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⑥篙‰s硕士学位论文汉语新词隐喻的认知研究论文作者：陈蓓指导教师：周统权教授学科专业：英语语言文学研究方向：认知语言学华中师范大学外国语学院2013年4月 硕士学位论丈MASTER‘STHESISACognitiVeStudyontheMetaphorsinChineSeNeologismsATheSisSubmittedinPanialFulfillmentoftheRequirementFortheM．A．DegFeeinEngliShLanguageandLtteratureByChenBeiPostgraduateProgramSchool0fF0reignLanguagesCentralChinaNormaIUniVersi坶Supervisor：ZhouTongquanAcademicTitle：ProfessorSignature运l毖叁∑一jApproVedApril2013 ⑧硕士学位论丈MASTER‘STHESIS华中师范大学学位论文原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的研究成果。除文中已经标明引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。作者签名：两花日期：加，三年f月阳日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权华中师范大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。同时授权中国科学技术信息研究所将本学位论文收录到《中国学位论文全文数据库》，并通过网络向社会公众提供信息服务。作者签名：两、蔹日期：劲哆年r月知日导师签名：J习膛岔，导师签名：J参J毖每，，日期：知罗年厂月幻日本人已经认真阅读“CALIS高校学位论文全文数据库发布章程”，同意将本人的学位论文提交“cALIs高校学位论文全文数据库”中全文发布，并可按“章程”中的规定享受相关权益。圃重途塞握童卮进卮!旦堂生；旦二生；旦三生筮查!作者签名：劲、褫日期：加哆年t月初日 AcknOwledgementsHere1wallttoexpressmyheartfeltt11an：kstoProfessorZhouTongquan．Hekindlyandpatientlyhelpedmechoosethetopic，revisethethesisa11dgavemealotofinspiration．Healsolent砒1drecommendedmemallymat嘶alsandworks．Withouthishelp，itwouldbequitedi岱cultformetofinish衄spaper．Thou曲hehasbe铋abroadandquitebusXhe仔equentlyremindedmeofmytaskandinquiredmypro斟essofwriting，whichgavemebothstressandmotivation．Ishouldalsoextendmyde印乒atitudetomyparents．Thou曲theyaren’tingoodhealnl，theyhelpedmea10twithmydailyhouseholdafrairsa11dtookcareofmvsonwhen1wasworking．Theyarethe铲eatestparentsandthe莎eatest伊andparents．Butforth锄，itwouldbeimpossibleformetocaqon．Thanksshouldalsobe百Ventomyhusband，whohelpedmeimprovethelayoutofthepaper．Besides，I锄伊ate如1tomytwoyears’01dson，whoissoconsideratetllatheseldomIntemJptedmewhen1waswor虹ng．Thou曲hewassoeagertogettogetherwithhlsmothertoread，singalldplay，heshowed黟eatestrestrainta时oyears’babvmavhaVe．Sometimeshec锄etome，aJldalmostpulledmeup舶mthechair，butt11enhet啪edaway，mu册嘶ng“mumisworking，’．Iowemuchtohim’mylovelvson．MycolleagueshaVe百VenmealotofSuggestionsa11dencouragemellt．Othe刑ise，Imay蜘ltomaket11et、voendsmeet(myteacllingandw订tin曲andb—ngaboutwhatmyworkis ⑥硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESIS中文摘要近年来，隐喻成为了众多学者研究的热点现象。隐喻，从最初的一种修辞方法，已经成为了一种强有力的认知工具。词汇是语言中最活跃的部分，研究词汇对掌握语言发展的规律至关重要。隐喻产生新词，又在新词中得到体现。隐喻的本质就是通过一种事物来理解另一种事物。隐喻是从源域到目标域的投射，而两个域之间的相似性是这种投射的基础。隐喻可分为结构隐喻、空间隐喻和实体隐喻。隐喻的功能包括修辞功能、语言学功能、诗歌功能、认知功能、社会功能和文字游戏功能。新词是新出现的词或是旧词新义。它为了满足一定的社会需要出现，有一定的时间期限，并且为社会广泛认可。以往学者较多从形态上来分析新词中的隐喻，对隐喻类型和映射方向的分析并不够全面。因此，也就难以总结出新词中蕴含的隐喻规律，从而达到对新词充分识解之目的。本文在过往研究的基础上，通过分析汉语新词中的隐喻现象，探讨促成新词新义形成的隐喻机制，并结合具体语境阐释其认知效果。论文的语料来自词典和网络。参照Lakoff与JollIlson对隐喻的分类(结构隐喻、空间隐喻和实体隐喻)，文章分析了汉语新词中隐喻的具体表现，并阐述了隐喻交叉的情况。结果显示，汉语新词中的方位隐喻与英语中的方位隐喻非常相似，而且全是常规隐喻；汉语新词中有大量的实体隐喻，而这其中以实体与物质隐喻和拟人为主。汉语新词中的各种隐喻中源域和目标域的投射方向各有不同。语料分析表明按源域和目标域的关系进行分类统一适合汉语新词，而且隐喻中的源域通常较为具体。这一隐喻的普遍性是由隐喻的本质，即通过一种事物理解另一种事物决定的。即使当源域为抽象概念时，源域也比目标域更为接受者熟悉。在交流中，语境对词义的理解起着至关重要的作用。文章举例说明了文化语境、情景语境和认知语境对隐喻理解的巨大影响。隐喻对汉语语言的发展的作用体现在类词缀及同音字使用的增加、词义感情色彩的改变，且隐喻使汉语更加简洁生动。本文共包括五章。第一章介绍研究背景，包括本研究的背景及重要性。第二章回顾了“隐喻”与“新词"这两个概念及前人对汉语新词中的隐喻现象的研究，并重新给出了“新词”的定义。第三章，作为全文的重点，以Lakofr与Jolulson的分类为依据，以大量例证分析了汉语新词中的隐喻类型。第四章是论文的又一重点，分析了汉语新词中的映射方向，汉语新词的语境及隐喻对汉语产生的影响。第五章总结了研究的主要内容和发现，也提出了不足之处。 研究汉语新词中的隐喻能帮助我们掌握语言发展的规律。同时，由于英语和汉语中有许多十分相似的隐喻，本研究也有助于消除文化冲突，进行跨文化交流，更好地翻译汉语新词，从而给英语学习也提供了一定帮助。由于国家语委尚未发布2012年中国语言生活报告，本文未能收录最新的的语料，这是一大遗憾。同时，隐喻对中文句法的影响还需要进一步探讨。关键词：隐喻；新词；认知；映射；语境 AbstractMetaphorshavebeenaheatedtopicinrecentyears．Ori百nallyarhetoricaltradition，nowithaSbecomeaIlimportantco咖tivet001．Aswordsare，themostactivepaninlanguage，researchonneolo百smsisVitalforstud如ngtheregularlawoflaIlguagedevel叩ment．Metaphorsproduceneologisms，andtheyarealsoembodiedinne010百sms．TheessenceofmetaphorsistouIlderstandonethingintemsofmeomers．Amet叩horismemappingfbmthesourcedomaintothetargetdomainbasedonmesimilaritiesbe帆eentwodomains．Met叩horsc锄beclassifiedintos缸uctlJralmetaphors，oritentationalmet印horSandont010百calmet印hors．T11e如nctionsofmetaphorsincluderhetoric向n“on，linguistic亿nction，poeticfhnction，cognitive如nction，social如nctionandwords-pla姐ng如nction．Aneolo西smisanewwordorawordwithnewmeaning．Itisa、vordwllich印pearstomeettheCIemalldsofthesociety．IthaspaniculartimeattributeaJldshouldbeacknowledgedbythesociety．ThefomlerstudiesonmetaphorsofC11ineSeneolo百smsprim撕1yfocusedonmeindividualmetaphors，wiminsu衔cienta11alysisofmemetaphortypesaIldmappingdirections．Therefore，meycan’tsumupt11eregular1awofthemetaphorsinC王1ineseneolo垂smsaIldaccordin百y如llycompreheIldthesene010百sms．Onthebasisofmefomerstudies，viat11ea11alysisofthemetaphorsinCllinesene010百sms，memesisexploresthemetaphoricalmechaIlismofproducingnewwordsandnewmeaningsandexplainstheirco盟itivee虢ctinspecmccontext．Thethesisc01lectsdata仔omdictionariesaIldIntemet．InaccordaIlcewimmeclassi6cationofLakofraIldJollIlson(s仃ucturalmetaphors，orientationalmetaphorsa11dontolo舀calmetaphors)，thethesisa11a1)，ZesmeSpecificmetaphoricaleXpressioninCllineseneolo百smsaswellasmeoVerl印pingofthe缸eemetaphortypes．The矗ndingsshowmat，meorientationalmetaphorsinChineseandEn舀isharequitesimilar，a11dtheyareallconVentionalmetaphors；therearealotofontolo西calmetaphorsinChineseneolo百sms，锄ongwhichentitya11dsubstallcemet印horSaswellaspersonificationareof’me乒eatestnumber．ThemappingdirectionsintllemetaphorsinChinesene010西smsaredi行erent．AnalyzingVariousdata，themesisfindsmattheclassificationofmesemetaphorSaccordingtotherelationshipbetweenthesourcedomainsandtargetdomains issuitableforCKneseneolo西sms．Thefindin铲f．urmerproVe也atthesourcedomainsinmetaphorsareusuallyconcrete．Itdecidedbytheessenceofmetaphors，matis，tounderstandonethinginte玎msofanomer．EVenifthesourcedomainaJlabstractconc印t，mesourcedomainmoref．锄iliartothereceivermaIlmeta唱etdomain．IIlcom姗mication，mecontextVitalinunderstandingthemeaningofwords．111ethesisexplainsthegreatefrectdi日’erentcontexts(colltextofculture，contextofsituationandco嘶tivecontext)haVeonmecomprehensionofmetaphors．Tllemetaphors’e行ectonCllinese1aIlguageshowedinflourfields：theincreasinguseofquaSjamxes，meincreasinguseofhomophomcwords，mechallgeofmecommendatoryaIldderogatorymeaningsofthewordsand廿leconcisetendencyof1aIlguage．Themesiscontainsfivech印ters．ThefirstChapterpointsoutmeresearchbackground，includingthei111portanceofstudyingChineseneolo西sms，thesi盟ificaIlceoftheresearchandthestructureofthemesis．ThesecondchapterreViewsliterature，in加ducingmetenn“metaphor’’and‘‘ne010百sm’’aJldo行-erSas姗ma巧ofpreViousstudyofmetaphorsinChineseneolo西sms．Themirdch印terasakeypartofmisthesisin臼．oducesmediversi6edmet印hortypesinneolo酉smswimplentyofilluStrations．Thef．ourthchapteris硼【otherkeypartofthisthesis，锄alyzmgthemet印h01．sinChineseneologisms，likethemappmginChinesene010西sms，t11econteXtoftllemet印horsinC11ineseneolo百smsaIldhowmetaphora虢ctsChineselaIlguage．nefimlch印terisⅡ1econclusion，proVidingmem旬orfindings，implicationsaIldlimitationsoftllepresentpap瓯ThestlldycallhelpusmastermetendencyoflallgIlagedeVelopment．MeaIlwhile，asmereareanumberofsimilarmetaphorSinEn百ishandChinese，tmsstudybeneficialforsolVingculturalshock，conductinginterculturalcommullicationmoresmoothly锄dthebettertranslationofC11ineseneolo西sms．AUmiswillhelpChineseandEn百ishleanling．WhenmepaperfiIlished，meaI】【IlualreportofChineseLallguageLifeofmeyear2012hasn’tbeenreleasedbyt11eNationalAssociationofLallguageResearch．111at’sapityformewritercan’tgetthe1atestdata．MeaIlwhile，meefI、ectofmet叩horsonChiIlesesyntaxstiUneedsourmoreexploration．Keywords：metaphor；neolo百sm；cognition；mapping；contextV ⑥硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESISContentsAcknowledgements⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．i中文摘要⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．iiAbstract⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯。iv1．Intl．oduction⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．11．1Researchback舯und⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯11．2Thesi蛆ificaIlceoftheresearch⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯31．3Thestlmctllreofthethesis⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯32．LiteratureReview⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．52．1MetaDhors⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯52．1．1Therhetoricaltradition⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．52．1．2S锄antic访ewofmetaphors⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一62．1．3CognitiVeviewofmetaphorS⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．62．1．4ThetypesofmetaphorS⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一⋯⋯．．82．1．5The如nctionsofmetaphors⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．122．2Ne010酉sms⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．142．2．1111ed娟nitionsofne010西sms⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯142．2．2T11estmcturalstudyonneolo百sms⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．162．2．3ThedeVelopmentofChineseneolo百sms⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．182．2．4ThetypesofChineseneolo西sms⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．202．3PreViousstudyofmetaphorSinCMneseneolo百sms⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．232．3．1Theuseofmetaphorstoproducene010百sms⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯232．3．2111ee毹ctsofmetaphorsont11eChinesene010百sms⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯243．MetaphorTypesinChilleseNeologisms⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯。263．1Structuralmetaphors⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯263．1．1LIFEISAⅥ後R⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯263．1．2NAKEDISWITHOUTANYTHING⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯283．1．3ACLANISAGROUPOFPEOPLEWITHSAMECHARACTERISTICS⋯293．20rientationalmetaphors⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯303．2．1MOREISUP：LESSISDOⅥ悄⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．303．2．2HIGHSTATUSISUP：LOWSTATUSISDOWN⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯31 ⑨硕士学位论文MASTER‘S丁HESIS3．2．3MARGINIS’IHELEAS’I’IMPORI'AN‘I’⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．3l3．3Ontolo百calmetaphors⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．323．3．1Entitya11dsubstallcemetaphorS⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯323．3．2Containermetaphors⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．333．3．3PersoIlification⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯343．4TlleoVerlappingofthreemetaphortypes⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯354．AnAnalysisoftheMetaphorsillChilleseNeolo季sms⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯374．1ThemappinginChineseneolo百sms⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．374．1．1Fromconcretetoabstract⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．374．1．2Fromconcretetoconcrete⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯384．1．3Fromabstracttoconcrete⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．394．1．