关联理论指导下隐喻的翻译——以《围城》为例

关联理论指导下隐喻的翻译——以《围城》为例

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分类号:H315.9学校代码:10697密级:公幵学号:201220325XLL9o2J^NorthwestUniversityfiSJ士字位论文'SDIONMASTERISSERTAT关联理论指导下隐喻的翻译以《围城》为例-,.-工.i.‘在t:?-.学科名称:英语语言文学:作者:卢庆玲指导老师李建利教授西北大学学位评定委员会二〇一五年 MetahorTranslationundertheGuidanceofRelevancepTheor:ACaseStudonFortressBesiegedyyByLuinlinQggAThesisSubmittedtoSchoolofForeignLanguagesinPartialFulfillmentoftheReuirementsforqtheDegreeofMasterofArtsUndertheSupervisionofProfessorLiJianUNorthwestUniversityJune2015 ??iJ-J,■r‘A?西北大学学位论文知识产权声明书本人完全了解西北大学关于收集、保存、使用学位论文的规定。学校有/权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版。本人允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权西北大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。同时授权中国科学技术信息研究所等机构将本学位论文收彔到《中国学位论文全文数据库》或其它相关数据库。’保密论文待解密后适用本声明。少学位论文作者签名:指导教师签名:年月曰^r年^2曰.67/6月西北大学学位论文独创性声明本人声明:所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研宄成果。据我所知,除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,本论文不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研宄成果,也不包含为获得西.北大学或其它教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料一。与我同工作的丨:同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示谢意。:学位论文作者签名:7^年I月/2?曰 摘要隐喻无所不在,据悉人们平均每分钟都要使用六个隐喻。正是因为隐喻在人们生活中如此高的出镜率,从而吸引了大批学者对其进行研究和学习。其中最为突出的贡献当“”属莱考夫和约翰逊提出的概念隐喻理论,真正意义上促使隐喻的研究从单纯的修辞手法到认知角度的巨大转变。鉴于隐喻与人类认知系统有着密切的关系,,隐喻历来受到了各方学者的高度关注相关的著作和文章也层出不穷。关于隐喻是否可译而又选择什么样的翻译方法,则成为了译者争论不休的课题。本文采取了定量的研究方式,以《围城》英译本作为个案研究对象选择关联理论作为整个文本的理论指导,从而探究在面对不同类型隐喻翻译时译者,该何去何从。一一根据关联理论,翻译同样也是种交际,遵循着交际的般法则,但是不同于普通交际的地方则在于其是跨文化、跨语言的活动。翻译历经两次明示与推理的过程,在这其中,译者身负重任,不仅扮演着听者的角色,同时还要扮演着交际者的角色。他必须一过程了解到原文作者的意图通过推理这,同时预估到目标读者的认知环境。而决定译---者翻译策略的根本则是达到最佳关联,译者必须制造足够的语境效果,同时不让读者花费不必要的处理努力。《围城》的译者充分考虑到语境效果和目标读者处理努力,采取了直译与意译两种方式结合,包括保留隐喻,,舍弃隐喻等翻译策略。,转换隐喻为明喻为隐喻添加附注一译本大体上保持了著作的原汁原味,并力图在目标语中取得同原文本样的效果。该译。本的成功之处就在于,译者令作者的意图和读者的期待得以重合,,关键词:关联理论,概念隐喻,围城隐喻翻译翻译策略i AbstractMetaphorisubiquitous.Peopleusesixmetaphorsaminuteaccordingtostatistics.The'metaphorhasbeenattractingahostofscholarsbecauseofitshihfreuencineolesdailgqyppytheotttlife.ThemostinnovativeryofmeahorisconceptualmetaphorheoryadvocaedbypLakofandJohnson,whichenablesmetaphortoshiftitselffrommerelyafigureofspeechtoastudyexloredfromtheconitiveersective.pgppDuetothecloserelationsbetweenmetaphorsandhumanconceptualsystems,scholarsholddifferentopinionsaboutwhetherthemetaphorcanbetranslatedandwhatstrategiesthetransaorswadonthsrear.TethessatsuatatvemethodandakesFortressltillptiigdhidopqliitBesiegedasacasestudyinordertodiscussthemetahortesanditstranslationunderthepypuidanceofrelevancetheorgy.Accordingtorelevancetheory,translationisalsoanactofcommunication,whichfollowseneralrulesofcommunication.Butuitediferentfromcommoncommunicationgq,-ndcross-woos-transationisacrossculturallanuaeactivit.Icontainstensioninferencelaggyttrocesses.Durinthesetworocessesthetranslatorfirstlactsastheaudienceandsecondlpgp,yy'nasacommunicator.Hehastoinferthewritersintentionandanticipatethecogitiveenvironmentof.Tliiiill.Thtitthetargetreadersheonydecsvestandardsotmareevanceasopsaythetranslatorcreatessuficientcontextualeffectandcallsforlittlerocessinefortfrom,pgthetargetreaders.ThetranslatorsofFortressBesiegedtakethecontextualeffectandtherocessinefortpgofthetargetreadersintoconsiderations.Theyemploybothliteraltranslationandfreetranslationincludinretaininthemetahorturninthemetahorintosimileaddinnotes,ggp,gp,gandabandoningthemetahoretc.Thetranslationenerallmaintainstheoriginalflavorofp,gythesourcetextandattemptstoachievethesameeffectintargetlanguage.Thesuccessofthe''translationliesintheoverlapbetweenthewritersintentionandthetargetreadersexpectation.Keords:relevancetheorconcetualmetahorFortressBesieedmetahortranslationywy,pp.g,p,translationstrategyii TableofContentsAbstractinChineseiAbstractinEnlshiigiChapterOneIntroduction11.1SignificanceoftheStudy11.2PurposeoftheStudy121.3Methodology14ctuothehesis2.StrurefTChapterTwoLiteratureReview42.1PreviousStudyonRelevanceTheoryAbroad42.2PreviousStudyonRelevanceTheorinChina5y2.3PreviousStudyonMetaphorandItsTranslationAbroad72.4PreviousStudyonMetaphoranditsTranslationinChina8ChaterThreeTheoreticalFramework11p31tsRT11.Concepofelevanceheory32Oti-itlCiti12.sensvenfereniaommuncaon313.3PrinciplesofRelevance3ProcessofTranslation14.43.5RolesoftheTranslator153.6StandardsofASuccessfulTranslation16ChapterFourMetaphorandFortressBesieged1941Mt1.eaphor94.1.1TheEssenceofConceptualMetaphor1942tMt.1.Classificaionsofeaphor204MiMt22.1.3TheWorkingechansmofeaphor4.2TheIntroductionofFortressBesieged2442boutheAuthor24..1Atiii 422outeransators25..AbthTl4.2.3AboutthePlot26ChapterFiveTranslationMethodsofMetaphorsinFBundertheGuidanceofRelevanceTheory275.1OrientationalMetaphorinFB2852TranslationMethodsofOrientationalMetaphor29.StrlhoiFB53ucturaMetaprn3154ransatonetsofStructuralMetahor.TliMhodp325.4.1RetainingtheMetaphor32542TurnnteMetahorintoameImaeinTL33..ighSgp543TurninthMthorinoSmile34..geeatip5.4.4AddingNotes365.4.5AbandoningtheMetahor37p5.5OntoloicalMetahorinFB38gp5.6TranslationMethodsofOntologicalMetaphor395.6.1RetainingtheMetaphor395.2AaninteMetahor41.6bdonghpChaSiCli44pterxoncusonBibliography46攻读硕士学位期间的科研成果48Acknowledgements49iv/ 西北大学硕士学位论文ChaterOneIntroductionp11SinificanceoftheStud.gyAsanornamentforlanguage,metaphorhasgainedattentionfromscholarsinvariousfieldsbecauseofitscomplexityandsubtlet.Metahoriscomlexbecausethemainfromypp,ppgthesourcedomaintotargetdomainisacomplexsystemratherthanasingleimage.Metaphorissubtlety,becausepeopleuseitautomaticallyandpeopleofthesameculturecangraspwhatthemetaphorimpliesunexpectedly.Thecharismaofmetaphordrivesanincreasingnumberofscholarstorobeintoitsoriinfunctionsandusaesandotherrelevantknowlede.pg,ggMetaphorhasbeenaheatedtopicforrelevantscholars,especiallyaftertheappearanceofMetaphorsWeLiveBy,metaphorhasshifteditselffrommerelyafigureofspeechtoastudyexploredfromcognitivepointofview.Sincethen,peoplestarttonoticethatlinguisticstructureisaartofcultureandlinuisticmetahoricalusaesarebasedonbroaderculturalp,gpgconitivestructures.EveSweetser.1995:592Accordintoconcetualtheoritisofreatg()gpy,gmortancetoexorethedeeermeannofemetaorecauseeoecandscoveripplpigthph,bpplicoitiironmentthrouhtheirusesoftaho.FBdidowignveenvgmeprsortressesiegesenedwthalargequantityofmetaphorsandisoneoftheclassicsinChineseliterature.Studyonmetaphor'FtttttttinortressBesiegednoonlyenableseoleohaveacuainancewihhewrierswisandppq'profoundmeaningsofthebookbutalsoenricheseolesknowledeaboutmetahorand,ppgphumanconceptualsystems.Sincetranslationisthemostcomlicatedactivitintheuniversenosinletheorcanpy,gyoffertheauthoritativeandunifiedframeworktoexplaineveryphenomenonintheprocess.Howeverthouhrelevancetheorisoneoframatictheoriesitivescluestotranslation,gypg,gactivitiesandsolvescontradictionsinvarioustheories.Thereforeitisofreatsinificanceto,ggutrelevancetheorintotranslationracticeswhichwillshednewlihtonmetaoranditspyp,gphtranslation.1.2PurposeoftheStudyThethesisaimstorovethecloserelationshibetweenthemetahoricalexpressionsandppp'eolesconcetualsstems.AccordintoLakofifandJohnsonmetahorsareervasiveandpppyg,ppuniversal.Peopleusuallyunderstandabstractandobscuremattersintermsofsomethinthegy1 ChapterOneIntroductionwh'arefamiliarwithichmeansthatmetahorsdetermineeoleswaofactandthinkin,pppygmodel.Theauthorintendstoanalyzemetaphorsinaparticulartextandexploresthesimilaritiesintwodifferentconceptualsystemswithdiferentcultures.Moreoverthethesisintendstomakeitclearthatwhatrelevancetheorisandwhatthe,y-trelevanceheoreticaltranslationis.Conseuentltheauthorwillutthetheorintoracticeqy,ypptoanalyzewhatmethodsthetranslatorshavechosenundertheguidanceofrelevancetheory.Afterdoinsothethesiswilliveanswerstothefollowinuestions:1towhatextentdog,ggq)'metahorshaveinfluencesoneolesconcetualsstems2howtoclassifmetahorunderppppy;)yptheguidanceofconceptualmetaphor3whatisthemeasurementoftranslationunderthe;)uidanceofreevancetheoranhowtochoosemethodsaboumetaorransatonunderglyd4)tphtlitheuidanceofrelevancetheor.gy1.3MethodologyUndertheuidanceofconcetualmetaphortheauthorchoosesFortressBesieedasagp,gcasestudytoexploremetaphortranslation.Theauthoradoptsaqualitativeresearchmethodwithlargequantityofexamples,whichaimsatfindingwhatstrategiesthetranslatorshavechosenonthebasisofrelevancetheory.-Moreoveradescritiveextmett.Ttlanaorhodwillbeincludedinheresearchheauhor,ppywillillustratetherelevancetheoryaccordintoherunderstandinandutthemintoractice.ggppParticularltheauthoremlosliteratureresearchmethodolotooferasolitreticaly,pygydheoframeworkforthewholethesisCtatonandotationwillbeemldinthihi.iiqupoyestessfor'furtherdemonstratingtheauthorsoinions.p14heTh.StructureoftesisTherearesixchaptersinthisthesis.Chapteroneistheintroduction.Itincludeswhytheauthorselectsthisstudy,whatistheuroseofthethesiswhatmethodemloedintheresearchandwhatisthewholestructurepp,pyofthethesis.Chaptertwocontainsthepreviousstudyonbothrelevancetheoryandmetaphor.Chapterthreeisthetheoreticalframeworkofthewholethesisinwhichtheauthorgivestttttsdetailedexplanaionsabouttheheoryandelaboraionsonherelevantelemen.Chapterfourismetaphorclassificationsinthetext.Theauthorfirstlyintroducesthe2 w北大学硕」:学位论文conceptofmetaphor,howitcomesintobeingandhowitworks.Then,sheclassifiesthemetaphorsintheFortressBesiegedaccordingtoconcetualtheor.pyChapterfiveisacasestudyofFortressBesieged.Theauthordescribesthestrategiesemployedbthetranslatorsundertheuidanceofrelevancetheor.ygyChatersixistheconclusionofthewholethesisincludinmaorfindinslimitationspgjg,andsuestionsforfurtherresearchgg.3 ChaterTwoLiteratureReviewpChaterTwoLiteratureReviewp2.1PreviousStudynRelevanceTheorAbroadoyRelevancetheoryhasgonethroughthreeperiods:1)from1979to1986,SperberandWilsonputforwardthenotionofrelevance;2)thepublishingofRelevance:CommunicationandCognitionmarkedthematurityoftherelevancetheory;3)thesecondeditionofRelevance:CommunicationandCognitiondescribedsomemodificationsofthetheory.These""""""threeeriodsarecalledrowthmaturitandmodification.