具表现力的书家。他们通过个性张扬的草书来宣泄被压抑的情绪,来表达对科举制
2、度以及社会的不满。由此中国书法在明清时期又有了不同的表现点。傅山经历了从明朝到清朝的换代,并参与了反清复明的活动,他被认为是明末清初保持民族气节的典范人物。顾炎武极服其志节。傅山一生学无所不通,经史之外,兼通先秦诸子,又长于书画医学。[1]他对书法的贡献不仅仅在于给后世留下诸多书法作品,同时还提出重要的书法理论“四宁四毋”。“四宁四毋”不仅仅是书法审美的要求,同时是做人的基本要求。本篇文章重点讨论傅山“四宁四毋”对其书法的影响以及所包含的时代精神。关键词:傅山;“四宁四毋”;书法;时代精神AbstractThedevelopmentofhistoryi
3、salwayshavehighlow,forexample,thetangdynastykaiyuan,openthesongdynastyculture,butthere’salsoliketheqingdynastyclosedbehindtheTimes.Thedevelopmentofcalligraphyandsoon,thehandynastycalligraphyismatureperiod,totheperiodofeasternjincalligraphydevelopmenttoall-timehighs,thentothedeve
4、lopmentofthetangdynasty,Chinesecalligraphydevelopmentandchangeconstantly.Thedevelopmentofcalligraphy,ofcourse,alsocannotleavepolitics,thecountry’sprosperityandbringtheturbulentperiodofchange,bringthecertaineffecttothedevelopmentofcalligraphy.Inmingandqingdynastycalligraphydevelo
5、pmentcametoaturningpoint,selectscholarsforpublicofficegreatlyinhibitedtheliteratiintheimperialcourtforartperformance.ThatappearedabatchoflikeZhuDabetweenMingdynastyandearlyqingNiYuanLuHuangDaozhouWangDuoFuShansuchhighlyexpressivecalligrapher.Theythroughtheindividualcharactermake
6、publiccursivescriptforpent-upemotions,toexpressdissatisfactionwiththeimperialexaminationsystemandsocial.TheChinesecalligraphyintheMingandqingdynastieshavedifferentperformance.ResearchedhasexperiencedfromtheMingtotheqingdynasty,andparticipatedintheclearvision,keepthenationalinteg
7、ritybetweenMingdynastyandearlyqingheissupposedtobeamodelofcharacters.Guyanwusuititsinsistence.Researchedlifelearnnothing,bythehistory,andpre-qinscholars,andlongerthanthecalligraphyandpaintingofmedicine.Hiscontributiontothecalligraphyisnotjustabouttoleavefuturegenerationsalotofca
8、lligraphy,butalsoimportantcalligraphytheoryputf
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