4Fromabstracttoabstract⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．404．2ThecontextofthemetaphorsinChineseneolo百sms⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯414．2。1ContextofcultIJre⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．414．2．2Comextofsituation⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯444．2．3Co咖tiVeconteXt⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯464．3111emetaphors’e彘ctonChinese1aJlguage．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．474．3．1Theincre撕ngofqu撕amxation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．474．3．2Theincreasinguseofhomophonicwords⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．484．3．3ThechaIlgeofmecoIll】mendatoryaIldderogatorymeaIlillgofCllinesewords494．3．4T11econcisetendencyoflanguage⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯505．ConcIusions⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯515．1M旬orfindings⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．515．2Inlplications⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．525．2．1TheimplicationforthetranslationofChineseneolo百sms⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯525．2．2TheiIIlplicationfortheChinesestudy⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．525．3Limitationsofthepresentpaper⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯52Bibliography⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．53 1．IntroductiOn1．1ResearchbackgroundInmelonghisto叫ofhumanbeings，languagealwayschaJlgeswimthedeVelopmentofsociety．LaIlguageissosensitivethatitmayreflecteVe巧singlechangelnp011tlcs，economvandcultur·e。Asthehistoryoflallguageshowsus，wrhenthesoclaldevelopmentisstabilized，thedeVelopmentoflaIlguageisslowcorrespondm酉y；whenthesoclaldeVelopmemisrapid，tlledevelopmentoflanguageisfasttoo．TherapiddeVeIopmentotsocietybringsa黟eatnumberofnewwordsinthe1aJlguageusedbythesoclalspeecncommllnity．T．S．Eliot(1943)onceⅥ呵ote，“Forlastyear’swordsbelongtolastyear’slanguage；aIldnextvear，swordsawaitanomervoice．”Amongthethreeel锄entsotlaIlguag}phonetics，1exicona11d伊撇ar—lexiconisthemostsensitiVea11dactiVeelement·Whenmerearenewthings，newphenomena，newconcepts，newValuesornewsoclalbehaⅥors，peopletendtouSenewwordstode血lethem．AstiⅡlepaSsesby’people’scogmtlonbecomesbroadeneda11ddeepened，which1eadstothechangeofa罂VenVocabuIarysysteIIlaccordin百y．111theinfonIlationera，dif]衙entinVentionsandtechn0109yadVaIlceshaVecn姐萨dourliferapidly’renewingourknowledgeaboutmeworld．Allofmesedemalldne0109ismstoexpressth锄．Asthepopulari够ofIntemetand廿leSpeedingotglobalization，theproductionandspreadingofneolo百smsarealsospedup·Aneolo殍smismeconc伽l仃ationofpeople’sexperience，themarkofsocialhotissues·’I．11erefore，neologismshavebeenconsideredasapervasiVelallguagephenomenonandnaveattractedthewideattentionofmoreandmorelinguistsaUoVertheworld·SincemeRefoⅡnand0pening-up，ChinesesocietyhaschaJlged伊eatlymVanousaspectssuchaspolitics，economy，culture，education，sports，recreatlon，tec王ulologyaIldscienceasweUassociallife，whichreSultsinme锄ergenceotn眦erousneolo罂sms·Thesene0109ismshaVerenectedtheprofoundchaIlgesinVanoussoclalliVesandarousedtheinterestofmanylinguistsand1anguageresearc_hers．111einventionofneolo西smsistherequireInentofthesocialdeVelopmentandme c0鲥tivedevelopmentofhum纽beings．Stud姐ngneolo舀sms丘DmacognitiVeperSpectiveisinevitableandindispensible．Nowadays，met印horisnotonlyregardedaSa缸gllreofspeech，butalsoapowermltoolofcog越tion．Itbecomesabausics打ategyofmappingbetweendi虢rentdomainsandtheexpallsionofwords’meaIlings．Ex锄iningChinesene010百smsclosely，wehaVetosaythatbeyondtheirconciseandhumorousliteraJmeaIling，metaphorisa11important孕ouIldingformecreationoftheseneolo垂sms．Briefly，thisp印erfocusesonanalyZingthemet叩horsinChineseneolo西smssoasto鲫ptheessenceofChineseaJldu11derstaIldtheworkingmechallismofmetaphorsproduCingwords．Sof-ar'quiteafewworkshaVestIldieddifljerentaspectsoftheChineseneolo舀sms．MostofthepreViousstIldiesinChineseneolo百smsfocusedonmecolle幽on，classification，des嘶ption(word—fonnation，meaIling，etc)aIldsocialbaCkgroundsoftheirappearaJlce．Theseresearchesindeedbenefitourstudyonneolo舀sms．Nevertheless，itisf打丘．omsatisfactoⅨThecollection，classi6cationanddescriptionarejustthefirststeps．Weshouldgomnhertoexplorewhytheseneolo西smsappearinthisfom，whatmetaphoricalconceptsaurerenectedintheseneolo舀sms，howmetaphors如nctioninthecreationsofmeseneolo西sms．TmsmesistriestoaIlswermesequestions，tal(ingmemeoryofconc印tualmetaphorastlletheoreticalfoundation．111isthesisfocusesonmeChineseneolo舀sms锄e晒nginrecenteleVenyears(2000．2011)aSmedata，Theyarecollectedf’romDfc矗o，z口砂矿GfD6口，(劢f玎酷P肫D妞帘ms(ZouJiayaJl，YouNujie，201O)，Dfc以D刀口砂矿胸比M鳓伽绀e(2012)，么刀刀”口，C兹觑幺FPA它D厶99妇刀是，2DD卯DD8(SongZiran，’YimgXiaoping，2009)，(现f玎f骆P肫D垤西船2∞7(HouMin，ZhouJiall，2008)and劬f，z邸P肫D忱话ms2DJJ(HouMin，Y{mgErhong，2012)．Dfc“D玎以∥矿G肠施，C砌q∞e小昆D坛妇肌，contains1602ChineseneoIo百sms舶m2000-2009．T11eneolo百smsofthisdiction哪are舶mtheLIVAC(“nguisticVariationsinCllineseSpeechCommuIlities)s)，Ilchronouscorl)us，pioneeredbymeResearchCenteronLinguisticsaIldLanguageIIlf．omationSciencesattheHongKongInstituteofEducation．LIVACstudiesmat丽als舶mr印resentatiVeChinesenewspapersa11delec的nicmediaofHongKong，Taiwall，Beijing，Shan曲ai，MacauandSingapore．DfcffDn口秒Q厂胁如朋(劢f以即e(2012)isthesixtheditionoftllisdictionary．Ithasnewlyincludedmoreman3000words，manyofwhichareneolo百sms．(功i以甜P胞DZDg括聊J2DD7contains420neolo百smsinVentedin2007a11d157neolo百smsinvented行om2004—2006．C％扬∞PⅣaDZ雌西历s2DJ』includes618ne010西smsinvented2 in2011砌151neolo酉smsinVented舶m2008-2010．Neolo百sms仔omTheR印ortofCllineseLanguageLifePublishedbymeNationalAssociationofLanguageResearch戤muallyfbm2006to2011arealsoconsidered。1．2Thesignificanceof．theresearchARerRefomaJldOpening—up，Chinesene010百smsreflectingthenew100kanddevelopingtendencyChinahaVebeeneme晒ngbothquaIltityandspeed．111ischaIlgehasarousedmewideattentionof1inguisticfield．ThestudyChineseneolo百smshasalwaysbeena11importantsphereof1inguisticstudy．Theeme唱enceofneolo舀smsmeetstheneedsofpeople’sexpression，butalsobringschallenget0meprocessandunderstaIldingofChineseinf．omation．ThepresentstudyonChineseneolo西smsissi嘶ficantunderstalldinglaIlguagechaJlgerulesaJldimproVing(’hinesenewwords’study行omthecognitiVepointofView．Tobe西nwith，theresearchhelpsmaStertheregularl删of1anguagedevelopment．MetaphorisanimportantsourceofnewwordsornewmeaIlings．Throu曲illustratinghowv撕ousmet印horsproducingneolo百sms，met11esis百Vesaco印itiVeperspectiVeof吼derStalldingmeregularlaWoflanguage，especiallythephenomenonofpolysemy．Throu曲a11a1)，zingagoodn咖曲erofChinesene010西sms，memesisisuse旬lforcat出ngupwiththecontinuouslych锄酉nglallguages汛ation孤dmele锄ingofourmotherlanguage．NeXt，theresearchhelpsE洫酉iShl黜ing．Someconc印tualmet印horSCllinaandEnghsharesimil眠Ⅵastlld姐ngthem，wecallcomprehendtheuniVersalnyof1anguage，whichwillbene6tinterculturalcommullicationaIldremoveculturalshock．Therefore，血estudyonChinesecanalsohelpEn91ish1eaming．Lastbutnotleast，meresearchspecificallyen叩hasizesmeimportanceofconteXt，whichisbene矗cialforcommunicationbothEn西ishandChinese．1．3ThestructureofthethesisThet11esisiscomposedoffiVech印ters． ThefirstchapterpointsoutmeresearchbackgrouIld，includingmeiInportallceofstud姐ngChinesene0109isms，thesi鲥ficanceoftheresearchaIldthes仃uctureofmethesis．secondch印terreViews1iterature，in昀ducingmete咖‘‘metaphor，，aIld“ne010沓sms”ando岱痢ngasumma巧ofprevioussmdyofmetaphorsinChineseneolo孚sms．mirdchapterasakeypanofthisth商sintroducesthediversmedmetaphortypesinneolo百smswithplentyofi11ustrations．TtlefounhchapterisaIlotherkeypanofthisthesis，analyZingt11emetaphorsinChinesene010西sms，likethem叩pinginChineseneolo百sms，thecontextofthemetaphorsinCmneseneolo百smsaIldhowmetaphora行ectsC11ineselallguage．fi肋chapterisconclusion，proVidingmem旬orfindings，implicationsaIld1imitationsofthepresentpaper．4 2．1Metaphors2．LiteratureReview2．1．1’rherhetoricaltraditionMetaDhorhasbeensmdiedformorethaIltwomousandyearssincetheaIlcientGreeceintheWestandt11ePre．Qinperiods(2696—221BC)inChina(ShuDing胁g，2000)．Asf．arasmetaphorresearcherSareconcemed，thereare“depreciators”a11d‘‘印preciators”．Plato，whoheldtheopimonthatmetaphorandotllerfi哿Jresofspeechwerejustart如ltalkwllichwasopposedtotheaimofpllilosophy’ismer印resentatiVeofthe‘‘d印reciators，’．Amongme“appreciators”，thereare“stotle，Quintillian，P．Fant砌er，Richards，R．Jakobson，P．Ricoeur，GLakoff&M．Jollllson．TheyhavecontmutedalottometaphoricalstIldy．Metaphorhasbeenregardedasjusta6舭eofspeechf．rom300B．C．to1930s．mwestenlcountries，mesysterIla!ticstudyonmetaphorcallbe仃acedbacktomorem锄2000yearsago．Itiswidelyag阳edmatt11es舐ousstlldyofmetaphorst越ed舶mAfistoUe．mllisPoeff∞口ndRJ}le幻rfc，AristoUediscussedthedefinitionaIld如nctionsofmetaphor．Hethoughtthat“Thegreatestthingbyf打istobeamaSterofmetaphor．Itistheonethingthatcannotbe1e锄ed自omotllers．Itistllehallmarkofgenius”．HebelieVedthatt11emain如nctionofmetaphorwasrhetoricaJldmet印horwasjustsuitableforpoe缸ya11drhetoric1aIlguageinsteadofnomallallguage．Hisideaaboutmet印horhaSa仃eCtedmaIlylinguistsandphilosophersmenⅣards．TherhetoricaltraditionofmetaphorhasbeenbasedontheConc印ts“simil撕ty”or“conlp撕son’’betweenmeliterala11dthefiguratiVemeaningofanexpression．Morespecifically’metaphorhasbeenseenasathree—itempatteminVolVingmeel锄ents“tenor，’，“vehicle’’a11d‘‘groulld，’(LeeCh1969)，AmetaphoreXpressestheu11f抽iliar(thetenor)intermsofthefamiliar(theveKcle)．WhenWilli锄Shal(espeare瑚∞te“Allmeworld’sastage”，“stage”ismeVemclefor“world”，thetenor．Thusmestudyofmet印horwasforalongtimethesolesphereofadistinctminorityoflinguistswhotookaIlinterestinrhetoricorstylistics．TraditionallinguisticconsidersmetaphoraSa69ureofspeech，asadispensableom锄enta11dⅡ1edeViation仔omnomal5 1allguagemles．2．1．2Sem粗ticViewofmetaphors1700sand1800sw‰essedconstalltattacks舶mphilosophersonmet印hors．Tlleyarguedmatmet印horsdestroyedcommunicationforitwouldeasilyresultint11enlisullderstalldingofaword’stnlemeaning．Peopledidn’tpayspecialattentiontometaphoruntil1900s．From1930stotheearly1970s，semanticresearchonmetaphordeVeloped伊eatly．BritishPhilosophya11dlinguistRiChards(1936)putfo刑ardtothetheoryof“SemaIlticInteraction”．HeclaimedmatmetaphorismeinteractionbetweentenoraIldVebjcle．ThetensionbetweentenorandVetliclepushesmereadertoexplorethemeaningofmetaphorf如mmisinteraction．AmericaJlphilosopheraIldlo舀ciallMaxB1ack(1962)reVisedaIlddeVelopedmeinteractionmeoryofmetaphor，emphasizingmer01esofmeusersoflanguage(includingspeakerandlistener)inⅡleprocessofmetaphor’suseandexplanation．Theirstudyinmetaphorsisexpallded行omtherhetodcalleVeltoasemantic1eVel．2．1．3CognitiVeviewofmetaphOrsMetaphorresearchdevelopeQ黟eatlyin1970s．ItbegaJltobestudiedasahumanco咖tiVemechanisma11duniVersa】laJlguage．Litera巧criticW．B00th(1978)onceobservedmatbymeyear2039，“therewillbemorestudentsofmetaphorthanpeople，’．It’saIlexaggeration砌chrenectsmegrowingillterestinthestudyonmetaphor．SincethenmetaphorhasbecometheSubjectmatterofinterdisciplina巧studies，includiIlgcogIlitiVepsych0109y，pbjlosophy’pragmatics，semei0109y，phenomenonism，he】meneuticsandmeirlike．In1980，Lal(ofraIldJohnsonsysteIIlaticallyanalyzedmet印horintheirmaSte印iece胞卸矗D坶耽三fVP缈．