姜望琪.2002:119pgy()In1979SerberandWilsonutforwardthenotionofrelevanceinModernLinuistics:,ppg'TheResultoChomsksRevolution.Laterin1981SerberandWilsonoficialldefinthf,pedeyy,notionofrelevanceintheiraerOnGricesTheoroConversation.Thethinkthattheppyfyseakertrieshisbesttoachievethereatestrelevanceinthecommunicationrocess.In1982pgp,SerberWil-tMutuaKnRTpandsoncopublishedheiraerlowledeAndelevanceinheoriesoppgfComprehensionincollectionMutualKnowledge.Theygavethesimilardefinitionandreferredtorelevanceasamaterofdegree.Theyadvocatedthatthedegreeofrelevancedependsontheratiobetweentheoutputandinput.Theformerreferstothenumberofcontextualimplicationswhilethelatermeanstherocessineffortsconsumedintherocesspgpofinference.Howevertheaidnoattentiontothevitalroleofttthholconexinewerocess.,yppIn1986SperberandWilsonillustratedrelevancetheoryinRelevance:Communication,""andCognition.Theydeclaredthatrelevanceisafiizztermanduitediferentfromtheyq""ordnarEnsrreevanceRelevancemeansiferentforeoeortheiyglihwodl.ddifferentppl,sameeoleunderdiferentcircumstances.Thereardedrelevanceasacomarativeconcetppygppandextendedthedefinitionofrelevanceintermsofdegreewithcontextandrocessinpgeffortsincluded.In1995SerberandWilsonmadesomemodificationsinthesecondedition,pofRelevance:CommunicationandCognition.Theydistinuishthediferencesbetweentheggreatestrelevanceandtheotimalrelevance.pAftertheappearanceofrelevancetheory,itisGuttwhofirstattemptstostudytranslationfromtheersectiveofrelevancetheorin1991.InthebookTranslationandRelevance:ppyCognitionandContext,hepointedoutthattranslationinvolvesnotonlycodesbutinferencesunderthealwaschanincontext.Heclarifiedtherocessoftranslationrolesoftheyggp,translatorandthestandardsoftranslationundertheuidanceofrelevancetheorHisgy.4 两北大学硕上学位论文opinionshadtriggeredaheateddiscussionintheacademicfieldandoferedaquitenewperspectivetoexplainthetranslationactivities.In2001,Nidapointedoutthatrelevancetheorycannotexplainallcomplicatedlinguistichenomenaafterconfirmingitsinnovativeexlanationfortranslation王建国.2pp.005:23()"”",,Fawcettdoubtedthatenoughcontextualefectandnecessaryefortsareobscureconcets.p“,,Meanwhileitisdificultforthetranslatortofindtherelevancewhenthetranslatorhasno,kn'owttititThouthledgeabouhereaderscognveenvironmen.ghrelevanceeoryreceivesunfavorablecomments,scholarsneverstoptheirexplorationsandinsteadhavebooming'enthusiasmaboutitsstudy.FamousbooksincludeJ.BenaminssCurrentIssuesinRelevancej'PaRRThTheory,IanMacKenziesradigmsofeading:elevanceeoryandDeconsiruction,'AdrianP?ilkingtonsPoeticEects:ARelevanceTheorPersectiveournalsincludefyp,j'CatherineJ.WearinsRelevanceTheor:PramaticsandConitionTheoJ.D.Bothmaandgygg,'SvenTarpsWhyRelevanceTheoryisRelevantforLexicography,FranciscoJavier'-PDiazerezsRelevanceTheoryandTranslation:TranslatinPunsinSanishFilmTitlesintogpEnglishetc.,2.2PreviousStudonRelevanceTheorinChinayyChinesescholarspaymoreatentiontotherelevancetheorycomparedwithwesternscholars.Studiesaboutrelevancetheorymainlytookplacefrom1995to2005inChina.In1988ShenJiaxuanisthefirstscholartointroducetherelevancetheorinForeinLanuae,yggg""“”TeachingandResearch,Heillustratescommunicationandrelevanceinhisaerthouhpp,gwithlimitedwordsheivesdetailedexlanationsaboutcoreideasinrelevancetheor.Later,gpy,manyaersonrelevancetheorhavebeenublishedinthecoreournalslikeiournaloppypjfForeignLanguages,ForeignLanguageResearch,ModernForeignLanguages,ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchetc.,In1992ZhanYafeiillustratedhisownoinionsaboutrelevancetheorinhisaer,gpyppReviewoRelevanceTheor.Headvocatedthatrelevancetheoritselfisaworthwhiletrf,yyywhichintendstomakepragmaticstobeasystematiclanguagescience.Butitisvariableforthecommunicationrocessduetothediferencesbetweenarticiants.In1994inhisaerppp,ppR'elevanceandTranslationinChineseTranslatorsJournal,LinKenantalkedaboutGuttsideasabouttranslationundertheuidanceoftheor.relevancegyInHeZiranandRanYonnubledRRTh---1998iishAeviewoelevanceeorthe,gpgpfyEssentialsofonitivePramaticsinModernForeinLanguage.TheintroducedthemainCgggy5 ChaterTwoLiteratureReviewpideasofrelevancetheoryandtalkedaboutnewmodificationsinthesecondeditionofRelevance:CommunicationandCognition.Theyapprovedthegreatcontributionofrelevancetheorandointedouttheshortcominsandlimitationsofthetheoraswellincludinhowypgy,gtheaudienceexandshisassumtionschemashowvariousassumtionscomeintobeinandpp,pghowtoensuretheseuenceofthoseassumtionsetc.Certainltheadmittedtheqp,y,yexplanatorypowerofrelevancetheorysinceitcangiveanswerstomostquestionsaboututteranceunderstandingandlinuisticconition.ggIn2002JiangWangqiublishedhisarTheNotionRelevanceinRelevanceTheoryinppe,pNanKaiLinguistics,HedividedrelevancetheoryintothreeperiodsandgavecommentsaboutthesecondeditionofRelevance:CommunicationandCognition.Inaddition,JiangXiaohuaheldconservativeattitudetowardsrelevancetheor.LiYunxinLiYoninandotheryg,gpgscholarsdoubtedtheauthorityofrelevancetheorthouhtheadmitthatrelevancetheorygyyreallyprovidesatheoreticalframeworktofollow.Skepticsconsiderthatthenotionofretclarifiedenouhandisdificulttosetaclearboundar.Andthesamelevanceisnogysentencemeansdifferentdegreesofrelevancetothecommunicatorandtheaudience.The"maincontroversycentersonwhetherrelevancetheorycanexplainalltranslation"",,phenomenaandisitexplanatoryforculturetranslation?Wilsonhasgivenhisanswerstosomeueriesbuttheseemcontradictorandimersuasive.Evensorelevantscholarscomeqyyp,uwiththeirownunderstandinsofthetheorheircriticismsundoubtedlushorwardtepgy.Typfhdevelopmentofrelevancetheoryanditstranslation.Researchofrelevancetheorcovershumormetahortranslationadvertisementbrandy,p,,marknterretationteaccuturemoveetc.Famousworsmusroomeacaemcihinglikhdindi,p,,,,'?fieJuoR-ThPldbookslikeWaniansTranslationStudies:Aelevanceeoreticersective,ggp,Zh'aoHongsARelevanceTheoreticApproachtoVerbalIronic:AcaseStudyofPriceand?NewDMPrejudiceevelomentsinPramaticsRelevanceAdatationandemetics,’,pgp''co-authoredbXieChaounandChenXinrenmastersthesislikeZhouMisCritiueonyq,qTwoChineseTranslationoTheKiteRunnerFromthePersectiveoRelevanceTheorfpf;yMetahorTranslationomthePersectiveoelevanceTheorACtdThW:aseSuofeomanpfrpfRyy'WhtGuHZhOntheTranCultulImage-EinieboaishananionssmissionorainCy,gQgfTranslationofMetaphorsinFortressBesiegedfromthePerspectiveofRelevanceTheory;,RT,M'ournalslikeZouZhionsOnelevanceheoriesViewoetaphor,ChenKensOnjygf'RelevanceTheoryandMetaphorTranslation,HeZiranandRanYongpingsAReviewof—-tEssetiCognitiPtetcRelevanceTheorhenalsoveramaics.f,yg6 西北大学硕士学位论文2.3PreviousStudonMetahorandItsTranslationAbroadypAristotleissaidtobethespokesmanofit,whogivesacomprehensivestatementaboutmetahor.AristotleillustratesdefinitioncateorandfunctionsofmetahorinPoeticsandp,gypRhetoric,whichhadexertedgreatinfluencesonwesterntheoryformorethantwothousandd'ears.AccorintoAristotlesdefinitionmetahoristhetransferenceorbanalothatisyg,,,pygyproportion.Aristotle.2005:25.()Inthe1930sIvorArmstronRichardsublishedThePhilosohoRhetoricwiththe,gppyfattempttostudymetahorasasemantichenomenon.AristotleexloredmetahormerelatppppythelexicallevelwhileRichardsstudiedmetaphorfromthesemanticlevelandtookthecontextintoconsiderat.2011213InThePRhtion全国.:hilosohyoetorichecriicized(朱)pf,'—Aristotlesmetaphortheorymetaphorsonlybelongtogeniuses.Hereferstometaphorasthiresentriileoflan.Richards.193692eomnpncguage;pp()In1980,thetermconceptualmetaphorcameintobeingwhenthebookMetaphorsWeLiveBwasubished.tsauthorsakoflfandJohnsonastheforefathersofconcetuayplI,L,plttt-heorhadrieredhesocalledmetahoricrevolutionafterwards.Intheastmetahorisy,ggpp,p"studiedmainlyasarhetoricalphenomenonandisoftenconsideredasanostentatious"ornamentofua.H.196150Schotoltheclanggesowes:larsraduallcomereaizelose()gyrelationsbetweenmetaphoricalexpressionsandhumanconceptualsystems.Lakoffadvocatedthatthemetaphorismorethanafigureofspeech.Itservesbothasanembodimentofa'trtt.王静ansferenceofmeaningsandasareflecionofpeoplesknowledgeofheworld(.20061:1)L'Danaterin1987,LakoffsanotherbookWomen,FireandgerousThingsgavenewanswerstotherelationsbetweenthouhtandmeaninhoweolemakesenseoftheirgg,ppexerienceLakoff.1987:iandhowconcetualsstemsoranize.BesidesJohnsopxpyg,n()referredtotwotypesofcognitivestructureimaeschemaandmetahoricalstructureinhis(gp)bookTheBodyintheMind(1987).In1999,LakofandJohnsonpublishedThePhilosophyintheFlesh:TheEmbodiedMindandItsChallengetoWesternThought?Othereffortsmadebyscholarsundoubtedlypushforwardthedevelopmentofmetaphorstudy.Afterwards,Fauconnier1997roosedtheblendintheoronthebasisofmaintheoradvocatedb()ppgyppgyyLakoffandJohnson.Heregardedbothsourceandtargetdomainsasblendingsaceandcamepupwithaconcetnamedenericsaceforfurtherexlanationsoftheworkinmechanism.pgppgSincestudonmetahorhastrieredareatattentionfromscholarsinvariousfieldsthereypggg,7 ChaterTwoLiteratureReviewp'arealarenumberofmetahor-relevantworksdBlMModincluinackselsandgpg,RP,T,metaphors(9&TicoeursheRuleoetahor1977Gibbs,RamondsThePoetics}),,,fMp()yofMind:FigurativeThought,Language,andUnderstanding(1994),Metaphorisgroundedin'embodiederience2004LakofrnersMorethancoolreason—aielduideexG&M.Tup(),,fg'tooeticmetahor1989GradJ.T.OakleandS.CoulsonsBlendinandMetaphorpp(),y,,yg'hov'1997AShuDinfansStudiesinMetar1999EvansVan&M.GreensConitive,(),ggp(),yygLinguistics:AnIntroduction(2006),AnExplorationofCognitiveFunctionofMetaphor(2001)byXieZhijun,MetaphorandDiscourse(2013)bySunYa,etc.Allofthemstatetheirownunderstandingsofmetaphorandrovidematerialsforfuturelearnersandresearchers.pAsfortranslationVenutiointedoutthatatranslatedtextshouldbethesitewherea,preadergetsaglimpseofaculturalother,andresistancy.(Venuti.1995:306)Inotherwords,thetranslationshoulddelivertheessentialmeaningofthesourcetextandmaintaintheculturalotherness.Metahorsarethefruitsofvariousculturessotheirtranslationismuchmoredemandinp,gandofgreatimportance.Inthisregard,theoristsgraduallyshowtheirdueatentionssincethemetaphorwasexploredfromthecognitiveersective.DautublishedworksincludedCanppgp“”MetaphorBeTranslated?1976andMoreAbouttheTranslatabilityoMetaphor1987to()f()discussthepossibilitiesofmetaphortranslationandfactorsshouldbeconsideredintherocess.VandebroeckRublishedtheaerThelimitsotranslatabilitexemliiedbp,pppfypfymetaphortranslation(1981)togivesomesuggestionsaboutmetaphortranslation.Also,famoustranslatorslikeKovecses.ZEueneaNidaandNewmarkroosetheiradvicefor,g,ppmetahortranslationinworlcyincludingMetahor:APracticalIntroduction2002TowardAp,p()"fiScienceofTranslating1964andATextBookoranslation(\988.ChristinaSchaieruts()fT)pforwardmetaortranslationfromtheconitiveersectvenherworkMetaphorandphgppiiTranslation:SomeImplicationsofACognitiveApproach(2004).2.4PreviousStudyonMetaphoranditsTranslationinChinaInancientChinamanscholarsshowedtheirinterestsaboutmetahorbutuite,yp,q“,,""differentfromwesternscholars,Chinesescholarsreferredtoitasbiyuwithfourtypesyu“,’“”“”'ibiandxin?UntiltheaearanceofLiuXiesCarvinaDragonattheCoreopgppgf""Literature,peoplebegantoexplorebiyuinasystematicalwayandofficiallyclassifieditintodifferenttes.LatertheconcetofmetahorwasutforwardbhenKuiwhichyp,pppyC,providedanewperspectiveforitsstudyandmakesgreatcontributiontothedevelopmentof5 西北大学硕士学位论文thisdiscilinary.pMetaphorstudyhasevolvedfornearlovertwothousandearsinChinaanddeveloedyypinasustainedwa.AftertheMa4thMovementinChinain1919theublishinofChenyy,pgYu'WangdaoandTangesbooksmarkedtheestablishmentofmodemfigureofspeech.ertantheaearanceof-CilyMetahorsWeLiveBcoauthoredbLakofFandJohnsonalso,pppyybroughtreatinfluencesonChinesescholarsandenabledthemtostudmetahorfromthegypcognitiveerspective.pButunfortunately,Chinesescholarsseldomhaveacomprehensiveintroductionabout""metaphormaniainwesterncountriesandmerelyfocusonexplanationsaboutbasicconcetsofmetahorandcomparisonoftropes.