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1、外文题目：promotionalroleofmicrocredit:evidencefromthegrameenbankofbangladesh出处：JournalofInternationalDevelopment作者：Md.AbulBasher原文：promotionalroleofmicrocredit:evidencefromthegrameenbankofbangladeshAbstract:Thispaperinvestigateswhethertheincomeaugmentingroleofmicrocreditisattributableonlytoincreasedp
2、articipationoftheborrowerineconomicactivitiesorswitchtomoreproductiveactivitiesalso.Thepaperprovidesaframeworktoanalyzethisquestioninabsenceofanylongitudinaldata.ByusingthedatafromtheGrameenBankofBangladesh,thepaperfindsthatmicrocreditenablestheborrowerstomoveprogressivelyintomoreproductiveactivi
3、tiesastheybecomeexperienced.Copyright2009JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.Keywords:Microcredit;ProductivityJELClassification:O12,O16INTRODUCTIONTheliteratureidentifiestwocontributionsofmicrofianceindevelopingcountries.Thefirstcontributionincludestheincreaseinincomeoftheparticipants(Alamgir,1998;Khandker,1998;P
4、ittandKhandkar,1998;Basher,2001),andthesecondcontributionincludesdifferentaspectsofwelfare,empowerment,motivationalandattitudinalchangesamongtheprogramparticipants(Hashemietal.,1996;Aminetal.,1998;Basher,2007).Usually,theruralpoorareinvolvedinthelowrisk,lowproductiveactivities.Microfinancecanincr
5、easetheincomeoftheparticipantseitherbyscalinguptheseactivitiesorbymovingtheparticipantsintohighproductiveactivities.Expansionofthelowproductiveactivitiescanbeidentifiedasthe“promotional”(DerezandSen,1991)roleofmicrofinanc.Thispaperinvestigatesiftheparticipatinghouseholdsofthemicrofinanceprogramsw
6、itchfromtheprotectionaltothepromotionalactivitiesovertime.TheanalysisismotivatedbytheEulerequationadjustedforthedistributionofmarginalincomebetweencurrentandnextperiods“consumption.Theideaisthatmoreexperiencedparticipantsofthemicrofinanceprogramaccomplishtheabilitytoswitchtohighproductiveactiviti
7、es,whichcanbetracedbyexaminingtheevolutionofpercentageshareofconsumptionoftheparticipantsintheincurrentloan.Thecontributionofthecurrentpapertotheliteratureisdoublefold.First,thepapercontributestotheexistingliteratureof