InⅡ1isbook，tlleypointoutmet印horispeⅣasiVeineVeryday1ife，notjustinlaIlguagebutalsoinmou曲ta11daction．MetaphorisnotmeinVentionofthose目eatpoets，butano肌alm黜lerinwKchpeopleunderstalldtheworld．0urordiIlaryconceptualsyStem，intemlsofwhichweboththilll(a11dact，is如ndamentallymetaphoricalinnature．Thewaywethink，whatweexperience，andwhatwedoeverydayisVerymuchamatterofmetaphor(Lakofr＆Jollllson，1980)．Lakofra11dJohnson’sconc印tualmetaphormeo巧providesanewunderstandingofmetaphor．FrommispointofView，metaphorsofcognitiVe1inguisticsaremappingf．romamodelinonedomaintoacorrespondingstnlctureinaIlomerdomain．Metaphorshelpusunderstandmeabstract6 conc印tualdomainscorrectlyandeXpandourl【Ilowledgetoanewdomain．Inthisbook，Lal(of|FaI】ldJolmsonputfo州ardt11etheoryof“conceptualmetaphor’’alldclassifiedConc印tualmetaphorasstructuralmetaphor，ont010百calmet印hora11dorientationalmet叩hor．ThenLakofr缸nherpointsoutthatmetaphoristhemappingflromonedomaintoanomerconc印maldomain．Withthismapping，wec觚usethelanguagein血esourcedomaina11dmestructureofinferencetocons订uct锄dunderstaIldme纽getdomain．Themappingofmet{lphorisnotrandombutdeIlived6-omourexp嘶enceaIlddaily1ife．Itistheoutcomeofpeople’scognitionactivity．Onceametaphormappingisconstmcted，peoplewillcontinuouslylookforv耐ousnewcoIlIlectionsbetweenthetwodomainsaIldestablishdi矗br锄trelationsbetweentheIll．ThisproVideSusanewapproachtounderStalldt11ingsandanewmethodt0reo唱a11izeme、Ⅳodd，whichde印ensourunderstaIldingofmeworld．Itisvitaltoourapprehendingtlle、Ⅳ0订d，fomlingconc印ts，deVelopingknowledge，conductingmentalactivityandmal(illginferences(WangYin，2007)．MetaphorsauresysteIlla：tical．Onceaconceptualmet印ho“ssetup，itbmgsusawideV撕etyofexpressions．Anddia研entmetaphorsf．omasystemwhicha虢ctsourmou曲ts．Conc印tlJalmet印horstal(eupalargeponionofeveq，dayexpressions，whichwearenotnomally绷areof(BipinIndmkhya，l992)．AsLakofraIld1、lmcr(1989)i11ustrate，met印horicalexpressions1ike：Shewentthrou曲lifewitha900dheart；Idon’twmchpamtotake；HemadelliswayinlifeallrenectmatLIFEISAJOURNEYPeopleconstantlyusemeseeXpressionswithoutbeingawarethattlleyaremetaphoricallys臼rLlctured．AmetaphorismesuI】[1IIla巧ofaVeragemetaphoncalexpressions．Lookatt11emet印horARGUMENTISWrAR．nissummedup舶mmanyevery-dayexpressionsaboutwaraJldar刖nent．Itistheresultofpeopleco鲥tiononthesetwoconcepts．Thismetaphorisrenectedinourever：yday1ifebyv撕ousexpr鼯sions：(1)I’VeneVer啪刀ana玛umentwithhim．(2)Ifyouuset11atsf阳fIz』gy，he’111p妒勿eyouD“f．(3)HeJJilDfdbw，zallofmyarg啪ents．Let’slookatanomermetaphorTIMEISMONEY．(4)Look矗Dw危厂眦’yecD7”P．7 ◇)№e?Ie口lncrosSma出．(6)W．ecan’tf“聊施以now．Wretalkaboutmeseconc印tst王1atwaybecausewethinkaboutthemthatwav—soweactmaccordancewithmewaywearethiIll(ingabout．TtlereforewecansavⅡ1atmet印hor1snotJustamatteroflaIlguage，butthewholehumanthou曲tprocessesaremetaphoricaI．(Lakofr&Johnson，I980)M吨叫10r，】nitseSsence，isnota矗gureofspeech，butapower如lcogIlitivet001．ThestIldyonmetaphor仃omdiff．erentperspectiVeindicates廿1atpe叩leareincreasinglyawareotttlelmportallce“metaphorinpeople’sco印itiveactivitiesa11dsocial1ife．Metaphorsplaya11essentlalr01eineXpressingabs缸．actconceptsliketime，emotion，etc．ItisnotiustadeC(’ratlon，butapersuasiVephenomenoninlaIlguageaswellasawayofminl(ingandaCting．2．1·4The帅esofmetaphorsWallgYin(2007)in缸’oducedanumberofclaSsi6cationstalldardsofmetaphors6．omditterentperspectiVes·B1ack(1979)classi6edmet印horsintoeXtinctmetaphorS，do衄antmetaphorsandactiVemetaphors；L砒，off&Johnson(1980)classifiedmetaphorsintos劬咖ralmetaphors，0rjentationalmetaphorsa11dont010百calmetaphorsaccordingtomemnerelltsourcedomains．Frommeperspectiveofdenvation，merearerootmetaphorsanddenVatlVemetaphors；accordingtomefhnctionsofsimil撕tiesincogIlition，therearemetaphorsbased0nsimil撕tiesandmet印horsbaSedoncreatingsimil撕ties；舶mtheperspectiVeo士pansofSpeech，Ⅱ1erearenoun．met印horS，verb．metaphors，咖ecnVe-metaphors，adVerb-metaphors姐dpr印osition．metaphors；舶mtlleperspectiveo士lmgulstlcleVels，therearemetaphorsattheleVelofpronunciation，metaphorsatme1evelotwordsalldsentences，metaphorSatthe】eVe】ofaparagraph，an越ideorevenasetofworksaIld伊aI】maticalmetaphors；accordingtotllenoveltyofmetaphors，theycallbecJasslnedIntodeadmetaphorsa11dnoVelmetaphors；6-omtheperSpectiveofthec0一occurrenceofmemetaphors’elements，merearemetaphorswit}1theco．occurrenceof‘饥鸥Vetliclea11d黟oulld，metaphorswiththeco-occummceoftenorandvehide．metaphorSonlywithVehicle，metaphorSonlywithtenor，metaphorswithmeCo‘occurrenceoftenora11dground，metaphorsw汕t11eco．occurrenceofvehicleaIldground，aswenaSmetaphorswithmoremall撕otenorSorvehicles．Thismesisisbasedonthec】assi6cationmadebyLal(off&Johnson．Herelet，stal(e aclOselOOkat1t．structllralmetaphorsrefertotllecaseswhereoneconceptismetaphoricallystructuredintemlsofanoⅡler(Lakof!f＆Johnson1980)。111stnJctllralm就aphor，onecomplexconcept(usuallyabstract)ispresentedintennsofsomeother(usuallymoreconcrete)conc印t．Forex锄ple，inmestmcturalmetaphorTIMEISMONEYconc印ts舶mmesourcedomainTMEaretrans矗谢edtotheta昭etdomainMONEYbecausemoneyisvisibleinhumanlifeand廿1ereforequiteconcreteandeasiertounderstand．Here，theconc印tTIMEisunderstoodintemsoftheconc印tMONEYAnumberofelementsofmeconceptMONEYaremappingontotheconc印tTIMEsyst锄atically：weunderStaIldandexperiencetimeasthekindofmingthatcallbespent，wasted，investedwiselyorpoorlMbudgeted，savedorsquandered(Lal(off&J01lIlson，1980)．Tlle觚oprofbsors百veseVeralex锄plesofexpressionsrenectingmemetaphoricalconc印tTIMEISMONEY．(7)YcIu’re谳疆打馏7mytime。(8)T11isgadgetwill5口比youhours．(9)Howdoyou印明dyourtimethesedays?(10)Thatnattirec傩fmeanhour．(11)I’ve伽聊f甜alotoftimeinh既(12)Idon’t^口vPe咒D“曲timeto印口陀format．(13)You’re俐，z，lf略D“f矿time．(14)Youneedto6“姆￡yourtime．(15)Alf口sf如sometimeforpingpong．(16)He’sliVingon6D，I阳wedtime．Tlliskindofmetaphorsundediesp01ysemy，acommonphenomenonin1觚guage．orientationalmet印horsref．ertometaphorswmchinVolVespatialorientation(e．g．，UP-DWON，ON—OFF，FRoNT-BACK，IN-OUT，DEEP—SHALLOW，CENTER-EDGE)．ThesourcedomainfororientationalmetaphorsisspaCe．BymappingaJlo打entationalconc印tontonon—odentationalconc印t，o—entationalmetaphorsmaket11enon-spatialconc印tmoreeasilyunderstood．TakeON-OFFforexaInple，“AUmef0110wingconc印tsarecharact耐zedbyan‘upward’orientation，whiletheir‘opposites’receiVe‘downward’orientation．MoREISUP：LESSISDOWN：9 (17)Speal【印，please．8)Ke印yourVoice如M，please．HEALTHYISUP：SICKISDOWN：(19)Herosef沁mⅡledead．(20)He弦ZⅢ1．CONSCIOUSISUP：UNCONSCIOUSISDOWN：(21)Wake印。(22)Hes口，z尼iIltoacoma．CONTROLISUP：LACKOFCONTROLISDOWN：(23)I’mon玉印ofthesituation．(24)Heis“，z如，．mycontr01．HAPPYISUP：SADISDOWN：(25)That6Dos右Pdmyspirits．(26)I’mfeeling如M俄．VIRTUEISUP：LACKOFVlRTUEISDOⅥrI、i：(27)She’sanM筘纪n讲略citizen．(28)ThatwaSa如w如w行thingtodo．RATIONALISUP：NONRATIONALISDO、vN：(29)Thediscussion启Z，toaIleIIlotional1eVel．(30)Hecouldn’t，括eabovellisemotions．UpwardorientationtendstogotogetherwithmingsthatareconsidereddesirableincultL聆，wlliledownw矾orientationis帅icallylilll(edwimmingswllichareundesirableinculture．(Zolt缸K西vecses，2010)Orientationalmetaphorscome舶mmeinteractionbe研eenhumanbeingaIldnanⅡ-e．Theyaretllemetaphorswhichpeoplee砌yshapeinminda11dcanbeunderstoodwitlloutdimculties．Basedonmeseconc印ts，wem印theabstmctconc印tslikefeelings，healm，mlmber’socials切_cust0meconCreteorientationaltenIls．We’dnoticethatmesemetaphoricalconceptsarenot曲itra呵butratherculturaland1a119uagespeci6c．Ontolo垂calmetaphorsa110wustoViewsomemingabstractsuchasevems，activities，emotions，etc，assomethingconcrete，entitiesa11dsubstances．(a)EntityaIldSubstaIlceMetaphors疆EMINDISANENTITYisatypicalontolo西calmetaphor．111iskindoflO metaphorsseⅣevariouspu印oses，suchasref弧ng，quanti蜘ng，identi研ngaspects，identi劬ngcauses，settinggoalsandmotiVatingactions(Lakoff＆JollIlson1980)·WeCall6ndthistypeofmetaphorinthefollowingexamples：(31)MyfearofdogsisdriVingmysoncrazy．(refb玎ing)(32)Ithastal【ena10tofpatiellcet0accompliSh“stask．(quallti研n曲(33)Theu西ysideofhispersonalitycomesoutunderpressure．(identi聊ngaspects)(3钟ThepreSsureofhisreSponsibilitiescausedhisbreakdown．(identi聊ngcauses)Ina11meaboveex锄ples，MINDcallbemetaphoricallyViewedasa11entity．Reg砌ingmindasanentitya110wsust0referit，quanti匆it，identifyaspecificaspectofit，ConsideritasacauseandmaybeeVenbelievethatweu王1derStandit．Ontolo垂calmet印horsareindispensiblefordealingwimourexperiencesreasonably．(Lal【ofrandJohIlSon，1980)(b)ContainerMet印horsOneofthetypicalont010百calmetaphoriscontainermetaphor．ItViewsmesometmng(usuallysometllingabstract：丘eld，View，eVent，action，actlVlty，condltlon，mentalstate，etc．)wllichisnotacontainerasacontainIer．SoithaSthes锄ech觚lcteristicsasacontain*．ithaSedge，canbemeasured，a11dyoucangetina11doutofit(Wmg姐n，2007)．Forexample：(35)Outofsight，outofmind．(SIGHTANDMINDASCONTAINERS)(36)goiIIt0amion(ACTIONASCONTAINER)(37)Thereisa10tof1a11dinKansas．(AREASASCONTAINERS)TheseexpressionshaVebecomeapanofcommonl姐guage，mostpeoplearen’tawareofmeirmet印horicalelements．T11isshowsmathaVealreadyliVedinpeople’ssubconsdousness．Thepr印ositions觑幻，f，z，D“f∥andsoonarepervaslVelyusedinourdailylifeinam酏aphoricalway．(c)PersollificationPersollificationisaIlotherfomofont010舀calmetaphors．Personi6cationusesoneofthebesta11dmostf抽iliarsourcedomainswepossess—ourSelVes．Inpersolli6cation，hlmanfeaturesare西ventosomettlingiIlhuman．Ⅵapersoni聊ngsomethingnon‘humanash吼an，weareabletocomprehendmemalittlebetter(zolt矗11KcjVecses，2002)．Lookatthefollowingex锄ples：(38)Hismeo拶t01dusthat⋯ (39)Thesongcomfortedme．(40)Thetestisawaitingme．111eo嘞songaIldtestarenothumans，buttheyarethe百VenqualitiesofhumanbeingS，suchaStelling，comfortinga11dawaiting．2．1．5ThefunctionsofmetaphorsIn&材旃钌跏讹镌砷D‘ShuDing胁g(2000)classifiedthemnctionsofmetaphorsintorhetoric如nction，linguistic亿nction，poetic缸nction，cognitiVe如nction，social缸lctionandwords-playing觚ction．Herewewillhaveacloselookatfirstfourofthem．2．1．5．1RhetoricfhnctionTllestudyontherhetoric如nctionofmetaphorhasbeenmoreⅡlall2000years．MaIlyh01dmeopinionthatmet印horwasderiVed行ompeople’srichima百nationalldlanguagecreatiVity．Just1iketheusageof锄yotherfigureofspeech，metaphorisusedforarousingspeciale虢ct．Itmal(es1anguagemoreViVida11dliVelMwithmoreaestheticfeeling．2．1．5．2LingIlisticfunctionMetaphorisaIlimportalltcharulelforlanguage’sdeVelopment．nhasV撕ous1inguistic如nctions，oneofw11ichistocreatenewwords．Hester(1967)pointsoutmatifwecloselystlldytheori百nofeachword，wewouldfindsomethillgmet印horical舶mt11em．111mecourseofcreatingnewwordsa11dtenlls，peopletendtodeliberatelylookforawords锄aIlticallysimilarwithmeeXistentwords，ino廿lerwords，touseametaphor．PeoplecaIltalkaboutnewa11du11n啪edthingsViamet印hors．Tllisprocessmal(espolysemypossible．Exc印t1iteralmeaIlingormemainmeaIling，mostoftllemeallingsofpolysemyareproducedbymetaphoricalmapping．Thewordc凇船8re五erstoakindof1a唱ebirdwithalongneckand10nglegs，whneitcanalsomeaIla1a唱emachinethatmoVesheaVythingsby1iftingtheminmeair．Itispartlybecauseofpeople’s1azinessandpanlybecauseofpeople’snotionthatkindofbirda11dmactlinehaLssomettlingincommon．Anotherex锄pleismewordmD淞e，whichcaIlmeaIleitller“asmall如r巧a11imalwithalongtail”or“adevicethatisconnectedtoacomputer”．Sometimes，someeXistentwordsarenotaccurateenou曲toexpressnoVelconc印tsorphenomena，peoplehaVetomakeuseofsomeSpecialword—f-omlationtoperfectt11eirexpreSsion，whic_hresultsinmet印horsaswell．