束定芳.2000:8LinShuwuaresearcherofpp(),ChineseAcademyofSocialSciences,haspublishedworksaboutmetaphorandintroducedthepresentandfuturetendencyofmetahor.MeanwhilefamousscholarslikeShuDinfan,Lip,ggXinhua,HuShixiong,XieZhijunandWangSongtingalsoputforwardtheirownopinionsaboutmetahoroneafteranother.ThouhChinesescholarsarelessmaniaaboutmetahorpgp,theremushroomedahostofscholarsdedicatingtothedevelopmentofmetaphorstudylike,ShuDingfang,HuZhuangling,FengCuihua,ZhaoYanfang,YanShiqing,etc.Famousbooks'M'2000HuZhulincludeShuDingfangsStudiesinetaphoraninsMetahorandCognition();gp,'(2004);SunYasMetaphorandDiscourse(2013);GuoGuichunsMetaphor,FigureofSpeechandScientificExplanation(2007),YangXueqinGrammaticalMetaphorandSemogenesis(2013);XuHuanrongAComprehensiveExplorationintoMetaphoricDiscourses2012etc.Famousaerscoverfieldslikeadvertisementliteratureramaticshumor(),,,,pp,pg'And'newsetc.thereareaerslikeShuDinfansRichardsMetahorTheory1997The,ppggp();'WorkinechansmoMetaphor2004WanWenbinsSel-tongMif();gfnegotiaiinMetaphor2'ConstructionandInterpretation005SuniaoandYiYinlisABrieReviewonPresent();QygfR'esearchofetahorinChina2002LeiinsMetahorInterretationStudiesomaMp();QgppfrCognitiveView(2007),etc.Whenitcomestometaphortranslation,XuJun(1998)heldthatcontributingtothedifferencesinlanuaestranslatorscannotcoewithmetahortranslationsuccessfull.Ingg,ppytheasteolereardmetahorasafiureofseechandnaturallreardthefailureofitsp,ppgpgpygtranslationastheresultoflanguagediferences.Howeverlanuaeisafruitofobective,ggjworldculturesociethsicalexerienceandconitiveenvironment.Thereforethe,,y,pypg,transferenceofmetahorinvolvesthetransferenceofcultureconitiveabilitandotherp,gyfactors.XuYuanchong2006considersthatthebasiccontradictionofmetahortranslation()pliesinthecontradictionsbetweenunderstandingandexpression,fidelityandsmooth,literal9 ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewranslaionandfreetranslation.Beinawareofsuchconadicionrelevantscholarsurntotttrttg,'exploremetaphorinarightway,famousworksincludeTanWeiguosEnglishMetaphors:T'heirClassicationComrehensionandTranslation2007LiuasTranserothe,)Fonfip(;ggff'l-VehiceImaeinCEMetaphorTranslation2007)ZhouHongminsConitiveProcessog(;gf'MetahorTranslatThE-tiipion2004SuLanseCTranslaonoetaorasVewedo();fMphfCognitiveSemanticStructures2011etc.(),10 西北火学硕士学位论文ChaterThreeTheoreticalFrameworkp3.1ConceptsofRelevanceTheory“”In1986abooknamedRelevance:CommunicationandConitionco-authoredb,gySperber,D&D.Wilsonintroducedrelevancetheoryforthefirsttime.Thetheorisbasedony'GricesCooperativePrinciplesandofersuidanceforbothramaticsandtranslationfields.gpg""Relevancemeansonethingassociatedwiththeotherliterally.Websteronlinegivesthe"followingexlanation:relevanceistheconcetofonetoicbeinassociatedwithanotherpppg"topic,whichmakesitusefultoconsiderthefirsttopicwhenconsideringthesecond.""AccordingtoSperberandWilson,relevancehereisnotanordinaryEnglishword,butapropertyofmentalprocessesandisclosetothenotionofrelevance.Relevanceisusedbyvariouseoleinvariouswasorthesameeoleinvariousoccasions.Relevancetheorcanppyppybethoroughlyunderstoodthrouhfollowintwoelements:contextualeffectandrocessinggpgefort.Contextualeffectisapositivefactor,otherthingsbeingequal,thegreaterthecontextualefects,thegreatertherelevance.(Sperber&Wilson.1995:119)Whatdoescontextualefectmean?Itcanbeexplainedfromthefollowingexample.WhenstudentshavearestafteraclassPeteristalkintoMarbuthelooksattheclockon,gy,thewallostensively,soMaryrealizesthatPeterintendstofinishthetalk,becauseitistimeforthenextclass.Therestandtheupcomingclassaretheoldinformationexistedinthecontext.'MMPetersostensivebehaviorisnewinformationforary,soarywillgiveherresponsetoPeter.Therefore,contextualefectmeanstheresponseoftheaudiencetotheutteranceorbehaviorofthecommunicator.Moreoverthecontextualeffectshouldbemorethanmere,“adequacy,itshouldbesuficient.Forinstance,ifthecommunicatorsaysyouarewatchinga"movietotheaudienceitivesnocontextualefectfortheaudienceactuallbecausethe,gy,audiencemustknowwhatheisdoingandhasnoneedtoreceivetheinformationbyothers.Thereisanotherexampletofurtherexplaintheopinion.WhenJimisreadinganinteresting“"novelhesuddenlnoticesthesentence3Aril2011wasasunndainColumbia.He,ypyyprobablyneglectsthestrangeinformationandcontinueshisreadingecausetheinformation,bisirrelevanttohisassumptionsinmindandcannotbeassociatedwiththeresentincontext.pgTherefore,itisreallyimportantthatthecontextualefectisenoughfortheaudiencetojudgettt.tttirelevanohimOherwisehecommunicaionrovestobeafailure.,p11 ChaterThreeTheoreticalFrameworkpContextualefectwillproceedbymeansofhumanmentalmechanism,whichdemandstheircertainconsumptionofefortandenergy.Beforethecontextualefectisachieved,theaudiencehastocontributeeffortstoprocessingtheexistinginformationandgobeyondthesuerficialliteralmeanin.RetterThttspglevanceisamaofdegree.eamounofefforpeoplemadetounderstandtheimlicationhasdirectrelationswiththedereeofreevancepgl.Processingefortisaneativefactor:otherthinsbeineual,thereatertherocessingggqgpgefort,thelowertherelevance.(Sperber&Wilson.1995:124)Peopleintuitivelyinclinetofindthemostrelevantinformationwhentheyarehavinaconversation.Humanbeinsareggendowedwithabilitytodifferentiatetherelevantinformationfromtheirrelevantthemost,relevantfromthelessrelevantones.Theidealsituationisoptimalrelevancewhichmeansthe,audienceachievesthebestcontextualefectatthecostofleastrocessineffortsandthenpginfersthetrueintentionofthecommunicator.Relevanceisdefinedasclassificatoryconceptintermsofnecessarandsuficientbutitisalsoacomarativeconcet.Anextendedy,ppexplanationofrelevanceisthatanassumptionisrelevantinthecommunicationprocess,whichcreateslargecontextualefectsandcallsforsmallprocessingefort.3-.2OstensiveinferentialCommunication-Communicationisaprocessofostensioninference.Ostensionreferstothatthecoimnunicatorinformstheaudiencethroughsomeostensivebehaviorswhileinferencereferstothattheaudiencecalculateswhattheinformationtheconiniunicatorintendstodeliver.Ostensionincludestwoaspects.ThefirstistheinformationthecommunicatorintendstoconvewhilethesecondisthatthetranslatormanifestshiscommunicativedesireInothery.words,theprocessdeliverstheinformationandmakestheintentionmutuallymanifesttoboth“"sidesaswell.Thesetwokindsofintentionsiveanswerstohoweolecommunicatebutgppdistinguishwitheachother.Theinformativeintentionliesinchangingthecognitiveenvironmentoftheaudienceetthecommunicativeintentionaimsattransforminthe,ygcognitiveenvironmentofboththecommimicatorandtheaudience.Generallyspeaking,thesetwointentionsareinterdependentandindispensableforthesuccessofcommunication.Inordertodiscovertherelevantinformation,oneshouldnoticetheintentionbehindtheostensivebehaviorsotherwisethecommunicationwillfail.SerberandWilsonfurther,pdemonstratethisopinioninanexample.Inasunnyday,agirltakesastrollandcomesacrossttThtttanoldmansiingonabench.eoldmanislookinosensiveluahesk.Thentheirlgypygbeinstonoticethecloudsintheskwhichshehasseomaaenonefoeecausesgyldpidtttibr,bhe12 西北大学硕士学位论文islackofrelevantinformationaboutthelocalweather.Theostensivebehavioroftheman'tt---callstheirlsaenionwhichimliesthatthereissomethinrelevanttobeobtainedtheg,pgnn'ucomranItusethemanmakesistentonmanesandstmulatestherspigi.isbecahiiiftigilttttthltfoiinferencesoheirlsarsofindandrocessereevaninrmaton.,gpActually,ostensionandinferencearebothinvolvedincommunicationbutastwodiferentaspects.Ostensionisinitiatedbythecommunicatorwhointendstomakehistttttttinenionmanifes.Andinferenceisarocesshaheaudiencereceivesheinformationofthep'communicatorandisclearlawareofttitti.yhecommunicaorsnenon3.3PrincilesofpRelevance'Theostensivebehaviorhadbetterdrawtheaudiencesattentioninordertoromotethepsuccessofostensivecommunication.Wheneoleaskonetobehaveinsomewathemustpy,ypbelieveorassumethathewileinterestedinorcomlwiththem.Theoldmanintheastlbpylexamlemustbelievetheweathervariationsarerelevanttotheixllikesuddenrainwillwetpg,theirlandshemacatchacold.Ortheoldmanatleastassumesthattheirlwillhavegygreasonablemotivestocomplywithhisreuest.Ostensivecommunicationitselfreuiresbothqq'ntherecipientscogitivebehaviorsandhisattention.Ifthegirlisunabletorecognizetheold'mansbehaviororasnoattentiontothemantheunsuccessfulostensionwillfinallleadtopy,ythecommunicationfailure.Onlwhentheaudenceasattentiontotehavororuterancesentteyipyhebitbyhcommunicatorcantheostensivecommunicationreachitsdueeffect.Ordinarileoleare,y,pponlyinterestedinsomethinrelevanttothem.Thereforethecommunicatorshouldattemttog,pmakethestimulusrelevanttotheaudienceoratleasttrytomakestimulusseeminlrelevant.gyWhenitcomestothecontextofthepresumptionsofrelevance,thecommunicatorshould'ttttttttgiveosensivesimulusrelevantenoughsoasocallaudiencesaeniononhebasisofheir ̄knowledge.Therearetwoelementscontributingtotherelevanceofastimulusprocessingefortandcognitiveeffect.Theformermeanstheenergytheaudienceconsumedinordertoprocesstheinformationoptimally.Thelatterrepresentstheefecttheaudienceachievedafterpayinghisrocessinefort.Theachievedefectshouldbenolessthantheneededonewhilepgtherequiredeffortshouldbenomorethantheoneprocessingtheeffect.Andthepresumptionthecommunicationneedisnotarbitrarbuttheonethecommunicatorintendstodeliver.y,Thereareahostofstimuliforcommunication,fromwhichthecommunicatorhastoselectthemostrelevantoneinordertofulfillhisinformativeintention.Fortheinterestoftheaudience,13 ChaTterThreeheoreticalFraixieworkpthecommunicatorshouldchoosethestimuluswiththeleastprocessingeffortandmakeit'mutualmanifest.Thelevelofrelevancehasinfluencesonthecommunicatorsinformation''deliveryandtheaudiencesprocessingeforts.Boththecommunicatorandtheaudiences""ttstattAtotaineresshouldbekeninoconsideraions.ermcalledpimlrelevancecanroerlppydealwiththesetwoaspects.Itincludesthesetofassumptionsandtheostensivestimulus.Asforthesetofassumptionsitshouldberelevantenouhanddeservetherocessineffortfrom,gpgtheaudience.Asfortheostensivestimulusitshouldbeusefulforthecommunicatorasmuch,asossibletoconvethemeaninoftt.heassumionspygpHencetherincileofrelevancemeansworthwhilerocessineffortsandrelevant,pppgormatonforthetaretaudence.infigi3.4ProcessofTranslationTherocessofistherocessofe-creationanre-reresentatontranslationactuallpyprdpi.刘(重德.1984:8Thoughrelevancetheoryisnotoneoftranslationtheoriesitoffersuidance),gfortranslationactivitiesandatheoreticalframeworkforexplainingsomecontradictionsintrans-tttttstttttt.HlationGuishefirsonewhouherelevanceheorinoheranslaionresearchepypointedoutthattranslationisanactofverbalcommunicationandaprocessofinferenceassociatedwithhumanmentalmechanism.Itnotonlincludescodebutalsocontainsay,processofinferencewhichisbasedonthealwayschangingcontext.Meanwhile,peopledeendontherelevancetoselectthecodefortheunderstandinofthesourcelanuaeandpgggtranslationrocess.pTranslationisundoubtedlyakindofcommunicationandendowedwiththegeneral'charactersofcommoncommunication,thatis,todeliverthecommunicatorsintentioninverbalform.(王建国.2009:35)Theonlydifferenceisthattranslationisaprocesscoveringostensionandinferencewithvariousculturesanddiferentlanguagesincluded.Illuminatedbytherelevancetheorytheessenceoftranslationisactuallthetranslationofintention.,y-Translationincludesttensiveinferent.Tttwoosialrocesseshefirscommunicaionoccurspbetweenthewriterandthetranslatorwhichroceedsasanintralinualcommunicationinthe,pgsourcelanguage.Thewritermakeshisintentionmanifestthroughpresentingcontextand14 西北大学硕士学位论文maeseansaorastooondesemantcresentatonsntotheeeermeannsig.Thtrlthgbeythipiidpigconveyedbythewriter.Thefirstcommunicationplaysavitalroleinthesuccessoftranslation,oneransaoreeactuantentonofthewritercanenferthemcatonsandlyifthtltgtsthlii,hiipliiturnthemintoschemasinhiscognitivemechanism.Thesecondcommunicationcallsfortheparticipationofboththetranslatorandthewriter.Itproceedsasanintralingualcommunicationintargetlanguage.3.5RolesoftheTranslatorAoftrtioncoversthreesides---theolwrttsakindcommunicationanslariginaierhe,,translatorandthereaderoftargetlanguage.Herethetranslatorlasdoublerolesintwopycommunicationprocesses.Inthefirstcommunication,thetranslatoractsasareadertotasteandperceivetheimplicationsdeliveredinthesourcelanguage.Andsuccessful'communicationdependsonthetranslatorsownexperience,cognitiveability,proficiencyintwolanguagesandwhetherhecanfeelthesamewaylikethewriterunderthecontextand'words.Therocessreuiresthetranslatorsabundantknowledeaboutsourcelanuaebothpqgggnusticalandcuuralesecondcommunicationisarocesscontaininteansaorligilyltly.Thhtrltpght-andtetargelanguaereader.Thetranslatorissuosedtoreevaluatetheconitivegpppgenvironmentexerienceandaccetabilitofthetaretreadersinordertochoosetheroer,ppygppstrategies.-makThetranslatorhastogothroughadecisioningprocessduringthetranslation,becausenoteveryimaehasthecorresondingequivalenceinthetargetlanuaeduetothegpggdifferencesbetweentwocultures.Thetranslatorisconfrontedwithahostofeuivalencesq,andhehastoavo-idtaboosandunfavorableimagesandchoosethemostnativelikeexressions.Certainlnomatterwhatchoicethetranslatorhasmadewillbebasedonhisastpy,pexeriencecommonsenseandaccumulatedknowledebecausethereisnobeterwatop,g,yudetheconitiveenvironmentofthetaretreadersinadvance.Thereforetheaccuratejggg,'evaluationofthereaderscognition,experienceandculturalbackgrounddirectlydeterminethatwhetherthecommunicationissuccessfulornot.Theresponsibilityofthetranslatoristrintomaketheintentionofthewriterandtheygexpectationofthereadermeet.Thetranslatorshoulddiscoverthecommunicativecluesinthetextwhichareintentionalldeliveredbthewriter.Guttointedoutthatsemantic,yyppresentationistheabstractmentalstructureandhastobefurtherinferredsothatithasactual15 ChaTrpterheeTheoreticalFramework"meaninsSemanticresentationsshowcommuncativeclues.ForexameTomsasoug.pipl,yy""areaitoJackwhenthearehavinthemeal,thesentenceimliesthatJackhasaoodpg,ygpg""”"”aetteorJackeatsmorethanaveraeersonkhasbadtablemanners?WhenppigporJac“"theareinafittinroomitimliesthatJackistoofattouthimselfintoacoat.WhenJackyg,ppandTomaretwostranersitimliesthatthemahaveauarrelwitheachotherandtheg,pyyqsentenceisinsulting.Theaboveexampleshavethesamemeaningbydecodingbutaredifferentafterbeininferredunderresectivecontexts.Actuallcontextreferstothegpy,assumptionsabouttheworldinhumanbrainsandhelpstheunderstandingoftheuterance.In''relevancetheorcontextdoesntrefertotheexernalenvironmentbutreferstotwosidesy,t---assumtionsabottheldthatisconitiveenvironment.林克难Hthuwor.1994:7enceep,g(),successfulcommunicationreliesonwhethertheaudiencecanmakeinferenceamonghisownassumptionsandselectwhatthecommunicatorintendstodeliver.Inaword,thetranslatorfirstlyplaysaroleofreadertoinfertheunderlyingmeaningofthesourcetextandthenasacommunicatortorepresenttheoriginalmeaningsinacceptableexpressionsandtriestomakehisintentionmanifesttothetargetreaders.Thatistosay,thetranslatoristhereceptoroftheinformationandthesenderaswellinthetranslationrocess.p3.6StandardsoflTASuccessfuranslationTranslationitselfisaninterdisciplinaryactivityandthereisnosileauthoritativetheorexlainineverhenomenonintherocessoftralationtngypgypns.Thapexplainswhytheoristsalwaysarguebutfailtoreachanagreementonaunifiedaccountoftranslation.Comparedwiththeorieslimitedinonearticularasectrelevancetheorismuchpp,ymoreexanatorandcomrehensiveItseldomimtstranslationactivitiesatilplyp.liinaprcuar'frameworkbutexpainswhtheoccur.NomatterforHansVermeersskoostheorlyypy,'EuANidatttranst-tttene.seuivalenceheororoherlaionrelaedheoriesheremustbeagqy,standardtoudetheualitofthetranslation.Thereforewhatistheardstickfor,yjgqyreleance-theoreticaccountofvtranslation?Translationisaspecialcommunicationbetweentwolanguagesandthusfollowsthelesofcoicationinotherwordstranslationisarocessof..eneralrummuninference林克难,g,p(1994:7)Communicationattachesgreatimportancetotheintentionofthecommunicatorand16 西北大学硕士学位论文theexpectationoftheaudience.Likewise,thestandardofagoodtranslationliesinthententonandexectatonThetranslatorhastomakehisintentonandtettitheiipi.ihexpecaonsoftargetlanguagereadersoverlapinordertoachievethesuccessofcommunication.Heshouldmakecertainthathischoiceoftranslationwillbeapprovedandfavoredbythetaretlanuaegggreaders.Otimalrelevanceisafinalursuitforthosetranslatorswithinwhichcontextualefectpp,andprocessingeffortshouldbetakenintoaccount.Guttgivesanexampleoffrustrated’communicationduetothenegligenceofrocessinefort.ThefamousscholarOFlahertpgytranslatesSanskritliteratureintoEnlishbutmaintainintheunorthodoxformsg,gandredundantwordsofSanskrit.Thetranslationrequiresareatdealofrocessineffortgpgfromthetargetreadersandrovestobeafailureultimately.Indeedthelareamountofp,gprocessingeffortintheprocessisasmuchaslearningacompletelynewlanguageforthetargetreaders.Thetargetreadersdefinitelyarereluctanttowastetheirtimeandenergyonunderstandingacomplicatedtext.Fromtheperspectiveoftargetaudience,theyexpecttotasteexoticculturesinaccetableverbalformswithnouimaturalnessverbositbutadeuatep,yqinformationandnecessareffortstranslatorhastoanticiatetheconitiveenvironmenty.Thepgofthetargetreadersandadoptcorrespondinstrategiesindealingwithdifferentsituations.gSperberandWilsonpointedoutthatcommnnicabilityrequiresthatthereceptorlanguage""textresembletheoriinalcloselenouhinrelevantresectsWil&S.1988gygp.sonerber:(p137Buthowthetranslatorudesthedereeofrelevancetheanswerwillbeiventhrouh),jggggthefollowinexam.hJillsglesIfafriendasksowmuchackearnsermonthhewa:pp,y1IetlOOORMBmonthl.)gy2Iet997RMBmonthl.)gyActually,Jackshouldknowtheintentionofhisfriend.Ifthefriendjustintendstoknow'thestandardsofJackslifethesocialstatusofhimratherthanaccuratenumberofhis,salar.Jackpreferstochooseanswer1becauseanswer2callsforabitmorerocessiny,pgeffortthananswer1foritscomplexity.Otherwise,hewillchooseanswer2.Whatmattersin17 ChaterThreeTheoreticalFrameworkptheprocessofcommunicationisrelevance,whichdrivestheaudiencetogiveexpectedanswertothecommunicatorafterrealizinghisintention.AndthesituationalsodoesworkintranslationThetranslatorshouldmakehisintentionclearandreurereasonableeffortfrom.qithetargetlanguagereaders.Asuccessfultranslationusuallymakestheintentionandtheexpectationmeet.Themostembarrassingsituationfortranslatorsisthattheyhavetoexplainvariousexcetonsafterhesetteso-caedunruesorttBunsareentnpityhllgidiglfranslaion.tthigdifferi'relevancetheory.Atranslatorschoicewillbeustifiedbfollowintherincileofjygpprelevance.18 西北大学硕士学位论文ChapterFourMetaphorandFortressBesieged4.1MetahorpThecentralnotionofmetaphorisoneinwhichmeaningsaretransferred,thequestioniswhattheyaretransferredfromandtogiventhatwordsensesarenotstableovertime.(JonathanCharterisBlack.2011:31)Inotherwords,metaphorisamovementchangingitsshapeorphysicalformswithitsessentialmeaningunchanged.Themeaningofmetaphorchangesastimegoesby.Usually,metaphorreferstotranscendthecommonusageorgo'againsthumanscommonsensesothattoobtainimplicatedmeaningsorreferences.Traditionallyseakineolereardthemetahorasakindoffiurativelanuaesandpg,ppgpgggoetcexressonsbuttsrovedtobeassociatedwithanconitiveabilitanpipi,iiphumgydtith-stemsseaearanceofMethorsWeLBthLakoconcepualsynceppapiveycoauoredbffandyJohnson.Theconsiderthatmetahornotonlrevealswhateolearethinkinbutalsoypyppg,'showstheirattitudesandcognitiveenvironment.ThethesiswillchooseLakofandJohnsonsconcetualtheortoreferttFB.pytoandclassihemeahorsinortressesieedfypg4.1.1TheEssenceofConceptualMetaphorA",’sLakofandJohnsonfirstlyutforwardthetermconcetualmetahorintheirbookpppMetaphorWeLiveBy,peoplehaveamuchmoreclarifiedunderstandingofconceptual'metaphor.AccordingtoLakofandJohnson,metaphorisubiquitousinpeoplesdailylife.It'hasembeddedineolesthinkingatternwasofacttheirbloodandconcetualsstems.,,pppypyInotherwordsmetahorsaslinuisticexressionsareossiblereciselbecausethere,pgpppy'aremetaphorsinapersonsconceptualsystem.(洪宇.2014:19)Everyonehasaccesstohorsthosewe-metanotonllleducatedersonsbutalsoeolewhoknownothinaboutp,yp,ppgrhetoricdevices.Themetaphorhasbeenaartofhumandaillifeandeoletakeitforpypp'grantedasifithasembeddedinpeoplesDNA.Theyusuallyemploysomemetaphorsbutnoneofthemareawareofthem.Numerousexamplescanbediscoveredintheirdailyconversations.Forexamlearumentiswar.Peoleusualladotfollowinexressionslikep,gpypgp,"""thewinorlosethearumentifouemlothisstrateitwilldefinitelsuortmyg,;ypygyyppy""arumentheattackseverweakointofmineandIcannotsticktomoriinalg;ypyg"“”""""arument.Intheabovestatementsitcanbeinferredthatwinloseattackandg,,,""strateareticalwordstodescribeawarbutitisroertodescribeanarumentaswellgyyp,ppg,19 ChaterFourMetahorandFortressBesiegedpp""becausethereisaroositionarumentisawarautomaticall.Therefore,eoledeemthatppgypparumentandwarmustbethesametosomedegreeoratleastbearsomesimilaritiessothatgthefeaturesofoneareapplicabletotheother.'Inaddt—tiioneoleschoiceofmetahoroftenrevealsnotonlheir,pppyconcetualizations—butalsoanderhasmoreimortantlforhumancommunicationtheirp,pppy,attitudesandvalues.LnneCameron.2008:197ForexamleAmericanresidentJames(y)p,pEarlCarterreardedenercrisisinthe1970sasawarsoithadanenemnaturall.Theggy,yyy""""hadtosetaclearoalandadoptrelevantstrategiestocopewith.Energycrisisandwargaretwodiferentthingsofdifferentcategories.Themetaphoricexpressionexposesthewayhoweoledealwithroblemsandwhichstandointthefavormore.Iftheenercrisisisappppygywareolehavetofihtaainstitandrotectthemselvesforsakeoftheirowninterests.,ppggp,Obviously,themetaphorrevealspeoplesatitudesandtheirstandpointstowardsonematter.""'Justastheexamlearumentiswarmentionedbeforetheassumtiondoesntmeanpg,pargumentisasubspeciesofwar,theyarenotidentical,butduetotheirsimilarities,wheneoleunderstandthewareolecannaturallunderstandthearument.Owintothepp,ppyggessenceofmetahoreolecanrasthemeaninofsomeabstractorunknownobectsinp,ppgpgjtermsofcommonandunderstandableobects.Theusaeofmetahorenricheslinuisticjgpgexpressionsontheonehand,andenableshumanbeingstocomprehendmoreunknownobectsandconcetsontheotherhand.jp4.1.2ClassificationsofMetaphorInordertoobeondthesuerficialunderstandinofmetahorsLakofFandJohnsongypgp,classifiedmetaphorintothreecategories,namely,orientationalmetaphors,structuralmetaorsandontooicametaors.phlglph1)OrientationalMetaphorsOrientationalmetaphormeansthemetaphorwhichorganizesawholesystemofconceptswithrespecttooneanother.