Thatis，metaphorscanimproVeme ⑥硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESISaccuracyandcleamessofanexpressiOn．2．1．5．3CognitiVefunctionSinceLal(ofra11dJohnsononward，ma王1yscholarShavebeen如1lyawareofmeimportaIlceofmetaphorsinpeople’sco印itiVepractice．MetaphorisnotjuStalinguisticphenomenon，butalsoatoolforpeopletounderstalldmewo订d，toorganizemeirmou曲ts．Ⅵametaphors，peoplecreatenewwordstouIlderStalldnewconc印ts，getfamiliarwithnewthin黟and矗ndnewtheories．nerefore，met印horSsurelyhaVee髓ctonh啪an’sco盟itiVestyleaJldco印itiveoutcome．MetaphorSisasi盟ificalltbasisonwllichh啪aIlconc印nlalize．Ungerer＆Schmid(1996)h01dstheopiIlionmatmetaphorsareapower如lco盟itivet001forustoconceptualizet11eworld．Mey(1993)maintainsthatmetaphorsaretheonlywaytounderstandman’sCo盟itiVeabilityandaIlindispensibletooltosolVethedi简cultiesinlanguageunderstandingaIldacquisition．MaIlymetaphoricalconc印ts—forinstance，LIFEISAJOURNEYLOVEISAJOURNEYTIMEISMONEYARGUMENTISⅥ狐R，HAPPYISUP，UNHAPPYISDOWN，etc．一arethecoreconc印tsofhumanconc印tualsystem，afrectingpeople’smou曲tsanddailyconVersation．Zha0№1f抽g(2001)pointsoutthatmet印hodcalthin王dngabilityisacreativethjnkingabilityproducedwitllt}ledeVelopmentofpeople’sco鲥tion．ItistheadvallcedstageofmedeVelopmentofco萨itionaIldaco盟itiVeabilityVitaltope叩le’suIlderstandingofmeworld，especiallyabstractt11ings．T11eessenceofmetaphoristounderstanda11dexp甜enceonethingintemsofa110th既Asaresult，peoplecallpossiblyconstnlcttheireXp嘶enceaboutthe6eldmeyarenotf．锄iliarwimorrelativelyhardtohandle，intemsofmefieldtheyaref-锄iliarwimorrelatiVelyeasytohalldle．Tllusmeycallpossiblyt狄ea11attitlldeaIldanaction．Amet印hormayhaVedi毹rententailments．ThereforesomemetaphorscouldprovideuswiⅡ1newperspectiVesof100kingatmingsand百VedailyactiVitiesnewmeanings．Forexample，fiVecommonestmetaphorsinmod锄literatureandartare埘son，wastelaIld，hospital，monsterandmachilles．Theydisplayt王lemisf．orcune，helplessness，madnessa11dinflexib：ilityofreality．Meanwhile，theseconceptualmet印horshaVethee虢ctofstnlcturing，choosing，reasoning，infiltrating，commenting，aIldeXtendingonmerealizing，reVealingaJld嘶ticizingofmeuglinessofmodemsociety．(ShuDingfhg，2000)M乱aphorscancreatenewmeaIlingsandexpressnewideas，thusitscog伍tiVe ⑩淼淼sfunction1sthatltbecomest11etlewhenweexploretherelationsllipbetweenourselVesandmeouterworld．【Wr锄g“ping，2008)2．1．5．4SocialfunctionLanguageisthecamerofmou曲ts．Itist11ebaSicmethodofpeople’scoImnunication．Lallguageismetaphoricaltoa1argeextent．Richards(1936)oncesaidmatmetaphorismeomIlipresentprincipleofh啪aIll姐guageandourdaily1ifeis凡llofmet印hors．nle1a玛e-scaleuseofmet印horSinhumalllanguageisnotaccidental．Itiscloselyrelatedtoitssi印ificaIltsocial如nctionindailylife．ShuDingf撕g(2000)introduces觚oaSpectsofmetaphor’ssocial向nctions：oneistoaChieVeintimacyinsocialinteractionaIldtheotlleristobep01iteand吼lphemistic．Cohen(1978)pmposesmatoneoftheimportantpu印osesofusingmetaphorsistoachieveintimacy．Cooper(1986)pointsoutmatmef．unctionofintimacyfomstacitagreementandasenseofbelon舀ngamongmemembersofasocial酽oup．Thereisasetofuniquemet叩ho订callallguageamong埘soners，gan扣ommembers，soldiersa11dstlldents．Meanwhile，metaphoricallaIlguageisthebesttoolofeXpressingmildnessaIldpolitenesswithitsindirectness，soe叩hemismisanomersocialRmctionofmetaphors．Forex锄ple，&，zfDrc订拓e，zscanbeusedtoreferto01dpeople；肋，珂eD行e括gD靠Pmayimplythatheisdead．Ma、‰(20“)sumsupfivesocial允nctionsofmet印hors．Besidestheabovetwosocial如nCtions，sheaddsa110merthree：displa妒ngthemains仃e锄stylea11dcharacteristicsofcU【玎entsociety，indicatingre百onalfIeaturesa11drenectingt11efeaturesofsocialclaSs．ZhangLei(201O)referStofiVesocial‰ctionsofmetaphors。Theyareeuph锄istic丘mction，humorous如nction，political向nction，educational‰ctiona11dem060na】矗1nctjoTl．2．2Neologisms2·2·l。IhedefinitionsofneologismsThebimlofneolo百smsisⅡ1eoutcomeo仆uman’sinstinct．Oncepeoplecanmakevoice，theyexpecttoco㈣nicatewith1anguageandsearchforthecommongroundbet、veeneachother．InsteadofbeinginVenteddeliberatelybysomeindividuals，languageiscreatedaIlddeVelopedbyallmemenlbersofthewholeconununitythrou班manystagesaJldoVera10ngtime．Generally，thee筋rtsoftransmittingmessagetoothersaIldunderstandingothers’messageismadeSpontalleously．Inthisprocess，w|henpeoplecan’t findpropervemcleformemessagemeyaretodeliVer’theywillcreateat001acCordingtotheirneeds，andmatt001isneolo百sms．Theword‘‘ne010沓sm’’originatedf幻mGreek，with刀幻meaning“new”and厶堙傩“speech，utterance”．Itwascreatedin1805．Ast0whatkindofwordscanbeconsideredasneolo西smsaIldhowlongcallawordbetreatedaSaneolo西sm，meyarealwaysissuesofcon臼roVersy．Nowlet’slookatsomedictionaryde6nitionsofneolo百sms：Accordingto￡D馏腆口，zDfcffD咒以砂矿(勿珂把，，妒DM砂西曙凰Jiz(2004)，aneolo西smis“anewwordoreXpression，orawordusedwimanewmeaning．”AccordingtoR口，z如聊胁淞e耽细纪r≥D比加以口杪Q厂彳聊洲徽咒(2006)，aneolo孚smis“anewwordorp11raseoraIlexistentwordusedinanewsense”．AccordingtoC锄bridgeIntemationalDi“onaryofEnglish(2004)，aneolo酉smis“(t11ecreationoruseof)anewwordorexpression”．AccordingtoCOLLINSEn91ish-ChineseDictionary(2002)，“Ane010百smisanewwordorexpressioninalanguage，oraf狃iliarwordoreXpressionthatisnowbeingused，’．Wikipedia西vesmedefinitionofne010垂smas“anewlycoinedterm，word，orp11rase，whichmaybeinmeprocessofenteringcommonuSe，buthasnotyetbeenacceptedintomainstream1a119uage”．Fromthisde丘nition，weknowmatneolo西smsaredyIl锄icrathertllaIlstatic．Thenlet’shavealookathowChinesescholarsunderstandandde矗nene010百sms。WangTiehm(1991)pointedouttllataneolo百smisanewly-createdword，orawordloaned丘omomerlallguages，or矗．omthedi“ect，aIlcientwordsorindust】呵temsofmenativelaIlguage．ItcanalsorefertoanexistentwordwithnewmeaIlingornewusage．GeBenyi(2001)thoughtthat“aneolo百smisanewlycreatedwordinacertainperiodaIldisacknowledgedbymesociety，’．Hementionedthatweshould100katane010百smwimmerestrictionoftilIleandsocialconVention．“Jiallguo(1996)heldtheopinionthataneolo百smisanewly-createdwordwimdefinitemeaning；it6tsinwinltherulesofword．fomationofmenational1anguageandcanbeusedforcommunication．LiuShuxin(1995)arguedthatonceawordwasinVented，widelyacknowledgedandusedand矗medrootedinVocabulaⅨitcallbeconsideredasane010西sm．Fromthedbove，wecanseethatane010百smshouldfollowthecrit嘶a：(1)Itshould beanewwordorawordwithnewmeallingS；(2)Itsenresme‰ctionofsocialintercourse；(3)Itiswidely-acknowledgedbythepublic．Whenshouldaworldceasetoregardedasaneolo百sm?Di行打entscholarSholddi脑entopinions．LiuShuxin(1995)definedthetimespanofneolo西smsas6Reentot、ventyyears．Theyhavebeenconstantlya11d黟aduallyusedtilltoday．Ifawordjustexistsforashorttimeandthendisappears，itcan’tviewedasaneolo百sm．ZhuYongl(aiaIldLinLunlun(2000)de6nedthatt11ep嘶odValidityofane010百smis觚entyyearSorso．Intllismesis，meneolo西smswecollectedaref．rom2000一2012．Basedonalltheabove，thispaper百Vestheworkingdennitionofaneolo百smas钠嫩嘲s：cIneologismisaneWwordorQwD以w泌tnewmeanin蜀withitSocc谢re扎ceto，”Pef砌ec如，”以，l凼Q厂砌PsDcfe纱w力协1wfc昆sDcf口ZcD，zvP胛ffD，z蔓p口ce口，zdp以rffc“肠rff，孢enttnbute．Thepenodo彳aneologiSmiStenyenrSorso．2．2．2ThestructuralstIldyonneolo垂sms1)．Sin百e-mo叩hemewordsinC11inesene010百smsareobViouSly1essthancompourldwords．Thesesin弭e-mo印hemewordsaremainlyloaIlwordsoftrallsliteration．(DuanCaolin，ZengCuimei，2010)．Forex锄ple，卡哇伊(cute)，天妇罗(t锄pura)，榻榻米(tat锄i)areloalled6．omJapanese；斯诺克(snooker)，丁克(DINK)，舍宾(sh印in曲are丘DmEn百ish．Someofmesesin百e-mo印hemewordsare丘．omdialects，suchaS忽悠(cheat)，得瑟(showout)舶mmeNonlleaStdialect，糗(ashamed)，挺(suppon)丘omTaiwall．2)．Compoundingismemainfo衄ofChineseneolo百sms．AmongcoInpoundwords，merearemodi6er-headstmcture，verb-objectstmcture，jointstmctllre，su功ect—predicates缸uctureandsupplementarystructure．(“Ke，2008)Modifier-headsm】cture：一姐(themostexcellentfemaleinacenainfield)新鲜人(6℃shmall)、研b-objectstmcture：禁塑(forbidtheuseofplasticbags)减仓(reducethe锄ountofmesharessomeone’sholding)Jointstructure：趸到殳(constructionandinvestrrlent)单考单招(s印arateex锄ands印arateadmission)Subject—predicate：自考(selfstudyex锄ination)物耗(matefialconsumption) Supplementarystructure：帅呆(amazin西yhalldsome；su印risin西ygreat)委廷爆(extremelypopular)AmongtheaboVe’mentionedfiVestructures，ne010西smsofmodifier-headstructureareofme蓼eatestmlmber’whilesupplementarystmctureonesareoftheleast．3)．AnabbreViationisashonfonnofawordorpb衄se，madeby1eavingoutsomeofmel甜ersorbyusingonlymefirstletterofeachword．TheyareoRenconcemedwithintenlationalordomesticpoliticalevents(GuoXia，2011)．TheuseofabbreViationonalargescaleisanewtrendincontemporaryChinese，whichrenectslanguageeconomyprindple(ZhallgYamin，2011)．111ereare建投(constmctionaJldinVestment)，高护(selliornursing)，甲流(AH1N1一typeflu)，普跌(genemldecrease)，汽摩(cara11dmotorcycle)锄dsoon．4)．Amxationisanomercommonfomofcompoundingwords．AmxationisatendeIlcyofthefomationofChinesene010舀sms．AlmostallthethingsinthesamecategodesorthesimilarcategoneswouldbebraIldedwimcorresponding1exicalmarkers(WuQingqing，2009)．Ton锄eafew：(1)Prefix硬-硬钱(hardmoney)、硬力量(hardpower)、硬苦力(hard1abor)软-软储备(soRreseⅣe)、软创新(soRiIlIlovation)、软文(advenorial；soRteXt)零-零废气(zeroe)【11austedair)、零团费(zerotourgroupfee)、零收益(zeroprofit)网一、网恋(10VeViaIntemet)、网游(g锄eplayedonIntemet)热一热售(goodsmatarepopularandin黟eatdemand)、热拍(61msa11dtelevisionprogmmsw11icharebeillgshotstrenuously)(2)Su街x：-奴证奴Qeoplewhostmgglefordi疏rentcertificates)、房奴(peoplewhohaVetoworklaboriouslytopayformemongage)-门监控门(eVeIltmatsomeoneismoIlitoredsecretly)、解说门(eVentthath叩penstoapreseIlterwhenheorsheisnarratingonTVorradio)·二代独二代(sub-mono-childrell)、富二代(pe。plewhoseparentSare矗ch，usuallybomaRer1980s)一客拼客(panal【ers)、背包客(backpackers)-族月光族(moonlightclan；peoplewhospendupmeirsalaryeverymonm)、乐活族(LohaSclan；peoplew|ho1iVealifestyleo仆ealtllandsustainability) ⑩硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESISHoweVer，tllese“amxes”arenottypicalamxes．T11eyarequaSiamxes，w11ichwewilldiscussinChapterFour．Asthedeepeningofglobalization，a伊eatpartofWest锄languageentersChineselaIlguage，manyofwhicharewordsintechnolo舀ca11deconomiccate90ries．D配砌刀口∥Q厂^如沈MC锄f玎酷PhassupplementedwordsbeginmngwitllEn百ishletterssince2002，whichhasincludedaltogetllermorethaIl180wordsofthistype．TheyarecallbeclaSsi6edinto觚okinds(ChenMing如，zhangPen酉i，2011)：onel(indismepureabbreviationofletters，suchasCDMA(CodeDivisionMultipleAccess)，CEO(ChiefExecutive0mcer)a11dGPRS(GeneralPacketRadioService)；meotherkindistheComb洒ationof1e技erSa11dcharacterS，suchasVisa卡(Visacard)，U盘(Udisk)，SPF值(SunProtectFactor)．Thispaperwillnotstudyonthemfortheyarenott)，picalC}linese1aIlguage．2．2．3ThedeVeIopmentofChiⅡeseneolo西smsLanguageismemirrorofsociety’whichhonestlyrenectsthedeVelopingdirectionofsodety．Everysin酉esocialchangeinChjnesehistoryhasresultedintheappearallceofn啪erousne010舀sms．Sincemebe西nningofthe20‘“CentuⅨmerehaVebeenthree‘‘bigeXplosion，’ofCllineseneolo西sms．(ChenJiaIlIIlin，1999)Sincethe‘‘May4‘hMovement’’period，mallkstomeNewCultureMovement，moderIlCllinese黟aduallyhaStakenplaceofclaSsicalChinese．Atthistinle，alarge：numberofne010西smsrenectingsociallifeandmou曲tsatthattimewerecreated，fofeX锄ple，考验(trial)，新生活(new1ife)，爱人(Spouse)，etc．Manyofmeseneolo西smsare10a11words，1ike德谟克拉西(democracy)，俱乐部(club)，吗啡(mo叩Iline)，沙发(sofa)，布尔乔亚(bou】驾eois)，etc，wecanfindthatmanyoftheseloaIlwordsareproducedby仃ansliteration．Aner1949，thenationalsituationwassettled．Atthesametime，a酊cultureaIldiIldus旬呵wererecoVered．NewrelationsofproductionwerefomedandmedeVelopmentofnewforcesofproductionbegantospeedup．Aconsiderable锄ountofne010百smswereiIlVentedasaresult．111theaspectofpolitics，tllerewere政协(theChinesePeople’sPoliticalConsultatiVeConference)，人大(theNationalPeople’sCongress)，生产合作社(cooperativesocietyofproducers)，镇反(suppresscouIlterrevolution撕es)，三反(stm991eagainstcom巾tion，wasteandbureaucracy)，五反(mes缸ug酉eagainstc印italist，bmeryof90Vemmentworkers，taXeVasion，m硪ofstatepropeny，cheatingon goVerIlIIlentcon仃actsandstealingeconomicinfonIlationfor研vateindustrialandcoImercialenteIprises)，公私合营@ublic_p订vatejointmanagement)，etc．；inmeaspectofforei印a肪irs’therewere苏联老大哥(bigbmmer．SovietUnion)，抗美援朝(thewartoresistU．S．ag铲essionandaidKorea)，三八线(38mParallel)，志愿军(volunteers)，纸老虎(papertiger)，etc．Between1950sandl970s，therewere仔equentpoliticalmoVementsinChina，whiletlleproductionofne010西smwasrelativelysloweddown．Agreatnunlberofneolo舀smsreleVanttoclasss仃ug西eandpoliticalstmggleappeared：大跃进(GreatLeapFonⅣard)，人民公社(people’scommune)，文化大革命(theGreatProlet撕anCulturalRev01ution)，红]!兵(theRedGuards)，知青(educatedurbanyouth)，上山下乡(got0themountainousareaSa11dthecounnySide)，糖衣炮弹(sug褂coatedbullet)，串联(s耐esco衄ection)，修正主义(reVisionism)，黑五类(fiveblackcategories)，etc．Whileneolo西smsintheaspectsofcultureandtechn0109yarejust样板戏(modeIopera)，原子弹(atomicbomb)，氢弹(hydrogenbomb)，牛胰岛素(bovilleinsulin)，杂交水稻(hybridrice)，etc．SinceChina’sRefo册aIldOpening—upin1980s，especiallyaRercomputersandIntemethasenteredourlife，greatchallgeshashappenedinvariousaspectsofChineselife．Withtheconstanteme略enceofnewthings，newphenomenon，newconc印tsa11dnewactions，Cllineseneolo百smsareexp谢encinga11explosiveincrease．Neolo百smslike市场经济(marketeconomy)，特区(SpecialRe舀on)，下海(90intobusiness)，三个代表(’I砥eR印resentatiVes)，港人治港(HongKongpeopleadmillistedngHongKon曲aIldsoonrenectthesi印ificaIltchangesofChina．ThellistoryofthestudyonChineseneolo百smsiscomparativelyshon．Inme6rsthalfof20mcentu珥scholarsdidll’tpaymuchattentiontothestlldyofneolo西sms．Inl980s，LVShu)【iangappealedforthestudyofneolo垂sms．Sincethen，agoodnumberofsChoIarshaVeshowedgreatinterestinChineseneolo西sms．QuiteaflewdictionariesconcenlingChineseneolo舀smshaVebeenpublished．Ton锄ejustafew，mereareD配砌，z口砂0厂尬如M劬砌∞P肫w肋胁以，zd胞w尬彻f够，(ZhuGechen＆1990)，Dicli0扎8■《Chi魏eseNeoiogisms(W弧g3瑚嘶，199孔，Dictionn叫ofModemC址neseⅣeD垤如ms(LinLunlun，2000)，D蒯D以口秒∥ⅣeD，D咖加s(YaoHal】ming，2000)，m以矗“口肫D垤西嬲Dfc缸伽口砂(ZhouHon曲o，2003)，肫D蛔必聊Q厂胁如M鳓f刀船eⅣeo妞话舢(LinZhiwei，HeAiyin舀2005)，她w＆，zf“桫历c打伽口砂D厂锄扬嚣PⅣeD蛔括聊5(wallgJull)【i，2006)，DfcffD咒口砂Q厂^如比，，z鳓切鲫e肫D，09括m5(KaIlg Shiyong，LiuHaimn，2009)，etc．FroHl2007，theCommercialP麟haspubliShedneolo百smdiction撕esa11nuallytorecordChinesepeople’syearlylanguagelife·Aconsiderablenumberofp印ers，枷clesa11dworksarewritteneVeryyeartoanalyzemedevelopmentofChineseneolo西sms．ThestudyonChinesene010百smsisindeedent西nganewstage·2．2．4ThetypesofChineseneolo西smsNe0109ismscanbeclassi6edaccordingtodi丘．erentstandards．Forex锄ple，thedegreeofpublicacc印tance，thedomainstheyarebelon舀ngto；andfinally，mewordfo肌s．(WallgⅥlqin，2005)．Basedont11eabovestaJldards，HuallgLalldan(2007)百Vesamorespeclflcclassi6cation．Accordingtomede蓼eeofpublicacc印tallce，merearestableneolo昏sms，di觚edneolo西sms吼dunstableneolo百sms；accordingt0thedomainstheyarebelo姆ngto，mereareneolo百smsconcemingscienceandtechnolo麟p01iticsa王1deconomy’enviromentandhealm，culturealldeducation，mediaaIldcomputing，lifestyleand咖ertaim饥t；accordingtomewordfoms，thereare10a11wordS，newly-createdwordSaIldexiSteIltwordswi也newmeaIlin萨．Since吐lene010西smswearetalkingaboutinnlisthesisaredefinedaS口刀PwwD删D，口wD以wf砌，zew聊e口，zf略w^fc^哪矽P口瑙幻聊P甜砌e如m口刀凼矿砌PsDcfe纱wf历wfdPsDc妇ZcD以vP，zffD，zJp口ce口，ldp口，|打c“肠，．f打竹g口fZrf6“把，the矗rstclassificationisu皿ecessaⅣNowlet’slookatthesecondclaSsilEicationHuang沓Vesmoreclosely．slnceneolo西smsregardingmediacallbei11cludedinmeculturetype，aIldthoseregardlngcomputingcaIlbeincludedinmesciencea11dtechn0109y，somemediaaIldcomputIngtypeisomittedhere．2．2．4．1Scienceand7I’echnolo科IIlmeinfo衄ationera，scienceaJldtechnologyischall舀ngourliVesatasu印nsmgspeed．Neolo西smsonscienceaJldtechnologyhaVeemergedinlargen眦bers．Ton锄eafIewasfollows：(41)乐视网是以正版、高清(hi曲de矗mtion)影视剧为主的视频门户。(42)空气车(vehicles“venbyair)以空气推动，无需加油，每加一次空气可行驶lO小时。(43)手机屏蔽仪(s11ieldinginstlllment)去年首度进入高考考场后，今年多个省市也宣称“将在高考考点安装手机屏蔽仪”。20 (44)显示器配置卡简称为显卡(videocard)，是个人电脑最基本组成部分之一。(45)世界首款彩屏(color向lscreen)手机由夏普设计制造。2．2．4．ZP0ⅡticsandEcOnOmyInmepastdecade，C11ina’seconomyiscontinuouslybooming．China’spoliticslifehasalsobeenexp丽encingconsiderablechallge．Manyneolo百smshaVebeencreatedinthisrespecttofitinwimthechan百ngsituation．Forinstance，(46)“八荣八耻’’(Ei出dosandeightdon’ts)提出了新时期的荣辱观。(47)最近几年，随着全球化的加速发展，反全球化(aIlti一班obalization)也同时发展。(48)我们要在中国与世界各国的良性互动、互利共赢(benefiteachotheraJldgetintoawin．winsituation)中开拓前进。(49)长江“春禁”(Ⅱ1e11llewrhichforbidscatching6sh，fellingtreesand孕azinginsprir曙)昨全面结束。(50)希腊或退出欧元区，德国企业涌现撤资潮(thesituationthatmallyente叩risesretreattheirinVes仃nent)。(51)奢侈品和高档化妆品在中国大陆的价格比境外高，因此职业代购手(apersonwhogoshoppingforotherstogetcommission)这个新兴行业应运而生。(52)房改房(mehousessoldtostafratcostpriceorpreferentialprice)是指享受国家房改优惠政策的住宅。2．2．4．3En、，ironment魍dHealthIIlmodemC量lina，peopleareincreasin91yawareofmeinlportanceofenViromnentaIldhealm．TheyarecloselyrelatedtoeVeryChinesef．amily．(53)碳汇(cafbonsink)主要指森林吸收并储存二氧化碳的能力。(54)天津港：保护环境与发展并举打造绿色环保生态港(ecolo酉calport)(55)联合国报告称根除禽流感(aviaIlinnuenza)病毒至少需10年时间。(56)最适合做吸脂(1iposuction)减肥的年龄段是：18到55岁。(57)益生元(prI如iotics)不是一种特定的食物成分，而是所有能够实现类似功能的食物成分的总称。2．2．4．4CultllreandEducationThese俩odecadeswitnesses如nd锄entalchallgesinChinesesociety．Asmede印eningof百obalizationandRefomlaJldOpening—up，V撕oussubculturesa11d diffbr锄tValuesariseina[1inese．Also，educationisalwaysoneof。t11etoptaSksmChinesefamilies．Manyneolo百smsf．allintothiscatego巧：(58)目前，有专家认为火星文(info肌alwordsusedbyacenain乒oup，esp．锄ongnetizens．withvariouscodesandm砌(s，whichishardf．orotherstounderstand)破坏了汉语言规则，提议发动针对火星文的“围剿”行动。(59)湖南一县委书记落马，女儿开博(stanapel．Sonalblog)喊冤。(60)彭丽媛蓝印花布服装微博热传(widelyspreadinashortperiod)，面料产自南通。(61)昨日，主城区某教委再次向市教委打书面报告：本区还有3名“掐尖生”(topstudentsat缸．acted矗．omothersch001s)没回来。(62)中国科学技术大学与国家天文台、紫金山天文台、上海天文台联合创办天文英才班(aclasswimtalentedstudentsandbeeducatedwithspecialmethod)，以期培养世界级的天文精英人才。2．2．4．5Lifes锣les&EntertainmentAsmedevelopmentofsociety，mesocietyisincreasin西ytoleraIltandcolor如1．Peopleare行eetoch00sediverse1ifestyles．MeaIlwhile，sinceChinesepeople’sbec锄ebette卜。成theytendtospendmoretimeenjoytllemselVes．EntertaimentbecomesanindiSpensiblepaninourlife．Therefore，newwordsaboutlifestylesaIldentenaimenteIllergeatala唱escale．(63)混搭(mixedmatchin曲，是一种时髦，但决不能同于胡穿乱配的毫无章法。(64)目前，上海市妇联对上海市家庭状况调查中的一项数据表明，结了婚却不要孩子的丁克家庭(DINK；doubleincomenokids)已经达到上海家庭总数的12．4％。(65)随着就业压力增大，以及独生子女逐渐成年，“啃老族”(peoplewhoare6nanciallydependentonmeirparents)的队伍在扩大。(66)跳舞机(dancingmachine)于1998年在日本推出，后传至台湾。(67)内地男星为何当不了大片男一号(1eadingactor)?FromtheaboveeX锄ples，wec锄drawtheconclusionthatChinesene010殍smshaVecoVeredne砒ya11thefieldsinour1iVes．TheappearallceofChineseneolo舀smsistlleinevitableresultofmesocialdeVelopment．T11ankstomem，ourlallguagebecomes仔esherand订cher22 2．3PreviousstlldyofmetaphorsinChineseneologisms2．3。1Theuseofmetaphorstoproduceneolo西smszhaoYanf撕g(2001)pointsoutmatmetaphorisanimportaIltco萨itiVemodelandtherootofthebinhofnewwordsandnewmeaJlings．MetaphorshaVe孕eate虢ctonmeproductionofneolo西sms．Aswehavementionedabove，oneoftllemostessential1inguistic‰ctionsofmet印horsisthatitcanproducenewwordsor舀VeexistentwordsnewmeaIlings(ShuDing￡mg，2000)．Metaphoristhemapping丘．omthesourcedomain(usuallyrelatiVelyconcrete)ontometa玛etdomain(usuallyrelativelyabstract)，muswecaJlstmctIlreaJld岫derstandmet哪耐domainintemsofmesourcedomain．Thism叩pingisonthebaSisofmesim订撕tiesbetweenmetwodomains．Whennam证ganewt}lingornewconcept，thecreatiVefeatureofmetaphorhasitsadvantage．Especiallyformoseabstractandint趾西blephenomenaorthings，fomingawordviamet印hormaybethebestchoice．Wimm印ping丘’omaconcretedomainontoaIlabs仃actdomain，anewperspectivetounderstandnewthings，especiallyabstractthingSisprovi(1ed．PeopletendtofindsometllingⅡ1athassimil撕tieswitllⅡleuml锄edthingtodescribeit，musanimageorfeatureis百Ventomeurm锄ed．TmsprocessoftraIlsf弧ngimagesorfeatl】resismeprocessofmetaphoricaln锄ing．Metaphorisacreativemodeofthinkng．Evenifaconcepthasnotllingtodowit王1a110th盯one，peoplecanfindmecoIlllectiona11destablishcontactbetweenmemviaima舀nation．ThenmeycanuIlderstalld，expressaIlddealwimthenewconc印t．Asaresult，mem印pingbe时eenonedomainaIldanomerisfbmed；anewwordoranewmeaIlingofawordmaybefonIledcoⅡespondin直y．(Y撕gBin，2008)ChenJiallsheng(2000)pointedoutmatmetaphorshaVebeenanewf．eatureoftllecreationofneolo百smssince20‘hcentu够ⅥkmgRongpei(2003)illustratedmeen’ectofmetaphorshasonthecreationofnewwordsandnewmeaIlingwiththeex锄pleofEn百ishwordsrelatedto“911”．ChenMeng(2005)claimedthatalargenuInberofEn幽shneolo西Smsaboutteclul0109yembodymetaphoricalconc印ts．ShuDingfhg(2008)saidmatintheprocessofcreatinganewwordornewtem，peopletendtointentionally100kforawordwhichcanemphasizethesimil撕tiesbe觚eenthenewcontextandtheoldone，inotherwords，touseametaphor．Ⅵametaphors，peoplecaIl ⑧硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESIStalkabout仕lenew，unnamed“n伊byvim屺oftheoldones．WangLei(2010)舀vesanex锄pleoftIleword“把脉"(tal(eone’spulse)．“把脉”isori百nallyamedicalternl，ref酬ngtoanactivitymatadoctoroftraditionalChineSemedicinefeelsmepatient’swristforapulse，and西vesa仃e锄entaccordingtoit．Yetinrecentyears，mistennhaseequentlyappearedonthemediawimthemeaIlingofstudyingandjud西ngaphenomenonand百vings01utions．Forexample：(68)把脉当下中国经济。(69)黑龙江牡丹江市请群众“把脉”科室“机关病”。Inthese帆oexan叩les，themappingisf而mmesourcedomainwhichisrelatiVelyconcrete(aflactioninmedicaltrea锄ent)ontotherelatiVelyabstracttargetdomain(eValuatingasituationorphenomenonand酉Vesolutions)．ThesimilaritieSb出Veenme锕odomainsarematbom觚orefertousingl(110wledgeandeXp嘶encetoexploreaIldsolvetheproblem．Thusthenewme趾ingoftheword“把脉”isacquired．11la11，metaphoricalneolo西smssuggestmatmetaphorisnotjustalinguisticphenomenon，butapower向lcogflitiVetooltoconceptualizemeabstractcate90ryofmenewfields(ZhaoYaIlf抽g，2001)．TherehaVebeenquiteafewresearchesonmestudyofmetaphorSinC11inesene010垂sms．Someofth锄indeeda11swermequestionmathowmetaphorsworktoproducene010百sms，buttheyarenotcomprehensiVeenou曲．Theydidn’tabstmctmeconc印tualmetaphorsprodudngChineseneolo西sms．7I'llat’saquestionthispaperwillanswer．2．3．2Theef托ctsofmetaphorsontheChineseneologis麟Met印horisaIlimportaIltmechallismofproducingneolo百sms．InChineselallguage，merehaVealwaysbeenwords，especiallyneolo百sms，fomedViamet印hors．LinLijuIl(201o)illus仃atedhowmet印horSareembodiedinneolo西sms．Firstly，howmetaphorsproducenewChinesewords：1)Thewholewordasavehicle：(70)1987年中国诞生第一家企业孵化器(incubator)。(71)厂商大手笔扩充产能，PCB竞争进入割喉(competefiercely)时代。2)Thefirsthalfmo印hemeaLsavehicle：(72)早在年初的春夏男装展，许多男模特都以飞机头(nattop)亮相。(73)老东家生气不续约，古巨基海啸价(eX圩emely10w埘ce)投奔英皇。3)Tllelasthalfmo印hemeasavehicle：24 (74)今年电力缺口远超史上最重电荒史上最重电荒。(seVerepowershortage)的2004年，成为Secondly，howmetaphorshaVee虢ctonC1linesewords’newmeanings?Generally’becallseametaphorismemappingbetweentwodomains，aword’smeaningmaybeeXpandedortrallsferred．