(LakofF&Johnson.1980:15)Mostofthiskindofmetaphorisassociatedwithspatialorientations.Itderivesfromtheinteractionsbetweenhumanbodiesandtheobectiveworld.jSata-flreatonsconcetsatthhtorconcetsem.LkdJohnson.pilipreaeearfoupualystaoan('199930Thbhdwilltlideahl:edoexistfromhumansirtanlasalthetimetillthert.Peoe)ypusuallyregardtheirhsicalexperiencesastheyardsticktoudgemattersintheworld.Theypyjperceivetheworldthroughhsicalexeriencesandthusformtherelevantconcetsaboutpypp20 西北大学硕士学位论文particularmatters,thenanalogyintoabstractdefinitionswhichareapplicabletothingsofthesametype.Thiskindofmetaphorisseldomregardedastruemetaphors,becauseithas'becomeaartofeolesdailexressions.pppyp2OntoloicalMetahor)gpAccordintoLakofFandJohnsonthedefineontoloicalmetahorasfollowin;eoleg,ygpgppttrttpicktheirarsoftheirexerienceandeahemasdiscreteentitiesorsubstances.Lakoffpp(&Johnson.1980:26)Abstractconcetsusuallarehardtounderstandbecauseeolecannottouchandseepy,ppthemintherealworld.Butwhenpeopleregardabstractmattersasconcretesonesthecan,ytalkaboutandrefertothem.Sometimeshumanneedtosetclearboundariesonordivide,entityandsubstanceinordertodescribethemandquantifytheminamorelifelikeandaccurateway.Themetaphorhumanemployusuallyrevealstheirattitudestowardssomeevents,activities,theiremotionalsituationsandtheirwaystocopewithdiferentafairs.Itsuggeststhatthethinkingmodeofeopewillconnecttwothinsofdiferentplgcateoriestoether.Asaresulteolecanthinkexerienceandtalkaboutabstractmattersingg,pp,ptermsofsomethingtheyarefamiliarwith.Consequently,itisadmittedthatthemetahorisp'peopleswaytoreconizetheworldandoneofthenecessitieseoleliveb.gppy3StructuralMetahor)p'Structuralmetaphoroccupiesalargeportioninpeopleslifeandmetaphoricalexpressions.Othertwokindsofmetaphorcanbefurtherexpandedintostructuralmetaphor.LakofandJohnsondefinestructuralmetaphorasfollowing;wecanunderstandonekindofthingintermsofanother.(LakofF&Johnson.1980:6)Unlikeorientationalmetaphors,structuralmetahorsaremuchricherwhichenablehumantoacuireabundantimainatip,qgve-expressionsandturnintricateconceptsintowellunderstoodones.S'tructuralmetahorslaanimortantroleineolesdaillifesincethecanrefertoppypppy,ysomethingabstractandunknownintermsofsomethingtheyhaveunderstoodmorereadil.y""Theexampleargumentiswarmentionedbeforeisaprominentexampleofstructural""metahors.Andanotherexamletimeismcanalsoiveadetailedexlanat.Bthpponeyionogp“,’""tthimeandmonebearsomesimilaritiesformoneeoleinkitisvaluableandy,y,ppeveronewantstoearnitasmuchasossibleCertainlhedescritionsaboutmoeareyp.ytn,py'suitablefortime.Timeislimitedinhumanslifesoitisimortantforeoletocherishever,pppy“"""secondandmakefulluseofit.Highvalueanddesirablearetwocharactersbothformoneandtime.Thereforeeoleunderstandtimeintermsofmone.Structuralmetahorsy,ppypenablehumantounderstandahostofstraneunfamiliarandabstractmatters.Theshifttheg,y21 ChaterFourMetahorandFortressBesiegedppcognitiveprocessfromacomplexandobscureoneintoamorepleasantandexplicitone.4-1.3TheWorkingMechanismofMetaphorAfterhavingacquaintancewiththeessence,classificationsandcharacteristicsof'tahorstttt-tmepitcanbeinferredhahemeahorisdeerooedandindisensableineoles,ppppplife.Butquestionswillnaturallyoccurtominds,likeunderwhatconditionsametaphorisformedhowcaneolediscoverandunderstandthesemetahorswheolesaone,ppp,yppysentenceusesthemetahorbuttheotherdoesnotandhoweolecreatemetahors?p,pppShuDingfangdividestheunderstandingofmetaphorsintotwosteps,thefirstistofindthemetaphorandthesecondistoinferthemeaningofthemetaphor.(束定芳.2000:253)For""""exameteanaeneoeseehisexressiontewfinranandpl,hbriispig.Whppltp,hyilldbipig,“,aretwodiferentthingsbelongingtodiferentcateories.Buttheuseistoconnecttwogythinswhichviolatestheircommonunderstandinaboutbrainandisothesemantic,gpgg,""conflictcallstheirattentiontotheimproperusage.Thisprocessisthefirststeptofindahorer.metawhichisbasedontheirexienceorcommonsenseAfterwardsthesecondsteisp,p,ptthinktttfindtheimcatonofobeondhelthesentence.yieralmeaningsoasopliiHowever,themetahorisnotthesemanticconflictitselfbutaresonsetotheconflict.pp"".200299Thdictreurestheartciatftwoti束定芳:eusaeofworconflqiiionoaresor()gpppevenmoreparties.Andfromtheexamplesthethesishasadoptedinpreviouschapters,itcanbeinferredthatthemetahorusuallcoverstwoobectsofdifferentcateories.Thereforethepyjg,conclusionisthatthemetaphorshouldmeetthreeconditions,twoobjects(orabove)andtwoobectsinuitedifferentcateoriesconflictordifferentiftheareidenticalinallasectsjqg,,,(yptheyarethesame.Yettheconflictisthebasicconditiontocreateametahorthereal),p,workingmechanismliesintherocessthehearerinfersthemetahoricalmeanin,becauseitppgcontainsthetransferenceofsemanticfeaturesinonedomaintotheotherdomain.Fauconnier"pointedoutthatmappingbetweendomainsareattheheartoftheuniquehumancognitivefacultyofproducing,transferringandprocessingmeaning.(Fauconnier.1997:1)Theorieson''thisrocessmainlincludeRichardsandBlacksinteractiontheorandLakoffsmainpyyppgtheory.Richardsisthefirstscholartoutforwardtheconcetoftertt.Hinacionheoredefinesppythemetahorastheiteracttts---tilunfortunatelhpniveresultoftwohoughenorandvehcee,y,failstoexlainthewahowtwothouhtsinteractandthebasisoftheirinteractions.Laterthepyg,'aearanceofBlacksModelsandMetahorinheritstheinteractiontheorofRichardsandpppy22 西北大学硕士学位论文attemptstomakealuciddescriptionaboutmetahor.Heroosedthattheverimortanceofpppyp"metahoristodistinuishtheuseofmetahorfocusck1962:2Blackeferstotwopgp.(Bla.8r)---termsuitediferentfromRichardsframeandfocus.Forexamlethebrainisai.qp,pg"',,""AccordintoBlackstheorthebrainisistheframeatermutforwardbBlackandgy,(py)“,,stcusatermtceameandocusatctandpigihefo(puforwardbyBlak).Thfrfreinheconfli,"",,thefocusisthekeytosolvethisconflict.Nomattertheusethetermstenorandvehicleory""“,,'frameandfocus,itshouldbeclearthattheinteractivetheorydoesntmeantwoobjectsttttstimoseinfluencesoneachoherbumeanswoobechaveossiblesimilariiesandeolep,jppptrytofindthemandexpressinanaccurateandfantasticway.Lakoffthenexplainstheformationofmetaphoricalmeaninginamoredirectionaland""""""sstematicwa.Asforthetermsakoffusesdomaininsteadoftenorvehicleoryy,L,""focusthefirstonewillbeassociatedwithacomletewholewhileothersinonesine,pglimae.LakofftmattgandTurnerexplainthappinginmeahorwillincludefollowinfacors:pg1)Slotsofthesourcelanguagewillbetransferredinthetargetlanguage.Forsakeofbetterunderstandinoftwonewrelevantterms---shthilotandscemaeresanexamleasg,p""""followin:lifeisaourne.Peolereconizethelifebmeansofourneintheexamle.gjypgyjypP'eolesknowledeaboutourneincludestravelersdestinationsobstaclessceneriesandsopg,,,jy“,’on.Thecallkledestructurediletalformaschemaaeoillynownsuchaskendlewusethegpp“”termslotsforeementsofaschemathataretobefn.LTumr1.lillediakof&e.1989:6()Hence,itwillhaveanabstractmeaningbothforschemaandslot,theformeristheknowledgestructureofadomainandthelatterisoneofthecomonentsoftestructure.ph2Relationsofslotsinthesourcelanuaewillalsobetransferredinthetaretlanuae.)ggggg""Forinstance,theargumentisawar(A).Inthesourcedomainwar,eitheroftwosidesusualltwoenemiesintendstowinovertheothersoitformsarelationofcometition.(y),pLikewise,thetwosidesinanargument(usuallytheprosandcons)areintherelationofcompetition,becausetheypersuadetheothertosupporttheirviews.3)Attributesofthesourcelanguagewillbetransferredinthetargetlanguage.4Relevantinformationofthesourcelanuaewillalsobetransferredinthetaret)ggglanguage.Hence,therearetwoconditionscontributingtopeopleunderstandingofametaphor.Thefirstisthestructureknowledgeaboutthesourcedomain.Thesecondistheabilitytomathatpknowledgeontothetargetdomain.Hereisaquestion,arethereanylimitationsinthismappingrocess?p23 ChaterFourMetahorandFortressBesiegedppGiventhattheaspectsthatparticipateinametaphoricalmapping,mapasmuchknowledgefromthesourceonheares-totttaiscoherentwithimaeschematicroertofthetaretggppyg.Kovecses.2002:103()“,,emosee-catchwordenoncoherentwhceansthenvantThtyinginthedfiitiis,ihmiriaprinciplewillholdbackthemappingifitisinconsistentwiththestructureofthetarget""concetTobeclarifiedteceiscaednvarianecausewatasmaetep.hrinilllitbhhdfromh,pp,ppsourcelanguagewillmaintainitsverybasicstructureintargetlanguage.Buttheideaof'nvarianceareatveconcetwhcecessarsntmeanevertnsourcedomainiislip,ihnilydoeyhingiwillbemaedontothetaretdomainwithoutanchanes.Tosomeextenteolehaveppgyg,ppwe-whlacuaintedwiththesourcedomainichdeerminesthestructureofthetaretdomainlq,tgandthusbecomesawaytocomrehendmattersforhumanbeins.Bmeansoftwotermspgy"""""”taretdomainandsourcedomainandonerincileinvariantrincileLakoffgpppp,delineatestheworkingmechanismofconcetualmetahorsandrovideuidanceforfurtherpppgstudyandresearchaswell.4.2TheIntroductionofFortressBesieged4.2.1AbouttheAuthor'Ch-ienChunshuisafamouswriterinmodemChina.Heisamasterofvariousglanguages,includingEnglish,German,FrenchandLatin,etc.Heisreallyaprolificwriterin-thehistorofineselit.ilhnoveltsCheratureHiswritncoversfullentshortoroemroseygg,y,p,pandacademicwork.WhenhewasnineteenhewasenrolledasanEnlishmaorstudentinTsinhua,gjgUniversit.DuetohishighroficiencinEnlishewasfavoreteacstheypyg,hdbyherinun'iversity.Duringthisperiod,Chienimprovedhisprofessionalskillsandlearnedtheknowledeaboutcomarativecultureandcomarativeliterature.In1935hehadachancetogpp,studyabroadduetohisexcellentperformanceattheuniversity.Laterin1937,hewas'emloedasarofessorinTsinhuaUniversit.InhistwilihtearsChienworkedasthepypgygy,v-iceresidentofChineseAcademofSocialSciencespy.'In1947ChienublishedhismasterieceFortressBesieedwhichhadainedwide,ppg,g24 西北大学硕士学位论文,,attentionfromvariousfieldsinthesociety.ThebookgivesafulllatoChiensineniouspygmetaphorrichimainationandwittlanuae.Itrelentlesslexosesthesordidrealitof,gyggypy'Chinesesocietyandtriggeredpeoplesreflectionofthecurrentsituation.'Ch-utationininanotienChungshuenjoyedahighrepCh,onlybecausemanyofhiseiramsareasseddownfromenerationtoenerationbutalsobecauseheoferedpgpgg,guidanceforlaterscholarsabouthowtomaintaintheChinesetraditionalcultureandhowtoassimilatethewesternculture.4.2.2AbouttheTranslatorsFortressBesiegedplaysavitalroleinmodemliteratureofChinaanditstranslationnaturallygainsgreatinterestsfromscholars.ThebookemploysnumerousmetaphorsinafreshandimainativewaThereareover420similesand115metahorsinFortressgy.pBesiegedaccordintostatistcs2003:103Inordertoarecatethemetahoilgi.(束定芳.)ppiprcabeautyandhaveacquaintancewiththeoldChinesesociety,manytranslatorsattempttorenderthebookwiththeoriginalshockingefectsremained.'Jean-neKellyfirstlysentalettertoChienChungshutoshowherinterestabout'renderintheFortressBesieedintoEnlish.AtthattimeChienforottoiveresonsetoggg,ggp'KK'ell.In1979ellcameacrossChieninAmerica.ShetoldChienthattheEnlishversiony,ygofFortressbesiegedhadalreadybeencompletedbyherandNathanK.Mao.Meanwhile,theyhadfoundaublisherwhowaswillintorintthetranslation.Thebookhadbeenublishedpgpph'aftertheagreementofCienandtriggeredheateddiscussionsfromvariousfields.ThetranslationbJeanneKellandNathanK.MaoisthefirstversionofFortressBesiegedyy,Tenyearslater,KellyintendstorepublishFortressBesieged,Atthesametime,the'eoeslitertihinhouttoubsChis-EnlionoftpplaurepublsgsewanedplihaneeishversForressgBesiegedinordertorepresenttheclassic.TheyreachedanagreementwithKellyanddecidedtopublishFortressBesiegedonceagain.ThoughtheEnglishversionofFortressBesiegedhadreceivedbothfavorableandunfavorablecommentsfromscholars,itmadecontributionstothespreadofChinesecultureandliteraturedevelopment.25 ChaterFourMetahorandFortressBesiegedpp4.2.3AbhPloutteotThebookdescribesahostofintellectualsfrom1920to1940,aeriodwhenChinapsuferedfromtheinvasionofwesternowersandaeriodwhentraditionalChineseculturepphasaclashwiththewesternculture.arewes--Thoseintellectualsternizedduetoseveralyearstudyabroad.Theyare-retentiousselfsatisfiedandustifwhatthehavedonebutactuallthefailtoetridofp,jyy,yygthetraditionalfetters.Theyaspireforwesternizationbutconservativetheare,yself-arobaibii-titonutnorantscientficorientedbudealistic.Asenseofhellessbitternessppg,p,andisolationarisefromtheinactioninthefloodbetweenorientalandoccidentalcultures.Thebookthoroughlycaricaturizesthoseintellectualsasthevictimsoftheclashandshowscontradictsinthenatureofhumantheessenceofthesocietandinerersonalrelationshis.,ytpp-FoBdd--rtressesiegeisplaysthetoughsituationofhumanbeingsthecontradiction'betweenhumansceaselessaspirationandaccompanieddissatisfactionwiththecomingofsuccess.Everystageoflifeisconsistedofdelightandsadnesshoeanddisillusion,p,perseveranceandhesitation.Writteninagloomyandcynicmanner.FortressBesiegedfeaturesinabundantmetaphorsandsatiricalillustrationswithanaimtoexposesordidrealitiesandhelplessnessofintellectuals.Itembracesthecomplacenceandhypocrisyofknowledeableersonsblindlgp,yaspirationsforreputablehighstatusanddisillusionsoftheirdreams.ThoughthecharactersarefictionalinFortressBesiegedthereciselmirrortheweaknessofeoleatthattime.,ypyppThesituationdescribedisactuallytheepitomeofChinasociety.26 西北大学硕上学位论文ChapterFiveTranslationMethodsofMetaphorsinFBundertheGuidanceofRelevanceTheoryTh'emetaphorinLakofandJohnsonstheoryincludesbothmetahorandsimile,butptheyarediferentaccordintorhetoricknowledge.Intermsofstructureasimileusuallg,y",,“,,adotsthesentenceAislike/resemblesBwhileametahorisAisB,whichmeanstheppformerwillpointoutinwhataspectstwomattersbearsimilaritiesandthelatterwillnot.Due“,,tothesmbolicwordlikesimilesavestheinferenceofimlicationwhichisanecessary,p,yprocessofmetaphor.Onthecontrarythemetahordistinuishedwithsimileassumesthat,p(g)audiencecanunderstandthesimilaritiesnaturall.Inthisthesistheauthorwillselecty,metaphorinFBonlyinordertoroveitscloserelationswithhumanconcetualsstems.ppyDagutdescribedmetaphorasanindividualflashofimaginativeinsight(Dagut.1976:22)Metaphorisabletospreadthoughtswhichcannotbetranslatedbystandardlanguage.胡壮('20042thotiththtiti麟.:1Mearosomedereesefruiofhumanbeinstemosmainave)p,g,ggandcreativesarklesthusisofreatsinificance.Yettheculturalandlinuisticdifferencesp,,gggsetobstaclestothemetaphortranslationandblockseekersfromaccessingtoitsshockingefectsinadirectway.-WhenitcomestothetransilatabilitySnellHombhasevershedlitonthisroblem.,yghpSnellconsideredthattherearetwoinfluencinelementsonthetransilatabilitofthetextthegy,""culturalexerienceandthedereeofoverlaineacharticularcaseSnell-Hombpgpp..(y200158:)AccordingtoSperberandWilson,metaphorisakindofloosetalksharingnoessentialdiferenceswiththecommonlanguage.Theprincipleofrelevancedetermineswhetherpeopleemme-metaploytaphoricalornonphoricalexpressions.Meanwhile,thedynamiccontextalsohasinfluencesontheutteranceinterpretation.ThetranslatorhastodecideinwhichasectthemetahorinthesourcetextwillresembepplthettttittillDuttheditltinareexforsakeofachevinheomareevance.eoferencuuresggp,backroundsandexeriencesomethinrelevantinonecultureisnotnecessarrelevanttogp,gilytheotherculture.Andthetranslatorissupposedtoadoptcorrespondingstrategiesandmethodstomakethetranslationmorerelevanttothetargetreaders.ThischapterwilldiscusshowtoclassifymetaphorsinFortressBesieedandhowthetranslatorschoosetranslationgmethodstodealwithdiferenttesyp.27 ChaterFiveTranslationMethodsofMetahorsinFBUndertheGuidanceofRelevanceTheoippy5.1OrientationalMetaphorinFBOrientationalmetahoristhemostbasiconeamonthreetesbecauseitreferstothepgyp,humiinteractionsbetweenanbodesandtheobjectiveworld.Butthenumberoforientationalmetaphorislimitedcomparedwithothertwotypes.Orientationalmetaphorsusuallyhave""""followinassumtionslikehihstatusisulowstatusisdownsubadisdowngpgp,Goodi;p,;"”andrationalisupemotionalisdownetc.Thefirsttwoconcetsarethemostfreuentones,,pqadoptedbypeople.Forexample:’-1现在呢,。ChiChhu.2003590,她高高在上跟0己的地位简直云泥之别(enuns:)g)’2)?CenChun-70辛楣信上没说提拔我,我进去干什么,做花瓶hishu.2003:6)(g*'-3至多做副教授.200338,循序渐升,年轻人做事不应该爬的太高。ChienChungshu:0)()""Theseareexamplesoftheconcepthighositionisu.BecauseintheAncientEtppgyp,theositionwasdislaedinaramidimaeinwhichthemostowerfuleolewereattheppy,pygpppto.Inmanotherculturestherearealsodiferentrankinsothisofowerandpy,gnebasp“”“一ossessions.InChinathereareoldsainslike,,p,yg人往高处走水往低处流人得道鸡”犬升天sinceBuddhaandothergodsarelivinginthesky,whorepresentundeniablepower,-sanctificationandhihosition.ForEnlishseakineolethehaveexressionslikegpgpgpp,yp""""“”--hi-cassihachieverandhihtechwhichhowtheconsistencewithteconcetghlhgg,shp""""goodisup.InExample1,theauthorcompareshighositiontoacloudintheskwhilepy""lowositiontosoilontheroundwhichrevealsthereadiferencesbetweenrFanpg,gtM.g“”andMissSu.InExample2,提拔literallymeanstoraisesomethinuandnowitmeanstogp'rantsomebodyhigherposition.Actuallthesecondmeaninisfreuentlusedineolesgy,gqypp“,,dailconversations.InExamle3theauthoralsoemlostorefertoa爬hihosition.yp,pygp4-而今她身为女博士,反觉得崇高的孤独,没有人敢攀上来fienunu.2003:30。OChsh)(g)“”Inthisexampletheauthoruses攀awordoriinallisassociatedwithmountainsor,,gy""somethingsteeandhighbutnowmeansmatch.MissSuthinksthatnooneisabletomatchpherandsheenosahihosition.AsaPhD,MissSufeelssueriorittoallchasersandjygppylooksdownuponherfollowers.28 丙北大学硕士学位论文5下午两点多,两人冋来,头乘气丧,精疲力竭,说中小学全疏散下乡,什么人都没找到。)'Ch-ienChunshu.2003352:(g)“”“"'Inthisexamle垂followstheconcetbadisdownbecauseaccordintoeolesp,,pgpphsicalexeriencewhenthecomeacrosssomeunfortunatematterstheirfacesaearpyp,y,ppas-bkdrooiftheareheartroen.py,yAfterareviewofclassificationofmetaphorsinFortressBesieged,theauthorfindsthattherearefeweroritentionalmetaphorsthanothertwotypes.Sinceorientionalmetaphoristheresultofsatialorientationitoccuiesasmallroortionintheformationofthemetahorp,ppppcomparedwithothertwotypes.Besides,peopleseldomregardthesemetaphorsastrue",,metahorsbecausetheareartoftheculturalsedimentanddeelrootedinhumanp,yppyconcetualsstems.Onceeoleestablishametahoricalrelationbetweenthetwomatterspyppp,thereisnoneedtoactivatethereorganizationprocessnexttimeandpeoplewillgetusedtotheusageunconsciously.5.2TranslationMethodsofOrientationalMetaphorOrientationalmetaphorderivesfromtheinteractionsbetweenhumanbodiesandtheworld.Humansusuallyreardtheirhsicalexeriencesasthestandardstoudematersingpypjgtheworld.Butthenumberoforientationalmetaphorisuitelimitedandeoleusualltakeqppythemforgranted.Thatistosayeoleemlothemautomaticallintheirdail,pppyyyconversations.Forexamlep:1)下午两点多,两人回来,头垂气丧,精疲力竭,说中小学全疏散下乡,什么人都没找到。,Ch-ienChunshu.2003:352(g)S'ometimeaftertwooclockintheafternoontheyreturneddispiritedandexhausted,sayingthatthehighandgradeschoolshadallworryaboutitafteryoueat.(JeanneKelly&NathanK.Mao.2003:353)Inthisexamleitcanbediscoveredthatthetranslatorsadotliteraltranslationinp,p“dealingwiththeorientationalmetaphors.Thepotentialassumptionishappyisup,sadis““”downandtheauthordescribesbadmoodthrouexression头垂气丧?Itcanbe,ghpconcludedthatwheneoleareinaoodmood,theusuallraisetheirheadsuandwalkppgyypenereticallthetinthemoodwillltth..Buiftarenotheowerheirheadswioutansiritgyy,yyp29 ChapterFiveTranslationMethodsofMetahorsinFBUndertheGuidanceofRelevanceTheorpy""""Thatexplainswhyupmeansaoodmoodanddownmeansbadones.ThisassumtionisgpsharedbothbyChineseandEnglish.Thereforetheliteraltranslationisawisechoiceforthe,translatorsduetothesamecognitiveenvironmentoftwoeoles.pp’2-,年轻人做事不应该爬的太高enunu.2003:380)至多做副教授,循序渐升。(ChiChgsh)AtthemostFangcouldstartasanassociaterofessorandworkhiswaustebste.Younpyppypg'peopleshouldntclimbtoohighintheirobs.JeanneKell&NathanK.Mao.2003:381(y)j'3只说假如战争不发生---上去。en,交涉使公署不撤退,他的官还可以做下去不,做Chi)(Chun-shug.2003:460)Hemerelysaidthatifthewarhadnevererupted,andtheOficeoftheNegotiatorhadnotw-ithdrawntotheinteriorhecouldhaveoneonnooneuasanoficialJeanneKell&.,g,gp,(yNathanK.Mao.2003:461)“,,ThesetwoexamplesbothfollowtheassumptionHighisoodlowisbad.InExampleg,turntoteratttt2thetranslatorslialtranslationtodislheasiraionofhihosiion.Inhe,pypgp""Example3,thetranslatorsmaintainthevividimageofpromotionasgoneup.ForbothEnglishandChinese,therearemanyrelevantexpressionsadheringtotheassumption.In“”“一”“Chineseproverbs,thereare水往低处流,人往高处走;人得道,鸡犬升天;升官发,,etc-财.SimilarusagewillbefoundinEnglishincludinhihositionflhihhihend,ggp,yg,g--smarthoneshihradeconsumeroodslowastelowositionandlowtechetc.Peolep,gggt,,,pp""usehightodescribethemostdeveloped,advancedandpositivematterswhileemploying""lowtoreresenttheoosite.Itissuosedthathihositpppppgioncanhaveaanoramicviewppofeverthingbelowwhicheoeusuallassociateswithowerandleadershi.Andalowy,pplyppositionrestrainsonefromhavinacomrehensiveviewofeverthinwhichthealwaspgpyg,yyconnectwithinferiority.Accordingtotheprincipleofrelevance,thetranslatorsintendtomaintainthemetahoricalimaeandthelinuisticformaswellnotonlbecausethetwopgg,yculturessharethesameconitiveenvironmentinthisreardbutalsobecausethetatgg,rgereadersexpecttoreadthetextinthemostnativeway.Fromtheaboveanalysis,itcanbeinferredthatoritentionalmetaphorshavealready'becomeacomonentofeolesconteworldandisassocatedththeiree-ootedandpppgiiviwidprentrenchedassumptions.Therefore,inmostcases,thetranslatorscanresorttoliteraltttttranslaionincopingwihorienaionalmetahors.p30 两北大学硕士学位论文5.3StructuralMetaphorinFBStructuralmetaphorreferstothatpeoplecancomprehendonestrangeandobscureconcetintermsofmattersthearefamiliarwith.InFortressBesieedstructuralmetahorspyg,poccupyalareuantityamonallkindsofmetahorsandcanbediscoveredbetweenthelines.gqgpForexample:’1enun-shu过女人的亏胃.2003)我们新吃,都是淚亏之每,看见女人影子就怕了。(ChiChg:268)Inthisexamlehumanisdescribedasananimal.Peolethemselvesaredescribedasp,panimalsofsomekindsoitaearstheconcetualmetahorPEOPLEAREANIMALS.,ppppPeoleattributehumancharacteristicstoanimalsandthenreapplythesecharacteristicstophumanbeings.’2)他想以后非点名不可,照这样下去,只剩有脚而跑不了的椅子和桌子所■。(ChienC-shunghu.2003:418)“”Inthisexamleisunderstoodashumanbeins.Theauthorrantsthep,椅子和桌子gg-obectwithlifesoobectswillacuirehumanlikebehaviorsthouhtsandemotions.Thej,jq,gpersonifiedobjectprovidesanextensivewaytocomprehendthemetaphorandperceivetheinformationsoitwillbedeliveredinamorevividandwittwa.,yy’-3不在乎太太的陪嫁i,丈人的靠山,宁可交女朋友。(ChenChunshu.2003:464))g“”InthisexamleisareresentativewordinChina.Thewriterintendstoexressp,靠山pp'thatinternationalstudentsdonotcarewhethertheirwivesfamilyispowerfuloraffluentenouhbecausematerialconditionstraditionalldeterminewhetherthetwoeolematchorg,yppressl-lttlfnot.Theexpioniscuturereevananddificulforeoewhocomeromadiferentppculturetounderstand.”“”’4我们怎样糟踢你,你何妨说?鸿渐摆空凝—;你心里明白,不用我说。(Chien)C-shunghu.2003:686)31 ChaterFiveTranslationMethodsofMetahorsinFBUndertheGuidanceofRelevanceTheorppy“”Inthisexample,空城计isderivedfromtheChineseclassicTheRomanceoftheThree-KinomsItttt.Tttgd,aimsorickandconfuseheenemiesheculturalspecificmeaphorseobstaclesforthetranslatorsbecausethecannotalwasfindthesameeuivalenceintaret,yyqglanguage.5.4TranslationMethodsofStructuralMetaphorBothontologicalmetaphorandorientationalmetaphorareincludedinstructural'metahors.Undoubtedlstructuralmetahorhasalarenumberineoleslinuisticpy,pgppgmanifestationsanddemandsmuchmorevariablestrategiestocopewith.AfterhavingastudyonFortressBesiegedanditstranslationtheauthorfindsthatthetranslatorshaveemloed,pydiferenttranslationmethodstodealwithstructuralmetaphors.Thespecifictranslationmethodsthetranslatorshavechosenincluderetainingthemetaphor,turningthemetaphorintosameimaeinTLturninthemetahorintosimileaddinnotesformetahorandturning,gp,gpg-themetaphorintononmetaphoricalexpressions.5.4.1RetainingtheMetahorp1怄气辞职只是辞职的人吃亏,被辞的职位默然不痛不痒,人不肯坐椅子,苦了自己的腿,)’。Ch-ienChhu.