InaccordaJlcewiththemappingdomain，LuoLi(201O)西vesmreepattemsofcross—domainuseofneoIo酉sms：丘-ompro诧ssionaidomaintot王ledomainofdaily1ife，行0mmedomainofdaily1ifetotheprofessionaldomainaJld行omoneprofessionaldomaintomeomer：1)Mapping6．omtheprofessionaldomainontoⅡledomainofdaily1ife．SuChas：出局(sports6eld—everyday1ife)(75)中国男单小将晋级李根双打首轮出局(beeliminated1沁mamatch)(76)限购令影响大半数地产商三年内出局(besiRedout舶mac鲥ain6eld)2)Mappingf而mthedomainofdailylifeontomepro诧ssionaldomain．Suchas：漫游(daily1ife—communication6eld)(77)读书和漫游(w肌d嘶ng；traVeling)，是一个人成才的两个重要内容。(78)8成网友不认同漫游(meserViceprovidedbyamobilephonecompanyⅥ恤chmal【eSitpossibleforyoutouseyourmobilephonewhenyou缸．aVelin锄othercity)费下调新方案3)Mappingbetweendi行矗entprofessionaldomains：外挂(autoindus衄一computerfield)(79)阿帕奇直升机携带的导弹装在与机翼上的外挂(outsidethebodyofcarorcabin)架相连的四个发射滑轨上。(80)游戏外挂(plug．in)最原始的概念是一种可以自动挂机进行游戏的第三方软件。TheuseofmetaphorsinChineseneolo西smsismore觚dmorecommon．Metaphoricalf-omationofnewwordsalsorenectsmemechanismofm印ping舫msourcedomaintotargetdomainbasedonsimil撕ties(LinLijull，2010)．BeingVivida11dintereStin＆theycanachieVedesifede8．ect．ThemetaphorsinChineseneolo昏smshave嘶chedChinese1anguage，inspiredpeople’smoughtsandenabledustou11derstalldnewthingsmorede印1y，sowecanaccommodatetothedeVelopmentofthesociety(ZhangⅥlshaIl，200)．25 3．MetaphorTIypesinChineseNeologismsAswehaVementionedinmeCh印terf-our，LakoffandJphnson(1980)classifiedmet印horsintotIlreetypes仔omcognitiVeperspectiVe．Theyarestmcturalmet印hors，o^entationalmetaphorSandont010百calmetaphorS．Now1et’s100katdi行erentmetaphortypesinChineseneolo舀smsintemso￡Lakoff＆Johnson’sclaSsi6cation．3．1structuralmetaphors3．1．1LIFEISAWAROneofthemostcommonmetaphoricalconc印tsinChineseneolo西smsisLIFEIS彳纷么月。ThefirstslavesinChinawerecaptiVescaughtinancienttimes．Whentheybec锄ecaptiVes，theywerewi衄ers，thusslaVesappeared．awarbetweendiH’erentclansinf-orcedtoworkf．orandserveⅡ1eIIlmodemsocietv’mereisnoslaVeinmeliteralsense，buttherearev撕ous“奴”(slaves)intheassociativesenseinChineseneolo西sms．Let’stal(ea100katsomeoftheinstances．(1)第一批房奴已经解放翻身成为“高帅富”，随后的房奴也会逐渐享受到房价上涨带来的红利。(2)车奴时代来临，你还开车吗?(31日益增多的“卡奴”背后，是信用卡背后存在的隐患。(4)“一张文凭，多张证书”成为很多大学生证奴的追求。m砌“口Dfc砌门口砂(2011)hasalreadyaddedanewmeaningtotheword“奴”assomeonewhohastowork1墩eadogtopayforthemongage．Actllally，thewriteroftllispaperdoesn’tthinkthisdefillitionisaccurate．(确f，z甜eⅣ叠DZpg妇嬲2DD7(侯敏，周荐，2008)c011ectedtWenty．fourkindsof“奴”．Theyare白奴(white—collarswhoareinpov鲥y)，病奴(peoplewhofinanciallysu虢r舶mM曲medicalexpenses)，彩奴(peoplewhospendtoomuchmoneybuyinglottery)，车奴(peoplewhomaintainmecar1aboriously)，房奴，股奴(peoplewhospendtoonmchtimeandmoneybu)，inga11dsellingshares)，婚奴Qeoplewhospendtoomuchmoneyonmeirweddingandmen26 ．彳菇》．⑧硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESIS1iVeahardlife；peoplewhohaVetogetmarriedforsomeomerreason)，基奴(peoplewrhospendtoomuchtimeandmoneybuyingandselling‰ds)，节奴(peoplewhofinanCiallysufjfer6．0msocializingd嘶ngfestiVals)，卡奴(peoplewhohaven’tabilitytopayfortheiroVerdrawncreditcards)，考奴(peoplewhospendtoomuchtimeta虹ngpartinv撕ousex锄s)，垄奴(consumerswhohavenoomerchoicebecauseofmonopoly)，猫奴(peoplewhotakespeciaIlikingforraisingcats)，墓奴(peoplewhospendsomuchmoneybuyingacemete巧that廿1eyareinfinallcial昀ubles)，钱奴(peoplewhoworshipmoneysomuchthatmeybecomet11eslaVesofmoney)，权奴(peoplewhoalwaysf01lowaIldnattertheirsuperiorsthattheyareliketheslaVesoftheirsuperiors)，血奴(peoplewhosellmeirbloodillegally)，药奴(peoplewhoareaddictedtoacenainkindofmedicine)，窑奴(peaSantswrhoarecheatedandl(i血appedbymekilnownersinShaIlXiProⅥncetoworkform锄)，医奴(doctors、Ⅳhoworkhardwhilewimlowincome)，证奴，专利奴(countriesorcompaIlieswhosu疏r仔omlackmgpatents)，知识产权奴(countriesorcompanieswhosu胁丘omlackjngintellectualpropenies)．Fmmt11iseX锄ples，wecandefinethat“奴”heremea芏1ssomeonewhoiscon仃olledcompletelyorpaniallybysom“ng，jllstlikeaslaVe．IIlaw碣似oormorecountriesoropposinggrolJpswiminacoun仃yfi曲t，inv01Vingla略emlrIlbersofsoldiersandweapons．111modemliVes，di骶rentcountriesoro玛aIlizationscompeteintenselyforacertainreaSon．ThiscompetitionalsoinVolVesmaIlypeople，withVadousstrate舀esaIldpoliciesadopted，difjhenttecllllolo舀esaIldtoolsused，willllersa11d10serSdetennined，just1ikeawar．SoinChinesene010百sms，thereareseveralkindsof‘‘战’’：(5)货币战暂未打响，中国应提早准备。(6)紧接着一轮接一轮的汇率战和贸易战，在离美国中期选举还剩不到一个月的节点上，美国又向中国新能源产业发起了新一轮的能源战。货币战(monetarywar)，汇率战(warofexchangerate)，贸易战(仃adew砌a11d能源战(ene唱ywar)allrefertothefiercecoInpetitionsbetweendi低rentcountriesineconomic矗eld．Inawar，s01diers矗ghtbraVely．Similarly，thereis“血拼”inChinesene010西sms：(7)年末血拼，梅西百货的终极折扣不能错过。Actually，itisthetransliterationofEnglishwordsJil哪矽啦g．AsChinesepeoplebecomerich，theySpendmuchshopping．“血拼”vividlydes嘶bestheircrazinesson27 ⑩硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESISsllopping—theyarejustlikebraVes01diersfi曲tingwimenemiesonmebattlefield．Nowlet’s100katmefollowingexample．(8)《我是歌手》第九期歌单曝光，台湾实力唱将彭佳慧补位。Inawar，merearecommandersaswellassoldiers．InChinesene010西sms，thereis“唱将”，w|hichreferstoasingerofgreatst狐鹏．“将’haditionallymeanso伍cersofhi曲rank．Thismetaphorestablishessimil撕tiesbe铆eenhi曲ranko珩cersarIdoutstandingsingers：meyarerespectedaIldhaVe乎eatinnuenceintheirrespectiVefield．IIlthemet印horLIFEISAWAR，them印ping仔ommesourcedomainontothet鹕etdomaincanbeillustratedinthefollowingtable：TablelLIFISAⅥ，ARSourcedomainT鹕etdomainWar“feCaptiVes(slaVes)Peoplewhoiscon仃olledbysomethingBattlesCompetitionsFightbraVelyont11ebattlefieldGoonashoppingspree0伍cersofhi曲rankinme撇yOutstandingandinfluentialpeople3．1．2NAKEDlSWl’I’HoU。I’ANY’I‘HlNGBesides“奴”，锄omercommon协证1ylexiconis“裸-”．“裸’’研m嘶lymeansbeingnal(ed．Somenewwordsbe西nIlingwith“裸”don’tre丑ectarIymetaphoricalconcept，lil(e裸奔(streakin曲，裸聊(chattingonInt锄etwithtllepanicipantsn狄ed)，裸拍(tal(ingnudepictllresofsomeone)aIldsoon．Theyjustshowmatmepersonsconc锄edaredoingsometllingwithouttheirclomeson．That’smereferentialmeaningofmeword“裸”。Butsome‘‘裸．’’wordshavemetaphoricalmealling，suchas：(9)陈光标高调向巴菲特与比尔盖茨发出公开信，称自己要“裸捐”(a11．outdonation)。(10)高考即将进入“裸分”(marksonmeex锄p叩ers)时代(11)很多院校都在实行硕博连读的教育制度，所以“裸博’’(doctorateh01derswithoutanypracticalwo曲ngeXp嘶ence)将会越来越多。(12)胡锦涛同志的“裸退”(conlpleteretireaIldremsea11ypostortitle)获得了国内外的～致赞扬，也彰显了党中央对新一届领导班子的高度信任。(13)近日，绍兴市19家餐饮企业联名发起“裸烹”(cookwithnaturalmaterials28 ⑩硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESISaJldflaVo曲gs，丽moutanyu11safeadditives)倡议，，上千名厨师签下“裸烹”军令状。(14)据说60％的男人都赞成裸婚(simpleStyleofgettingmarried，nomallynohouse，nocar’noweddingceremonyeVennoweddillgm曲，而大部分女人都觉得这绝对不靠谱。TllemeaIlingsofmeword‘‘裸’’inmewords裸捐，裸分，裸博，裸退，裸烹，裸婚areitsconnotatiVemealling：doingsomethingpurelMcompletelyorthoroughly．Furthennore，wecanfindmemet印horicalconc印tinmesene010西sms：NAKEDISWITHOUTANYTHINGT0bemorespecific：“裸捐，’istodonateallmemoneywithoutaIlyleft；“裸分’’isthemarkswithoutanypolicypoints；‘‘裸博”isdoctorateholders奶thoutanypracticalworkingexp舒ence；‘‘裸退’’ist11eretirementwithouta11ypostortitlebeingk印t；‘‘裸烹’’istocookwimoutaIlyunsafeadditivesaIld‘‘裸婚’’isthem枷agewithoutanymaterialbases．1hble2NAKEDISWITHOUTANYTHrNGSourcedomainTargetdomainNAKEDWITHOUTANYTHINGClotllesSomethingadditional’I’lles蛐1lantiesbeMeentllesourcedomalnandtlletargetdomalnarenotthatobViousa11dmeyshouldbeuIlderstoodinspecificsetting．InUngereraIldSchmid’s(2008)words，themappinginthismetaphoris“lean”．NeV嘶heless，meuseof“裸”metaphorsareViVidandaccurate。Whenpeopleseemeseneolo百smsat6rstsi曲t，t11eymi曲tbeconmsed．ButajFterseriousrenectionaIldinf-erence，meywill丘gureouttllemet叩horicme砌nginthem．Aconsiderablenulll_berofthewordsof“裸”f．amilyrenectscertainsocialphenomenaandValuesaSwellastllenewperSpeCtiVesf．romwhichthespeal(erscogllizethem．3．1．3ACLANISAGRoUPoFPEoPLEWITHSAMECHARACTERISTICS111traditionalChinese，“族”referStoaclarI，inomerwords，a擎oupofpeoplerelatedbybloodormamage．Inrecentyears，anincreasingnumberofChineseconlpoundscontailling“族”haVeemeFged．Inmesene010舀sms，‘‘族’’hasacquiredanewmeaIling．LookatmefollowingeX锄ples．(15)春节如何应对家人催婚坦然面对不做恐婚族Qeoplefb撕ngform删age)(16)由于忽略了身体的保养，很多“奔奔族”(rusllingcl砌处于亚健康状态。29 (17)为应对房租上涨压力，一些毕业生成了“赖校族”(caIIlpusdwellers)。(18)“抠抠族"(eke-outcIall)新理念：省钱就等于在赚钱(19)对于手机厂商而言，想要在激烈竞争中脱颖而出，掌握3亿庞大拇指族(廿1umbtribe)市场实属不易。(20)中国出现“穷忙族”(workingpoor)：拼命工作得不到回报看不到希望111t11eaboveexamples，dif董．erentat喇butesarefollowedby“族”．Theyre￡胃tocertaingr01Jpsofpeoplewiththes锄echaract砸sticsa11dhobbies．‘‘恐婚族’’arepeoplewhoarea加idofm枷age；“奔奔族”re觚topeoplebomdu咖gl975to1985，whoareunderthegreatestpressurebutstillenjoymeirlifeandfightwimmereality；‘‘赖校族’’areco】】egegraduateSwhostilldwelloncampusduet0v撕ouSreaLsons；“抠抠族’’ref矗stopeoplewholiVea觚gal1ife；“拇指族’’arepeoplewhoSpenda10toftimepla姐ngwimcellphones；“穷忙族”arepeoplewhoworkharda11daybuts伽can’tgetddofpoveny．Intheseneolo百sms，peoplewitllthesamec11aracteristicsareregardedasaclan．Therearestillmanyotherne010百smsof“族’’f．锄ilywehaven’tmentioned．Theappearanceofmesesocialgroupsrenectsmediversityandt01erallceofmesociety．Besides，a伊eatpartoft11eseneolo百smsrenectthepressure疗Dm1ifea11dworkinmod锄China．Withoutnle1(堇lowledgeofsocialenvironment，onecan’t孕aspt11eessenceofmesemetaphorically-usedneolo百sms．IIlmesemreestmcturalmetaphors，LIFEISAWARisrelativelymoreconVentional．MaIlylitera巧workshaVeconVeyedt11isconc印t．Eveninourdaily1ife，wewouldsay“6曲ting”tocheersomeoneup．Ttllismetaphorhasunconsciouslyenteredintoourlallguage．T11enext觚omet￡lphorsarenoVelmetaphorS．MaybeaStimegoesby，anerr印eateduse，meywillbecomelexicalizedaIlduIlconsciouslybuiltintoourlaIlguage．3．2orientationalmetaphors3．2．1MoREISUP；LESSISDo、VNLakofra11dJ01111son(1980)alreadydiscussedmisconc印tualmetaphorintheirmaste牺ece．neyalsoproposethephysicalbasisofthismetaphor：“IfyouaddmoreofasubstaIlceorphysicalobjectstoacontainerorpile，me1evelgoesup．’’AcoupleofChinesene010西smsrenectthismetaphor：(21)高盐(m曲salinity)饮食是指每日可用食盐超过6克的饮食。(22)周三大盘有望探低(comedown)反弹。30 ⑧硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESIS(23)专家称中国发展低碳(10w．carbon)经济受制三大问题。Intheabovefourex锄ples，“高盐”re矗贸stomedietwhichcontainsmoresaltmallnecessa巧；“探低”isaneconomictemswhichref．erStot11ecomingdownofShare研ce；“低碳”meansmelessdischa唱eof孕eenhousegases(mainlycarbondioxide)．IIlmismetaphoricalconc印t，ttlesourcedomainisUPaIldDOWN，meta玛etdomainisnumber．3．2．2HIGHSTATUSISUP；LoWSTATUSISDoWNItisaJlomermetaphoricalconceptputfo刑ardbyLal【ofraIldJohnson(1980)．ThesocialaIldphysicalbasisofthismetaphoristhat“statusiscorrelatedwim(social)powera11dQhysical)powerisup”．(24)干部进村下访，现场解决问题，是宁德已经坚持了20多年的传统。(25)从理论上讲，“上位法”的出台，为“下位法”提供了自我清理、自我修改和自我废止的理论基础。(26)在A股接连下跌、屡创新低后，不少上市公司的高管和大股东加入了抄底行列。IIlchjna，somepeopleappealtomelli曲erauthoritiesforhelp．Tllat’sWhatwecall“上访”，auniqueCmnesepoliticalphenomenonwllichhasalonghisto哆While“下访”isanewword，w11ichmeansthatcadresgotothe伊ass-rootsunittoVisitmemassesanddosomeresearch．“上位法”aIld“下位法”arelegaltems．“上位法”(1li曲er-1eVellaw)isⅡlelawwimbiggere髋ctand}li曲erraIlk．“下位法"(10w*l“e1law)ist11ereificationof“上位法”，aIlditshouldn’tconnict研m“上位法”。“高管”(seniorexecutive)refierstopersonsh01dinga11i曲statusinanente印rise．“高”，prim撕lyaspatialconc印t，isusedtodes嘶bemestatusofpeople．3．2．3MARGINISTHELEASTIMPoRllANT(27)新生代农民工与城市的距离没有拉近，与乡土的距离却着实远了，他们正在遭遇“城乡双重边缘化(ma哂nalization)”的尴尬境地。