椅子空着不会肚子饿,椅子立着不会腿酸的(ungs2003:676)lhefiiilfffItisonytresineewhosuers.Theostontseneversuers.Ifaersonrefusestotakeagpp'seatilhilhichf.hehaiwonohunriflleifitsonseswsuerTcrteftemtoretsores,ygggypygg.2677leftstanding.JeanneKell&NathanK.Mao003:(y)“”Inthisexampe椅子iscomaredtohumanbeinswhichisabletosufferhunerorl,pg,ghassorelegs.Thetranslatorsretainthevividimagedescribedinthesourcetextandrepresentthesimilarefectinthetargettext.Thetargetreaderswillnotmisunderstandthetranslation,becausethecontextualinformationleavessuficientcontextualcluesforthem.Meanwhile,thetargetreaderswillbeawareofthemetaphoricalusagewiththeassistanceoftheircommonsense.32 西北大学硕士学位论文二人C’2)她喜欢赵方斗法比武抢自己,但是她担心交战得太猛烈,顷刻就分胜负。(hienChun-shug.2003:110)MissSuthorouhlyenoyedthebattleoftwomenoverher,butshewasworriedthatthegjexchangemightgettoofierceandinamomentseparatethevictorfromthevanquished.(JeanneK&N..ellyathanKMao2003:111)''IntheexamplethewritertriestodescribeFanandZhaoscometitionaboutMissSus,gparfihancoheacherowinisloveintermsofaw.ZhaoandFantdmetewitothinordertMsggp'""Susheart.TheassumptionloveisawarissharedbothbyChineseandEnglish.Therefore,thetargetreaderswillerceivetheunderlinmeaninofthemetaoreasil.Thetranslatorspyggphyaccurate-hihlyreevaluateteconitiveenvronmentofthetaretreadersandhavechosentepggpropermethodtofollowtherincileofrelevance.pp3)你要我留在旅馆里陪你,为什么那时候不老实说,我又不是你肚子里的姻虫,知道你存’-什么心思。(ChienChunshu03574)g.20:''Ifyoudwantedmetostayatthehotelwithyou,whydidntyouhonestlysaysoatthetime?'mInotatapeworminyourstomach.HowdoIknowwhatyouarethinking?JeanneKelly&(NathanK.Mao.2003:575)“”InthisexamleisawidelknownsainfortheChinesep,我又不是你肚子里的蛔虫yygwhentheywanttoexpressthattheydonotknowwhatothersarethinkingaboutinmind.Evenifthetargetreadersdonotknowtheimplicationoftheusage,theycangetthesamefeelingwhentheseetheexistedcontextualinformationbetweenlines.y5.4.2TurningtheMetahorintoSameImaeinTLpg’1?Ch-楣信上没说提拔我ienChunshu.2003:670)辛,我进去干什么,做花瓶(g)'-Hsnnona.WamIsuimeislettersaidthigaboutfindinhihositionformehatosedtodoggpppthere?BlJeanneK.M.2eaiaite?ell&NathanKao003671soc(y:)“”Inthisexample花瓶referstoaersonwhohasabeautifulaearancebuthasno,ppp""ractcaauThensaorsemsocaeootsamemaeAccordinopilvle.traltployilittrefertheig.gt""Wikiediasocialitemeansaersonwhocontributeslareamountoftimetoarticiatinp,pgppg""""insocialactivities.Thereforeeolcanendowsocialiteroertieslikeselessness,ppeppu,33 ChaterFpiveTranslationMethodsofMetaphorsinFBUndertheGuidanceofRelevanceTheory""""speciosityandbeautifulbuthasnopracticalvalue.Inthisregardthetranslatorsresortto,themetaphorsthetargetreadersaremostlyfamiliarwithinordertoresonatetheirinnerfeelings.’2(enun-i2003)我就是个刺猜,你不要跟刺渭说话ChiChshi.:668)。gr'maorcuineDontalktotheorcuine.JeanneKell&NathanK.Mao.2003:669.tpppp(y)-uedorIntheexampletheauthorintendstodescribeashartonindifferenterson.,pgp“”“”Sinceboth朿Ij獨andporcupinehavethornseolewillgethurtwhenthestacloseto,ppyythesetwokindsofanimals.Thereforeitisawisechoiceforthetranslatorstomakesucha,change.“一”一一"’3点浪漫都没有-真是你方才所说,h打什么算盘!(ChienChunshu2003:)五g.466)'""ItsjustexactlywhatyouweresayingamomentagoNottheslightestbitofromance.Everythingisfiguredouttothelastnickel!(JeanneKelly&NathanK.Mao.2003:467)“”InthisexamleisaticalcalculatintoolinChina.Peoleusedtocounttheirp,算盘ypgp“”incomeandexansewithttCh.meansapiinancienina打算盘ersonhalesovereverpggy""pennyandrefusestosuferloss.Fiureouttothelastnickelvividldemonstratesthesamegyiedhlli.ma.Ifaersonoessoemustbemeanandcacuatngp,gThoughthemetaphoricalimageshavenoequivalenceinthetargetlanguage,thetranslatorssubstitutethemforthesameimageinTLsoastorepresenttheimageandreceive""""thesameefectfromthetaretreaders.Accordintorelevancetheorsocialiteorcuineggy,pp""“”“”andnickelaremuchmorerelevanttothetaretreaderscomaredwith束[andgp花瓶|猬“”算盘.HenceitiswiseforthetranslatorstoturnthemetahorintothesameimaeinTL,pginsteadofstubbornlyemhasizinonthelinuisticform.pgg5.4.3TurningtheMetaphorintoSimile’1觉得他爱国而国不爱他enun-u,大有青年守节的孀妇不见宠于翁姑的怨抑。(ChiChsh.)g200382:)Whilehelovedhiscountihiscountrdidnotlovehim.Hefeltthesameresenmensaounytta,yyg34 西北大学硕士学位论文idiiiit--wowwhodetemanidfihhelstannachasewowhoodindsnofavorwtrarentsinaw.,pg,panneKellNathanK.3(Jey&.Mao2003;8)IntheexamlethewriterattemtstodescribetheresentfulfeelinofMr.Fanasap,pggwidow.InancientChinaawidowusuallfailstoreceivefavorsfromherrelativesandleaves,yaresentfiilimressiononheracuaintances.HoweverEnlishhasnoeuivalenceinitspq,gqculture.Thetranslatorsturnthemetaphorintosimile,whichreservestheimageofthesourcelanguaeandavoidstheredundantlinguisticmanifestationsaswell.g2己不答应好像为他补习就该做他的枪手的,学校里的功课全要带回家来代做,自,他就),(Cenhun-sh.20)恨。iCghu03;226''--HelHeneemed.Hpingsiaochgwithhisstudiesstomeanactingashisghostwritersiaocheng'torina-wantedbgllhisclassworkhomeforhimtodoandifherefusedHsiaochenresented,,ghimforit.(JeanneKelly&NathanK.Mao.2003:227)“”'""Inthisexamle枪手heredoesntmeanunnerinEnlishbutaersonwhop,gg,pemploysotherstowriteforhimanddeclaresthetextiswrittenbyimself.Thetranslatorsaddh“"actastomakethetranslationmorereadableinlessambiguouswords.3…跟爱人如愿以偿结了婚),恐怕那时候肉骨头下肚,倒要对水怅惜这不可再见的影子了。’h-(CienChungshu.2003:270)W'henourdreamcomestrueandoumarrousweetheartitsasthouhthebonehasenteredyyyy,g-ourstomachandouthennenever---refecinanneyyiforthetobeseenaainltionthewater.Jepg(Kelly&NathanK.Mao.2003:271)“”“”Inthisexampleand肉骨头下肚aretwodiferentmattersaccordinto,跟爱人结婚g,""peoplescommonsense.Itfollowstheassumptionmarriageisatombforlove.Marriagelutanendtotheimainationandoodexectationsof.htthfwilloveTeauthornarraeseactpggpinaocularwatohelthereaderstonoticetheconnotationswithin.Yetthecomarisonjyp,pmayleadtomisunderstandinsforthetaretreadersifthefailtodiscoverthesimilaritiesggybetweenthetwothinssothetranslatorschanethemetahorintosimileandmaketheg,gpcomparisonmoreaccurateandrelevantforthetargetreaders.Duetothediferentcognitiveenvironmentsoftwocultures,thetranslatorsconvertthemetaphorintosimiletoavoidconfusionsandmisunderstandings.Ifthetranslatorsconnect35 ChaterFiveTranslationMethodsofMetahorsinFBUndertheGuidanceofRelevanceTheorppytwomattersdirectlitmustiverisetomisunderstandinsanduzzleswheneolearey,ggppp“”readintheselines.Likewisemetahoricalmeaningof枪手doesnotfindtheg,pequivalenceinEnglish.Therefore,ifthetranslatorssticktoliteraltranslation,thetargetreaderscannotperceivetheimplicationsdeliveredbythewriterandthecommunicationbetweenthetranslatorsandthetargetreadersrovedtobeafailure.p5.4.4notesAddigN1说有个生脱发病的人去理发,那剃头的对他说不用剪发,等不了儿天,头发压根儿全掉)’-(CenChuns.2003:148)光了;大部分现代文学也同样的不值批评。highuAmanwhosehairwasfallingout,themanwenttogetahaircut,butthebarbertoldhimhe'needntbotherbecausehishairwouldallfalloutbyitselfinafewdays.Forthesamereason,mostofmodemliteratureisnotworthcriticizing.(JeanneKelly&NathanK.Mao.2003:149)",’IntheexamlethetranslatorsaddnoteforthesamereasoninthetranslationThouhp,.gthetargetreaderscanfindwhatthewriterreferstothroughcontextualinformation,itisunexpectedforthetargetreadersiftheyseethetopicsuddenlyumsfromhairtomodemjp"""ttThewriteraimsatcomrinfalittdemlieraure.paglinharohedeclininsituationofmogg"'tttststtttrundtttlieraurebueobsaclesforheareeadersersandindueohecultural,gg-d.Ttttttunderstiferenceshereforehemehodofaddinnoesformeahorisuiewelloodand,gpqfeasibleforthetargetreaders.’-2!(Ch)失恋继以失业,失恋以致失业,真是摔了仰天交还会跌破鼻子ienChungshu.2003:226)Biniledfoliilietlowedblosnhsoborratherhibebeiild.Arue,osnsobcauseofntetgjygj,gjgj“”&caseofskinningthenosewhilefallingontheback!(JeanneKellNathanK.Mao.y2003:227)“"Inthisexamlethetranslatorsaddatruecaseinthetranslationinordertoclarifthep,ysimilaritiesbetweenthetwomaters.Losingbelovedfollowedbylosingjobisunfortunate""enoughforonepersonandresemblesskinningthenosewhilefallingonthebacktosomedegree.Butitisstrangetoconnectthetwomattersdirectly,sothetranslatorsgiveextraelaborationsonthetranslation.Thetranslatorstaketheprocessingefortofthetaretreadersg30 西北大学硕士学位论文intoaccount,thus,itdemonstratesthattheirtranslationmethodsarecompletelyconsistentwiththerincipleofrelevance.p5.4.5AbandoningtheMetahorp一’1-,,人就饱了ienChunhu.2003:164)有他,菜可以省点看见他那个四喜丸子的脸。(ChgS)Ifheis,theycansaveonthefood.Justlookingatthatmeatballfaceofhiswillmakeeolefellpp”&iJeanneKeNatK.Ma.2001fol.llyhano3:65()“”“,,Inthisexamle四喜丸子isoneticaldishfromShandoncuisine.referstop,ypg四喜'fourblessedmaters:passingtheimportantexam,gettingmarried,beingtheemperors--tBusoninlawandreunionofhewholefamily.therethetranslatorsabandonthemetaphorical""“”imaeandchoosemeatballinsteadbecauseisanexressionwithChineseg,四喜丸子pcharacteristicsandithasnoequivalenceinEnglish.’-2她是柔嘉的奶奶,很忠实,不会措油。〔ChienChunshu.2003:638))g'''Sheused-urtobeJouchiaswetnse.Shesveryloyal.Shewouldntcheatus.JeanneKell&(yNathanK.Mao.2003:639)“”Inthisexample,措油isafamiliarChineseexpression,whichmeansapersonwillgain""extraadvantagesthroughunfairmeans.Thetranslatorsemploycheattodeliverthesamemeaninginthetargetlanuageattheexenseofvividmetahoricalimae.Theusaemeetsgppggtheneedofinformationdeliverbutsoilsthelifelikeicturehemetahorcaricatures.ypptp”“”’3,?;(Cen我们怎样糟蹋你你何妨说鸿渐摆空城计道你心里明白,不用我说。hi)Chun-shug.2003:686)'Howdidwemalignou?Whydontousait?yyy""-HunchienbluffedYouknowerfectlllourselfwithoutmtelliou.JeanneKel&wenlg,(pyyygyyNathanK.Mao.2003:687)Inthisexamlethetranslatorsdiscardthemetahoricalmeanininthesourcelanuaep,pggg,becausethetaretreadersmafeelstraneheareunfamarwiteRomanceotegygiftyilihThfhThreeKingdoms.Thoughmaintainingthemetaphoristhemostfavorablestrategyforthetranslators,not37 ChapterFiveTranslationMethodsofMetaphorsinFBUndertheGuidanceofRelevanceTheoryeveryimaehastheeuivalenceintheotherlanuaeduetodiferencesinculture,societgqggyandhistoretcSometmestetransatorsavetomakecomromsestecomey,.i,hlhpiwhenhyacrosssuchsituationsoastoensuretheexlicitnessandconcisenessofthetext.p5.5OntoloicalMetahorinFBgpSomematterscannotbeseparatedorrepresentclearboundariessoeolecanimose,ppplimitsonthemartificiallyinordertogainaclarifiedexpression.Otherthanstructuralmetaphors,ontologicalmetaphorsalsooccupyalargeproportioninFB.Forexample:一一1他明知道唐小姐不会,然而还希望她会写几句话,借决绝的刹那让交情多延/7气…)'-(ChienChungshu.2003:212)“”’2:!!(Ch除掉那句古老得长白胡子,陈腐得发霉的话女人是最可怕的还有什么可说)-ununsh.2003:50)ieChg“,,Intheseexamlesabstractmattersarereardedashumanbeins.InExamle1isp,ggp,交情“”'endowed--withlife.交情betweenFangHungchienandTangHsiaofiiishardtocontinuebecauseoftheirmisunderstandingswitheachother.Theauthorpersonifiestherelationinordertoivearealistt.InExam2ttteicnarraionleheauhorreardsasennceasamangp,g,becausethesentenceisusuallymentionedbypeopleandthetruthwithinitusuallyisemphasizedbyexperiencedmen.3)他竭力寻出话来跟辛栃说,辛楣不理他,鸿渐无抵抗,无援救地让減苦蚕食虫烛着他的,-心。(ChienChungshu.2003:280)’4-只得隐忍,另想方法来挽回自己医道的体面,洗涤中国医学的耻辱enChunu.。(Chish)g2003:234)Inthesetwoexamlesthewriterreardshumanemotionsasobects.Wheneolehavep,gjppsomearticularemotionstheemotionsactuallaretheirunderstandinsandattitudestowardp,yg'matters.Emotionsareabstractinitsessencebutbasedoneoleshsicalexerience.In,pppyp“”Example3,theemploymentofmetaphormaybebasedontheconcept痛苦islikeaninsect,'“"tt.IEl4ttttitthinibblesuamanshearnxamehewrierreatshehumliainfeelinascloespp,ggoradishwhichcanbecleanedbyeolethemselves.,pp38 西北大学硕士学位论文5-他根本没看那通讯,(iChu,他不愿放弃这个鸿渐if的机会orenhunS.)不过。g2003:122)“”'Inthisexample面子referstoonesreutationorsomeonewantstoberesectedand,pp“”“,,""""advocatedbothers.扫isinitiallassociatedwithfloorstreetorroadbuttheyy,“,,writerturnstheabstractconcetintoanentitsotheconcretewordisusedtouantifpy,扫yq“”andtalkabout面子intheexample.’-这时候空气里_动着他该说的情话ienChun.6,都扑凑向他嘴边要他说。(Chshu)g2003:116)“,,Inthisexamleisunderstoodasaman.Theersonifiedusaecomletelp,情话pgpy'demonstratesFangsloveaboutMissTang.ItenablesthetargetreaderstofeelhowhardFang'hastorefrainhimselftosaysweetwordstoMissTan.Peolesemotionisnotconcreteandgphasnowaytobeevaluated,butthemetaphoricalexpressionquantifiestheirfeelingsinaresonatinwagy.5.6TranslationMethodsofOntologicalMetaphorTranslatorsenoytheequalimportancewiththeoriginalwriterbecausethehavetoj,ytranscendnumerousculturalvariationstomakecertainthatthetargetreadershavethesimilarresponselikethesourcereaders.Thetoughestproblemintranslationishowtodealwitht-endstculuralrelevantexressionsbecauseittranschelinguisticlevelandcoversculturalp,,social,historicalfactors.Ontologicalmetaphorbynatureisakindofstructuralmetaphor,butlessvariableandchangeablethanstructuralmetaphor.5.6.1RetainingtheMetaphor’-1.2003462不过你们留过学的人,随身本领就是用不完的财产hienChunhu:))。(CgsButtheabilitiesyoureturnedstudentscarryaroundwithyouareinexhaustibleassets!((JeanneKelly&NathanK.Mao.2003:463)“’’“”Inthsexameeventhouandarefferentwheneoeaveteirsiplgh本领贝才产dipplhhft,39 Ch^terFiveTranslationehodsofMetahorsmFBUndertheGuidanceofRelevanceTheorMtpysightofthesetwomattersbutthesharesimilaritiesbecauseoftheirvaluableanddesirable,y""“,,features.Duetothesimilaritiesbetweenabilityandassets,tiietargetreaderswillspendreasonableefortsonthecomprehensionofthemetaphor.Hence,itisfeasibleforthetranslatorstoretainthemetaphor.一’-2咱们从此河水不犯井水,切你的事都不用跟我来说。(ChienChunshu.2003:680))g''Fromnowonwellustkeetheriverwatersearatefromthewellwater.Youneednttellmejppanythingaboutourafairs.JeanneKell&NathanK.Mao.2003:681y(y)“”Inthisexamle河水不犯井水itselfisafamousChineseroverbwhichmeansp,p,'everonedoeshisownbusinessandneverinterfereswithothersmatters.Proverbssainsy,yg'andahorismareusualltheessenceofeoleswisdom.Theyareverabstractandpyppycu-ltureorientedbutarebasedonhumanhysicalexperience.Theexpressionispcultura-reevaandofinesecharactecswhicheavesachaeneforthellnthighChristilll,gtranslatorsandcallsforflexiblestratefromthem.Butintibisexample,contextualgyinformatonsconducivetotheundersandinoftheexressionwhichcreaessuficieniitgp^ttcontextualefectsandrequiresreasonableefortfromthetargetreaders.1他竭力寻出话来跟辛楣说,辛楣不理他,鸿渐无抵抗,无援救地让痛苦蜜食虫蚀着他的)’nChun-shu.200380)心0(Chieg:2-fisthit-HetriedtondomentosaoHsinmeibutHsinmeiinoredhim.Leftwithoutaidorgy,gresstanceelettheainofhisaflictionnibbleandnawawatheart.JeanneKei,hpgyaish(lly&NathanK.Mao.2003:281)Inthisexample,theauthordescribestheemotionofhumanasaninsectThetranslatorsmaintainthemetahorbecausethetaretreadershavethesimilarconitiveenvironmentinp,ggthisreard.g一’一2-明天早方鸿渐醒来,头里还有条锅齿线的痛。(ChienChungshu.2003:194))-wThenextmorninchienwokelithasawiniinhishdneg.FangHunuearanea...Jeangpy,gp(Kelly&NathanK.Mao.2003:195)InthisexamlethewritercomarestiieuncomfortablefeelinofFantoasaw.Thep,pggmetaphoricalimagequantifiesthebadfeelingofFangandemphasizesthedegreeofhispain.ThetranslatorssticktoliterdtranslationinordertorepresenthowmuchFangissufering.40 西北大学硕士学位论文ThechoicemaintainsChineseflavorontheonehandandspreadChinesecultureontheotherhand.Thetranslationcallsforworthwhilerocessinefortandthusfavoredbthetaretpgygrearsde.5.6.2AbandonintheMetahorgp’一1-)可见个人受马屁的容量,是没有底的。(ChienChunshu2003:626)g.'Obviouslytheresnolimittotheamountofflatteryaersonwants.JeanneKelly&NadianK,p(Mao.2003:627)“”Inthisexample马屁meanstosacomlimentarwordstosomeone.Before,ypyrenderingtiieexpressionintoEnglishthetranslatorshavetoconsiderwhetherthereare,similarhrasesorwordsinthetaretlanuae.Iftherearethehavetoevaluatewhetherthe,ypgggtransferencewillleadtothesameefectornotActually,inEnglish,therearesimilar""“,"""",u-uexressionslikebuttersomebodcurruandsuck.Inhefirsthrasbutterpypypptpe,originallymeansakindofedibleoilinsweettasteandhereitmeanstoflattersomeoneinsweetwords.ButifthetranslatorschoosetorendertiiemetaphoricalimageinSLintotiiesameimaeinTLitwillleadtoredundantexressionsandcomlexforms.Thereforetheg,pp,translatorsabandonthemetaphorforanexplicitversion.’2我看李梅亭这讨厌家伙,肚子里没有什么货,怎么可以当中国文学系主任。(Chien)Ch-imgshu.2003:254)''-tdoeIfouaskmehatobnoxiouslittleLiMeitinsntamounttoanthin.Howcanhebe,ygygchairmanoftheChineseLiteratureDepartment?JeanneKell&NathanK.Mao.2003:255(y)“,,Intheexample没货literallmeansthatashophasnostocktorovide.Andnowthe,ypexpressionextendedintoametaphoricalmeaning,referringtothatonepersonisnotcometent-ttpandwelltrainedinsomeregards.Whainerpretationthewordwillyielddepends“,,onthecontextualinformation.Howeverthemetahoricalmeaninof没货onlexistsin,pgyChinesesothetranslatorscannotfindthesameeuivalenceinEnlish.Thereforethe,qg,translatorsabandonhemetahorandmaintainsibasicinformaio.tptstn’-1,但不肯当媳妇的面對他的台。(Chien.遯翁心里也怪儿子莽撞ChunShu2003:678))g-Tungwenginwardlyblamedhissonforbeintoorashbutwouldnothumiliatehiminfrontofg41 ChapterFiveTranslationMethodsofMetaphorsinFBUndertheGuidanceofRelevanceTheoryh--&Nisdauhterinlaw.JeanneKellathanK.Mao.2003:679g(y)“”“”—InthisexamleisderivedfromtheticalChineseword.Thep,当面坊台yp面子-cutteseeoesowordisdeerootedinChineselurebecausemosChinlutmoreemhaisnp,pppptheiresandtavoosn.Tsatorsadotterattonandimagrepuationstoidligfacehetranlplilranslai""emlohumiliateinstead.Becauseofsuchasthetranslatorsaresuosedtotaketaretpygp,ppg''readersconitiveenvironmentaccetabilitandthetextsreadabilitintoaccount.g,pyy’2(h-iu.2003:538大丈夫能屈能伸,他让鸿渐教完这学期CenChunsh))。gAenh-tlemanmustbeflexibleHedidewouldletHunithforthereminderfthe.ecedcheneacoggsemetK.M.200ser.JeanneKell&Nathanao3539(y:)“”IntheexameisanoChinesesainwhcsthatthepl,大丈夫能屈能伸ldyg,ihmeangentlemancanmakecompromisewhenheisinbadsituationoflifeandheispreparingforbeingsuccessfulagainatthesametime.Theexpressionderivesfromanallusion.The""—translatorsemloustonewordflexibleinsteadofthemultiplemeaninsinChinesepyjg,becausetheexpressioncannotbethoroughlyrenderedintoEnglishduetotheculturaldiferences.IfthetranslatorsmechanicallkeethemetahorinTLitwilldefinitelleadtoypp,yunnaturalnessandrigidness,whichrequiresmuchmoreunnecessaryefortfromthetargetreadersandviolatestherincileofotimalrelevance.Thereforethetranslatorsdiscardtheppp,'metaphorinordertodrawthetargetreadersattentionandcallfortheirworthwhilerocessinpgefort.Fromaboveanalysis,theauthorclassifiesthemetaphorinFortressBesiegedintothreetesaccordintoconcetualtheor.Theareorientationalmetahorstructuralmetahorypgpyyp,pandontologicalmetaphorrespectively.InFortressBesieged,structuralmetaphorsoccupyatttlareorionwhileorientationalmetahorsarefarmoreless.Onhebasisofrelevanceheorygpp,theauthoranalyzesthetranslationmethodsofdifferentmetaphorsandinfersthereasonabout'thetranslatorschoices.Astheaudience,thetranslatorsrecognizethecommunicativecluesfromtheoriginalwrteranertheasnformaonconveteextAsthrtidinfbicitiedinht.ecommunicatohey,translatorstakethecognitiveenvironmentofthetargetreadersintoaccountandselectcorresondingmethodstodealwithdifferenttesofmetahors.pyppAccordingtorelevancetheory,thetranslatorshavetoconsiderfollowinelementsintheg42 西北大学硕士学位论文transltionrocesswhta:etherhereareeuivalenceorsimilarsubstitutesinthetaretlanuae,pqgggwhetherthecontextualinformationwllhelpthetargetreaderstocomprehendthemetaphorandwhetherthemethodwillcreatesuficientcontextualefectandrequirethenecessaryrocessinefortfromhettreaders.pgtarge""Aftertheevaluationoftheseelements,thetranslatorsmainlyadoptretainingmetahorp""whendealingwithorientationalmetahor.Andthetranslatorsemloretaininmetaorppygph""andabandoningmetaphorinrenderingtheontologicalmetaphors.Asforthestructuralmetaphors,thetranslatorsadoptmorevariableandchangeablemethods,includingretainingthemetaphorturninthemetaorintosameimaeinTLturnintfiemetaorintosimile,gphg,gph,addingnotesandabandoningthemetaphor.Thatistosay,thetranslatorsgenerallymaintaintheoriginalflavorofthesourcetextandattempttoreproducetheimageofsourcetextinordertoreceivethesimilarresponse.They''fullytakethewritersintentionandthetaretreadersexectationintoaccountandmakegpthesetwoartsoverla.pp43 ChaterSixConclusionpChapterSixConclusionInthepreviouschapterstheauthorclassifiesthemetahorinFortressBesieed,pgf'accordintoLakoandJohnsonsconcetualmetahortheorandexloresthemetahorgppypptranslationundertheuidanceofreevanceheor.ltgyMaorFindingsjFirsttherelevancetheorisexlanatorformetahortranslation.Relevancetheoris,ypypyadoptedtoexplaintheactofcommunication,andmetaphorisactuallyakindofcommunicationamongpeople.Becauseofitshighfrequencyindailyconversations,themetaphorisawaytorevealhumanthouhtsandattitudesandhasbecomeanecessitforgy'peopleslife.Second,metaphorssharenodifferencewiththecommonlanguageaccordingtoSerberpandWilson.Withregardtometahortranslationthetranslatorsshouldtakecontextualefectp,andprocessingefortintoconsiderationssoastoachievetheoptimalrelevance.Eitherthorica-meaplornonmetaphoricalinterpretationswillbeustifiedonlifthetranslatorsfollowjytherincileofrelevance.ppThirdafteresearchonmetahortranslatifdifferenttesfmetahorinFBthe,arponoypops,translatorsadoptfivemainstrategiesaccordingtorelevancetheory.TheyareretainingthemetaphorturninthemetahorintothesameimaeinTLturninthemetahorintosimile,gpg,gp,addingnotesandabandoninthemetahor.Thechoiceofdifferentmethodsdeendsonthegpprincipleofotimalrelevance.Thetranslatorshavetoanticipatethecognitiveenvironmentofppthetargetreaderssoastocausesuficientcontextualeffectandcallforreasonableprocessingefortfromthetaretreaders.gLimitationsDuetothelimitedtimeandenergythethesisisnotcomrehensiveenouh.Itonl,pgyselectsfivemaintranslationmethodsintheFortressBesieedbutthereareothermethodsg,employedinFB,suchlikedeletion,ellipsisorconversiontosense,etc.InadditiontheauthormerelanalzesthemetahorinFBbuttherearemetahorsin,yyppotherrenownedbooksandfieldscallingformoreatention.Theanalysismaybesubjectiveandimproperinsomeregardsduetothelimitedabilityoftheauthor.SuggestionsforFurtherResearchMetaphorshouldgainmoreattentionfromscholarsandbestudiedinabroaderandmore44 西北大学硕士学位论文rofoundwa.Theauthorhoeshacholarswillhaveinteresinmeaphormaniainwesternpypttsttcountriesandivesstematicexlanationsaboutthisfieldinthefiiture.gypMoreover,itissuggestedthatmorematureresearcherswillchooseothertheoriestoexploremetaphortranslationsothattheycanfindmoremethodstodealwithmetaphortranslation.45 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攻读硕士学位期间的科研成果攻读硕士学位期间的科研成果一[1]中西爱情诗歌比较舒婦《致橡树》与莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首.西北大学学一报.2013年增刊(第作者)一2]论跨文化交际障碍.外语教学.2013年增刊(作者)[第48 西北大学硕士学位论文AcknowledgementsFirstly,IwanttosendmysinceregratitudetomyrespectablesupervisorProfessorLiJianliforhisatientuidanceandvaluablesuestionsdurinIherocessofmstud.Inm,pggggpyyypastthreeearshehadivenmealotofsuestionswhenIfeltconfusedandalotofy,ggg,encouragementswhenIfeltfrustrated.SecondlyIivemreatthankstoteacherswhohadtautmeinNorthwestUniversit.,gygghyTheirattractiveclassesandinterestingteachingmethodsreallyleftmeadeepimpressionandwillhavegreatinfluencesonmylateryears.Thirdly,Iwouldliketoextendgratitudetomybelovedparentsandfriends.Mythesiscannotbecompletedwithouttheirsupportandunderstanding.49

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