(28)追悼会司仪李艳红：孤单到连红包都送不出去的边缘人(ma珂nalman)(29)调查显示香港两成边缘青年(ma晤nalyouth)可识别为病态赌徒。AccordingtoLal(of!F(1987)，merearefourkindsofcognitiVemodels．Theyarepropositionalmodel，imageschemamodel，metaphoricmodelaIldmetonMlymodel．ThecognitiVebasisofmetaphorsisimageschema，whichcome仔ombaSiceXp嘶encesofourdailylifeaIldplaysanimportalltroleinmemapping舶mmesourcedomainontothe ta垮吨domain．T11ereareVariouskindsofimageschemas，oneofwmChismeCENTER-PERIPHEIWSchema．Thephysicalbasisofmisschemaist王latahumanbodyhaSacenter(trLInka11dintemalo略aJls)a11dperiphew(6ngers，toes锄dhairs)；simil砌y，a打eesoraplallthasacenter(tmlll()aIldp甜phery(braIlchesandleaVes)．CenterisimponaIltandperipheryisuIlimportaIlt．TlleP嘶phe珂isd印endentonmecenter．Ma晒nalpeopleor印ups，notconsideredpower如1orimportant，aretheoppositeofmainsn．e锄．Tbma晒nalizeapersonorag^0upmeansmdkingth锄unimportantandpow叫essinanunfairway．TIleCENTER—PERIPHElWSchemaisthebasisofMARGINALISTHELEASTIMPORTMENTconc印tualmetaphor．Duetothecharacteristicsofhumanbodya11dmeattractionoftheearm，whatfomlsfirstbe帆eenhumaIlbeingsaIldt11eext谢orworldarespatialrelations．Co盟itivesemaIl矗csmaintainsmatspatialconc印tisⅡlemostbasicconc印t．ResearchesalsoindicatethatallmewordsexpressingspatialrelationsinaUthelaIlguageshaVeacquiredmetaphoncalmeallingS(ZhaoYanf．ang，2001)．Intllesemet印hortypesofChineseneolo毋sms，nearlyallofthemareconventionalmet印horS．Wbcanfindalotofexpressionsrenectingmeseconc印tualmetlaphorsbothinChinaaIldwestemcountries．That’sbecausetllephysicalbaSisofmeseorientationalmetaphorSareu11iVersalandorientationalschemaSaresharedbyallhmlaIlbeings(Ungerer＆Schmid，2008)．3．3ontolo季calmetaphors3．3．1EntityandsubstancemetaphorsOneofmesubcategoriesofont010百calmet叩horsisentityandsubstaIlcemet印hors．111mesemet印hors，events，actiVities，emotions，ideaS，etc．，areVie、税dasentitiesa11dsubs伽ces．ThisbndofmetaphorissopreVailinginChjneseneolo百smsthatwecan￡ndthemeasily：(30)股市撤资潮(disiIⅣestnlenttide)令无数散户变成“股市难民”。(31)迫于地产调控及经济再次探底的压力，明年地方政府可能出现(tideofsupportingmarket)。“托市潮”(32)Facebook新版信息流(infomationnow)中，广告更加显眼。(33)谁为流动人口子女撑起“安全伞”(safetyunlbrella)?111the6rsta11dsecondeX锄ple，meconceptualmetaphorSOCIALUPSURGESARETIDESisreflected．“潮’’一m撕lymeansacurrentofwatercausedbytheregular32 risingaIldfallingofme1eVdofmesea．In“撤资潮"aIld‘‘托市潮”，“潮”referstoasuddeIl，la唱eincrease．Themetaphor．inducedsimilarityisthatbomsocialupsu玛esaIldtideS玳suddenorabnJpts的ngincrease．nou曲tlletidesofmeseamayalsodecreaSe，“sdi仃erenceishiddenint11ismetaphor．Inmesecondex锄ple，‘‘信息流”，whichplaysaIlimponantroleinmeeconomicactiVities，includesmec01lection，spreadingandprocessingofinfomIation．‘‘流’’ori西nallymeallsmesteadya11dcontinuousmoveofaliquid，gaS，orelectricalcurrent．Inthisneolo百sm，“流”meansme丘eemoveofsom甜1ingbet、Ⅳeenpeopleoro唱anization．Itrenectsmeconc印tualmetaphorINFORMATIONISW．ATER，becausebothofmenlcanflow．WbmayeasilyfindthatthefirsttIlreemetaphorsarea11relatedtowater-Ⅵ!ATER，asmesourceoflife，itisaconceptde印lyrootedinhumaIls’co嘶tionandconc印tualsyst锄．WaterisperceiVabletoeVeryoneineVeryculture．Peopleputtheirco鲈itionaIldeXp喇enceaboutwaterintheconceptualmetaphorstoestablishmapping，sothattheycanbetterunderstaIldotherabstractconc印ts．Itisnowonderthatwaterisoneofmeco舢啪nestsourcedomainsofconc印tualmetaphorsbothinEn班ShandChinese．hImethirdex锄ple，theconceptualmet印horAPROTECTINGFORCEISUNUMBRELLAisrenected．安全伞meaIlsasystemorforcewhichcanprotectagroupofpeople．Ori西nally’“伞”(u111brella)isaIlobjectyouusetoprotectyourself舶mmerainnr娟1n3．3．2Containermetaphors(34)“人才池”(talentp001)的规模和范围应与企业的发展目标相匹配。(35)“超载班”(claSsw油toomanystudents)的存在对学生有百害而无一利。(36)一直悬而未决的银行“资产池”(assetp001)在2012年再次站到了风口浪，l、了C。Themetaphoncalconc印tinthe6fsteXampleisthat11ALENTI迮SERVEISACONTAINER．“人才池”isaunitorlocalewimaconcen仃ationoftalentedpeople，soitisnott锄百ble．Byconsideringitasacontainer，matis，ap001，wecallunderstalldsomemingabstractintennsofsometbjngconcrete．nat’sjustⅡ1eessenceofmetaphors．Themetaphoricalconc印tinthesecondex锄pleisthatACLASSISACONTAINER．姗1enmenumberofthestudentsinaclaSsistoomany’itisjustlikeaoVerloadedVehicle．HerestudentsareViewedasmesubst柚ce(10ad)inacontainer33 硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESIS(VeIlicle)．Themetaplloricalconc印tinmethirdconc印tisASSETISACONlAINER．‘‘资产池”isaneconomict锄，w11ichreferStothecombinationofamassiveaIIlountofassetwimcertaincharacteristics．3．3．3Personi6cationAccordingtoLakofra11dJohnson(1980)，perSonificationis‘‘perhapsthemostobviousontolo舀calmetaphors”．ItisnowondermatpersonificationisalsocommoninCllinesene010百sms．(37)中国的银行牢牢把持着全世界最赚钱公司的前几名，却对储户颐指气使、动辄以霸王条款耍无赖，谁来维护储户的利益?(38)瘦婚介乎大操大办的奢华婚礼与脱离物质基础的裸婚之间。(39)中外混血大学已达5所。“霸王”(t11eConqueror)istlletitleofXiangYu(232．202B．C．)．Later，‘‘conqueror”haSbeenusedtoref-ertosomeonewhoisbossyandoverbe撕ng．‘‘霸王条款’’isaIlimparityclausefomulatedbyaMerchantu11ilaterallywimtllepu印oseofaVoidingstatuto巧duties．“瘦”isusedtodescribeapersonora11im甜whohasnoext：raf．aton廿1eirbody．Butwhen“瘦”modifieswedding，meexpressionmeansasiInpleaIldbriefweddingwitllthepuIposeofsaVingtime，ene略yandmoney．“混血大学”isauniVersityestablishedbyaChineseuIliverSitya11daforei盟uIliVersity．Tlleshilari够be时een“skindofuIliversityaIldapersonofmiXed-bloodismatⅡleircreatorsare丘omdif王．erentcoun埘es．Ontolo百calmetaphorsareofme孕eatestn呖berintheset：hreemetaphortypes，eSpeciallypersollificationaSwellase11tityaIldsubstancemetaphors．NearlyaUmeontolo百calmetaphorsinCllinesemet印horsarenovelmetaphors．nebasesbe时eenmemappingfbmthesourcedomaintotheta玛etdomainaremeirs)，Ilmeticsimil撕ty．Themetapho—cal1inksbetweentheSemetaphorS南cuSonasin斟epropertyofthesourcedomains．UngererandSchIlidcallt11iskindofmapping“leanm印ping’，wllichisdi伍erent丘-omrichmapping．IIlrichmappin吕“alotofmetaphoricalcorrespondencesareeStablished”，suchasLIFEISAWRAR． 3．4TheoVerlappingofthreemetaphortypesInsomene010百sms，theaboVethreemet印hortypesaredependentoneachomer，fomingaIlorgaJlicⅥ，hole．Inthe‘‘裸’’wordfaInily’stmcturalmet印horNAKEDISWITHOUTANYTHrNGisrenected，aLswehaVementionedaboVe．Wecallalsoproposethatpersonificationisalsoindicatedinthismetaphor’for‘‘naked’’isusedtodesc曲eaperson’sstatemelltofwithoutanyclomes．Sot11isconc印tualmet印horc锄alsoberegardedaSa11ontolo西calmet印hor：someabs住actandintaIl百blethingsare百venmequalitiesofahuman．Anomerex锄pleis(40)很多年轻的考碗族(stablejobseeker)背着重重的社会压力，拼搏在国考的独木桥上。IIltheword“考碗族”，wecallseebothstmc衄·almetaphora11dontolo西calmetaphor．‘‘考碗族”arepeoplewhotakepaninthecivilserviceex锄togetasecurejob．AswehaVetalkedaboutin3．1．3，stmcturalmetaphorACLANISAGROUPOFPEOPLEWITHSAMECHARACTERISTICSisirldicatedinit．Butweshouldn’tignoretheontolo百calmetaphorinit．“碗”(bowl)hereismet印horicallyusedtorefertoasecurejob．BecauseinChineseculture，astablejobisconsideFedaS‘‘铁饭碗(ironricebowl)”．Nowlet’s100kataneolo西smwimmecombinationoforientationalmet叩horandontolo百calmetaphor：(41)如果你是一位年过30的都市女性，却仍未安下心来成家，依然热衷派对聚会，喜爱独自出游，不抗拒“姐弟恋”，那么，你已经跻身最新潮的“中嫩阶层”(teenagewomeIlintheirtllirtiesl。Theatt舶utivepanof锄swordincludes觚owords：“中(111iddle)”and‘‘嫩(tender)”．Middleisori西nallyusedtoexpressspatialconc印t：memiddleofsomemingisthe如rthest自omitsedges，ends，oroutsidesurface．T1lisspatialconc印tnowisusedtoref．ertoaperiodoftimethatcomesaRerme丘rstpartaIldbeforet11eIastpart．“嫩”isprim撕lyusedtodesc曲enlestateofapla堇1twhichisjustboma11dⅦ1nerable。Butinthisword，“嫩”isusedtodescmemeageoft11esewomen．Anadjectivetraditionallyusedtodescribeasubstancenowmodifiesaperson．“中”restrictsthedegreeofjuVenility：insteadofbeingVeryyoung，meyareatme‘‘middle—age’’ofmeiryoungp嘶od．FromtheaboVeeX锄ples，wecandrawmeconclusionthattlledividingofstructural35 metaphors，orientationalmetaphorsa11dontolo酉calmetaphorSaferelatiVeramerthanabsolute．TheclaSsificationofmetaphorsisjust南rmepu印oseofb甜erunderstandingsomething．111eSethreemet印hortypeshaVesyst锄aticalcorulectiona11deVenoVerlapwimeachotherinsomesitIlations．36 ⑧硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESIS4．AnAnalysis0ftheMetaphorsinChineseNeologismsAswehaVereViewed，metaphorsarethemapping仔omsourcedomainontotheta昭et40main．7111ischapterwillprobeintothemappingdirectionsinChineseneolo西sms．Besides，conteXtisVitalincomprehendingametaphortHerewewilldiscusstheimportanceofthreecontextsofmetaphorsinChineseneolo百smswithspecificexamples．Sincemet叩horSinChinesene010百smsaresocommon，theyine访tablyhavee仔-ectonmedevelopmentofChineselaIlguage．Wewillalsoexplorethesee虢ctsinthischapter．4．1ThemappinginChineseneologisms4．1．1l’romcOnCretetOabstract(1)当时日本各项经济指标达到了空前的高水平，但是由于资产价格上升无法得到实业的支撑，所谓泡沫经济开始走下坡路111“泡沫经济”(bubbleeconomy)，thesourcedomainisabubbleandtheta略etdomainistheeconomy．(2)冷暴力让你的肉体毫发无损，却让你的心灵千疮百孔。“冷”isconVentionallyusedtoref．ertotemperature．Butquiteafewneolo百smsbe酉nningwith“冷”don’trefertotenlperature，suchas“冷暴力”(emotionalabuse)，“冷幽默”(dryhumor)，“冷浪漫’’(rationalromance)，etc．ThesesyIlaestlleticmet印horsarequitecommoninChineseneolo百sms．(3)清明祭扫最高峰将至，请环保祭祀减少“白色浪费”。(4)两会关注崇明岛可适当征收绿税保生态(5)第三方调查公司麦可思近日发布了最新一期的调查报告，首次披露了就业困难的10个“红牌专业”。(6)重庆卫视打造红色频道被批不合时宜哗众取宠(7)此次山西洪洞等地黑砖窑现代包身工真相披露后，立即在国内掀起轩然大波。(8)长春一黑餐具消毒点苍蝇陪工人一起干“清洗”。“白色浪费’’(w11itewaste)has觚omeanings．nmayref．ertothewastecausedeimerbybunling曲ostmoneywhenpeopleareholdingamemorialceremonyforsomeonedeadorbyplasticbags．Generall弘acertainc010risusedtodes嘶beanobjector37 subStance．Butnowadays，seVeralcolorsareusedtoHlodi母somethingabstract，like锄actiVity’eVentorastate，etc．Generallyspeal(ing，“绿”(green)isrelatedtoenVironmentalprotection，suchas“绿税’’(taXationcollectedfort11epurposeofprotectingenViromenta11ddealwithpollution)；‘‘红’’(red)isrelatedtopoliticsorw锄ing，suchas“红色频道’’(ch锄elswithpatrioticpro孕锄s)ajld“红牌专业”(memajorswimlowemployment)；“黑”(black)ismetaphoricallyusedtoref；。rtosomethingillegalorbad，suchas“黑餐具”(unquali6edtableware)and“黑砖窑”(ShadyBrickKiln)．What’sworthmentioningismatmou曲tablewareandbrickkilnareconcreteobject，blackhereisusedtodes函bemeiri11egalqualities，notthespecmccolor．ThecoIⅡ10tationsofmesecolorsarecloselyrelatedwitllChineseculture．(9)网络红人的代表芙蓉姐姐在今天已经被鼓吹为网络推手(Intemetmarketer)的惊世之作。‘‘推”istheactionofpushing．Itismetaphodcallyusedhereastheactivityofpromotingormarketingapersonoraproduct．“推手’’ref-erstothepersonsplotapromotionormarketingactivity．Theuseof“手”hereismeton蛐ic．It印pliestheprotot)，picalpan-Wh01erelationofbodypartsandmewholebody．MetonyIIlyisdraWingacontiguitybe觚een觚ot11ingsrathermaIldraWingasimil撕tybetweentwothingS．T11emeton弭nyof‘‘手’’isnotnovel．IIlthewords1ike“选手”，“好手’’，“高手”，“歌手”，‘‘二传手”and“国手”，weuse‘‘haIld”tostandformeperson．“手”belongstomebaSic1evelcategory，henceithasquite孕eatmet印horicala11dmetonyrIlic．FromthiseXample，wecanfindoutmatmeoVedappingaIldinteractionofmetaphorandmetonymydoe】【istinsomeexpressions．Theess铡【ceofmet印horistounderstandsometllingabstractbyVirtlleofsomethingconcrete，especiallyinbasiclevelconcept．In‘‘泡沫经济”，“冷暴力”，“白色浪费’’觚d‘‘网络推手”，abstractconc印ts，suchaseconomy，emotionalabuse，waLSteaIldmarketingareconceptualizedintennsofsomeconcreteConc印ts，suchasbubbles，锄objectwitlltemperatI】re，anobjectwimcolorandmeactionofpushing．4．1．2FromconcretetoconcreteThiskindofmemetaphorsisofme铲eatestnunlber．Nonnally，peopletendtoestablishsimil撕tiesbe觚een研osubjects，orbe似eenahumaJlbeingandasubject，orbe附eenahumallbeingandaIl撕mal．ForeXample(10)知道好多刊物为了多发论文“创收”，可能会擅自推出增刊、特刊等，却38 硕士学位论文MAS丁ER‘STHESIS没想到还有敢发行“鸳鸯刊”的。Thesourcedomainis“鸳鸯”(mandarinducks)，whoarefI锄ousformeirintimacyasacouple．Theta略etdomainis呐ojoumalswithmes锄en锄e，issue，coVerandbackcoverbutdi虢rentcontents．(11)中共吸纳“草根网民”代表参政议政。(12)周渝民不愿停留在花美男时期，希望快点长大。“草根网民”(酉ass．rootnetizens)referstonetizenswhoareliveinthebottomofthesocietv，justlike铲ass-mots．“花美男’’(nowerboys)isusedtodesc曲eayoungmallwhoisaSbeauti如lasanower，maybealittlefeminine．Thesourcedomainsofthesetwometaphorsareplants，andtheta唱etdomainsarepersons．(13)“高薪跳蚤”看上去是某些学者在追求功利，说到底还是高端人才匮乏在价格上的体现。。～f(14)他们被外界称为“公司驻虫”，每天都滞留在公司消耗着精力和青春。“高薪跳蚤”(hi曲．salaryjobhopper)isnotanea．Itreferstot11esewell—paidprofessorswhochaIlgetheirjobs矗equentlyindif!I；：erentuniVersitiesforhi曲sal哪“公司驻虫”(finllstickers)aurenotrealwoms，theyareyoungw11ite—collarswhospendalotoftimeinthecompanyoVe刑orking．Theso时cedomains胡theset、)l，omet印horsareaIlimalsandtlletargetdomainsarepersons．Itisalsoahomonynmet印horfor‘‘驻．虫”ishomophonicwith“蛀虫’’(moth)．Whenbomofthesourcedomaina11dt鹕etdomainareconcrete，mesourcedomainisgenerallysomethingwearemoref．肌iliarwiⅡ1．mtheaboVeex锄ples，mandarinducks，伊ass，nowers，neasaIldmothsareaUmoref．amiliartousthanmetargetdomains，whichusuallyeme唱elater．4．1．3Fromabstracttoconcrete(15)在白富美、高富帅真假难辨的今天，经济适用男女对很多人来说倒更显稳当妥帖。Theword“经济适用男”(budgetmen)d甜ves盘．om“budgethousing’，housingsubsidizedbythegoV咖entforlow—incomepublic．Budgetmenarenotasricha11dsuccess如1aSthose‘‘di锄ondmen’’(钻石男)or‘‘luxuriousmen”(豪华男)．Despiteofmeirmediocrity，theycareabouttlleirf．锄ilymoreaIldbecomeabetterchoiceformamage．“经济适用女”(budgetwomen)ismecounte印anof“budgetmen”。111t11esetwone010西sms，“经济的’’(economic)，‘‘适用的”(suitable)mesetwoabs仃acta由ectives39 arellsedtomodltypersons．(16)《新闻联播》关注“死不起”质问天价墓地(17)一斤重大闸蟹15力-“天价蟹’’背后疑点重重111meword‘‘天价”，“天”(sk”，traditionallyusedasanoun，seⅣesasa11a嘶bute．Withmecharact甜sticofbeingeXtr锄elyhi曲，tllem印pingscopebetween“sky，’and“extrelnehi曲price”isfomed．4．1．4FrOmabstracttoabstract(18)当下，中国人为所有积极的、健康的、催人奋进的、给人力量的、充满希望的人和事，贴上了“正能量”(positiveene玛y)标签。Thewordusedtobeaphysicaltem．Itswell-knownmeaIlingcomes行omthen锄eofmetrallslationeditionoftheEn西ishphysiolo百stRichardWis锄aIl’smono黟印h尺勿订己≯．“正能量”isapositivemotivationa11dfeelingwhichcaninspireonetobemoreactiveaIldcon6dent．‘‘正"，asanadjective，hasitsdenotationasnotcrooked，suchas‘‘席不正不坐”(nosittiIlgonacrookedmat)。Inthisword，“正”ismetaphoricallyused，wimmemeaningofbeingpositiVe．(19)中国山寨2．0版：从产品模仿到品牌模仿‘‘山寨”ori百nallymeallsVillagesinthemouIltain．Later，itissometiIIlesusedasametaphortodescribeballditsopposingaIldeVadingmeco删ptedaumori够(Wikipedia)．Thecatchword“山寨"(Shallzhai)refjerstoChineseimitationandpiratedproducts．“2．O”isusedtomeupdatededitionofac嘶ainso胁are，1ike‘‘web2．0’’and‘‘中国象棋2．0(Chinesechess2．0)”．“山寨2．O”indicatestllatChineseShanzhaihaSenteredintoanewstageofbrandimitation，ra_thert11allproductsimitation，as“山寨1．O”sdoes．IIl“山寨2．O”，ShaI】zhaithisphenomenonoractiVityismet印horicallyconc印tualizedasasoRware，wllichcanbeupdatedfbmtimetotime．UngererandSchmid(2008)舀VeatableofeleVenmajorsourceaIldtargetconc印tsofmetaphoricalmappings，whichshowsthata11thesourcedomainsquiteconcreteinnatllre，whileallmeta唱etdomaillsmoreabsn．act．Tllisismeresultofmegeneralruleofcognition：wedependonconcreteconc印tstoconc印tualizeabstractconc印ts．Nevenheless，westillcanf-mdseveralmetaphorsinChinesene010舀smswhosesourcedomainsabstract．Thereasonforthis“unusual”phenomenonist11atinallthesemetaphorS，tlleabstractsourcedomainsratllerf．锄iliartous．Hence也eynaturallyusedasthesourceofmapping． 4．2ThecontextofthemetaphorsinChineseneologismsAswea11know’aword’smeaJlingreliesonthecontext．WhenweaIlalyzeametaphor’whatweshoulddofirstistolookatmeconteXtitisin．IntheprocessofcommuIlication．contexthasinnuenceonboththespe出er锄dthelistenerat也esametime．OnlVinacenaincontextcanthespeakerexpresshisorherpu印osebetterandthe1istellerunderstaIldt11einfo咖ationthatreachesmemmoreaccurately．Malinowski(1923)inventedContextofSituationandConteXtofCulturethesetwonewtemstoretertothesocialaIldculturesituation，a11dl矾guageenviroment’basedonwhichlaIlguageiss砌ied．Sperbera11dWilson(1986)putfo册ardtotheconc印tofco盟ltlVecontext，deflmgitasapsych010西calconstmct，anoutcomeofmentallyprocesslngVanousknowledge．4．2．1ContextofcultureAccordingtoDaiWeidong(1989)，“contextof“mremeaIlsmetotalwayoflifeofpeople，w11ichreferstomepatt锄sofcustoms，traditions，socialhabits，Values，beliefsand1a_Ilguagesofasociety，’．Therearet、)v_oaspectsofconteXtofculture．Oneisculturesandcustoms．thecollectivehabitsofthemaSses’lallguages，actiVitiesandpsychologymasociety．T11eomcraspectissocialnomswithwhichasoci啊regulatesa11d1mposesrestrictionsonlallguagecommuIlication．MetaphorSareapartoflanguageandoneoft}IepaItswhicharemostactlVeandc觚reneCtculturalelementsbest．Itcallrenectt11echallgeofsociallifeaIldsocialmoughts．Aswehavementionedbefore，neolo百smistllemin．orofsociety．ThuswecaIlneVeremphasizetoomuchonmeimportallceofmecontextofculnlreofmemet印horsinChinesene010西sms．TheuIlderStalldinga11duseofmemet印horsinne010粤smscaIlneVerbeis01ated丘’omitscultllralbackgmund．4．2．1．1ThedevelopmentofChinesesocietyWhatshouldbementionedfirstismedevelopmentinneally“eryaspectofCllinesesociety’includingeconomy，p01itics，sciencea11dtec_11I10109y．AUthesechallgesarerenectedinmemetaphorsofneolo酉sms．Forexample，regardingeconomicchallges，tllereare(20)很多成功创业者掘到‘‘第一桶金’’(thefirStbarrelof901d)的爆发点，与后来真正做大的主业并不一致。 ⑧硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESIS(21)两会刚刚结束，在一片对高房价的讨伐声中，新的“地王”(themostvaluablepieceoflalldinaIlarea)便新鲜出炉。(22)产业链(indus仃ychain)是一个包含价值链、企业链、供需链和空间链四个维度的概念。Regardingpoliticchanges，mereare：(23)中国参考借鉴了新加坡等国的有益经验，制订和实施了工资指导线(baSjccon仃D11ingstalldard)制度。(24)“治软”(maJlagenon-materialenVirolllllent，includinglaw’p01icies，culture，education，goVemmentservicesa11drestriction，gov蝴ent如nctionsaIldconc印ts)要探索建立首问责任制、限时办结制、办事程序及政策公示制、配套责任追究制。(25)我国电源结构不合理，系统面临的调峰(adjustthesummitofpowera11dgasconsumption)能力不足问题日益严重。RegardingteckloIogyandscience，mereare：(26)在开拓电子书(E-book)市场方面，京东与当当走了不同的路径。(27)云计算(cloud-conlputin曲甚至可以让你体验每秒超过10万亿次的运算能力。4．2．1．2ThediVersi锣ofChinesesocie毋Somemet印horsrenectmediVersityofChinesesociety，、、，hichalsoindicatesthetoleraIlceofmod锄societytodi仃打entlifestyles，moralsaIldValues，suchaS：(28)有车一族为方便他人，在网上发帖拼车(sh撕ngacar)返乡为亲人扫墓。(29)商家表示，团购(jointpurchasin曲已经打折让利，不能再开发票。(30)当这些来自海外各地的“香蕉人”(ChillesebominWestemcountries)遇上国内传统文化时，会产生怎样的化学反应?4．2．1．3Thedissatisfactionwiththecurrentsociety．Chinesepe叩leareexp嘶encing伊eatchaIlgesintheirlives．MaIlyofthemholdtheopinionmatitismebestoftimes，whilethereisalwayssometllingtocomplain：risinghousiIlg砸ces，hi曲expenseofgettingmedicalcare，socialdi舵renceandinequality，nerve．wrackingfoodsecurityproblems，lackofbeliefa11dmoralaswellasrecurrentcomlption．A11ofmesearerenectedinlallguagedeVelopment．Themetaphorsinneolo西smsalsoshowmedarksideofsociety．Quiteanurnberofne010百smsusemetaphorSto嘶ticizesomephenomenaina11implicitmaIlIler．ForeX锄ple：(31)那种“宁愿坐在宝马车里哭，也不愿坐在自行车上笑”的“傍大款”(find42 ⑨硕士学位论丈MASTER’STHESISasugardaddy)，更多情况下只是一种价值观的自主选择。(32)吃回扣(getkickback)成有些地方政府采购的“明规则”。(33)事故发生后，两天内共有23家“媒体”的28人以记者名义前往该矿，领取矿方以各种名义发放的“封口费”(hushmoney)。4．2．1．4TheexpectationofbeingnoVelModemCllinesehaveanexpectationofbeingnoVel，fasllionableaIlddi岱orentf而momers．Thede印eningof910balizationa11dmeshockofdi妇陆entculturesbroadenpeople’shorizon，actiVatepeople’smoughts．InsteadofbeingobserVantandstodgy；peoplearelongingforbeingdistinctiVe．Asaresult，mostofthemetaphorsinne010百smsarenoVelmet印horSramerthaJlconVentionalmetaphors．(34)电视“娱乐反刍”成风其“钱规则”成商业案例In“娱乐反刍”，Thesourcedomainisaphysiolo百calphenomenonofsomea11imals—m11linatinga11dthetargetdomainisaphenomenoninenViromentalindustry—reshootingeXistentworks．It’squitenoVelandeye—catching．(35)999元的破冰价很是让人震撼，但是能否一举颠覆产业格局，还有待进一步验证。“破冰价”re矗懿totlle研ceⅥ枉chiseXtrc瓶elylow．“破冰”(ice-breal(in曲ismetaphoricallyusedtodes嘶bemebreakingmeiceofprice．IIltheabovetwoexamples，peoplewouldh砌lyrelatemesourcedomainsaIldmetargetdomainstogemer．Butmemappingbetweenthesetotallydi行．erentdomainscalla出eVeimpressiVecognitiVeea’ect。4．2．1．5TheseekforthesenseofbelongingTllou曲100l(ingfo刑矾touIliqueexp砸ence，Chinesepeoplearestilllongtobeacc印todbythegroupsratherthanbeingisolated．Therefore，therearesomemetaphorically-smlcturedneolo百smwordf-amiliesdescribingacertaingroups，1ike“奴”a11d“族”，whichwehaVetalkedaboutinChapter3．4．2．1．6TheinnuenceofChiIIesecultureandhistoryCllinaisacount巧withlongmstoryajldcolor如1Cultllre。Metaphorsinne010百smsalsorenectthat．、聃mouttheknowledgeofCllineseculture，manymetaphorswouldbedimculttobeunderstood．1址etheex锄pleofaIlomerneolo百smword‰ily‘‘帝”。(36)随着《宫》、《美人心计》等剧的热播，冯绍峰被冠以“收视帝”的称号，成为炙手可热的荧屏第一当红小生。43 (37)莫言旧居游人络绎不绝兄长成“合影帝”(38)被一些网友戏称为“听证专业户”的听证帝们反复出现在各种不同类型、不同专业领域的听证会上，发表着雷同的“赞同”言论，受到了一些质疑。hlmeaboveex锄ples，“收视帝”referstomeactorswhocaIlbringhi出ratin黟；‘‘合影帝’’isamanwhotal(espictIlreswimalotof觚ouspeople；听证帝isapersonwho骶quentlytakespaItinhe撕ngsofwi乜1essesbutdoesn’tpe一、0彻hisresponsibilities．“帝”，asahistoricalwodd，primarilymeaIlst11eemperorofakin酊om，butnowadaysitacquiresmenewmeaIlingas“apersonw|hodoesbestinapanicularfield”，sometimesusedinajol【ingway．4．2。2Contextofsitua缸onAwordwimoutaspecificconteXtisjustasymb01．Awordindia、erentcontextsmayhavediff醯entmeanings，thusitcanbeseenasanewword．That’swhymaIlyneolo百smsarenotnewlyIcreatedwords，buteXistentwordswithnewmeamngs。Thete咖ofconteXtofsituationwas6rStputforwardbyB．Malinowski(1923)．Itref．erstotheactualsitIIationinwhjc_hmeverbalbehaViorhappens．Itdetemlinesmefactualmeaningmespea玉，erwantstoconVeyinaspeci缸csituation．A11thecommumcationisconductedtoreachspecilEicpersonsinspecificplaceatspecifictime．ThereforewhenweaIlalyzeacertainlinguisticpherlomenon，weshouldrdateittospecificsituation．Itincludestime，placeandmepanicipalltofCo删nunication．Halliday(1985)鹕uedmattllereare3el锄entsofcontext。fsituation：6eldofdiscourSe，tenorofdiscourseaIldmodeofdiscourse．Thefieldreferstometopica11dcontentofmecommunication，inomerwords，theactiVitymespe呔erandlistenerareenga舀ngin．ThetenorismerelationshipbeMeentheco舢[11uIlicationpanicipantandmeirsocialroles．Tllemodeisthefomofco舢mullication—-writtenorspoken，orthebom．4．2．2．1FieldofdiscourseWhenapersonhears“大出血”inaconVersation，hemayjudgewhetlleritisametaphoraccordingtothefiddofdiscourse．IftheconVersationisaboutanoperationoramedicalaccident，itprobablymeaIlshemato玎hea，consequentlyitisnotamet印hor．ButifitappearsinaconVersationaboutpromotionormatterSconcemedwithmoney’then“ispossiblyamet印hor．(39)成都女公交司机大出血(s甜ousbleedin曲，安全送下8站乘客后求救。(40)G20力阻全球银行业危机，欧洲银行或大出血(spendingmuchmone”。 Anotherex锄ple∥购物车”．wh肌itisheardinasupe锄arket，itobviouslymeaIlstheshopping协01leysmemerchantprovidesforthecustomertoputtheirchosengoodsin．WhilewhenitisheardinaconVerSationabout011line-shopping，thereisagoodchaIlcethatitreferstoanonline-shoppingt001．Intbiscase，itismetaphoricallyused．(41)该超市防损部员工姚先生说，购物车不准许成人用来代步。(42)目前淘宝购物车只支持非虚拟的一口价商品。4．2．2．21'enorofdiscOurseIftwobadmimonplayersaretall【ingabout“JI顶风球”，itcaJlbeeithermet印horicallystrucnlredornon-metaphoricallys缸uctured．Itori酉nallymeanstheballplayedwithtailwind(eXan叩1e43)．Thenitcanrefertoamatchwitlladvantageousbe舀IlIlingand1finalVictory(example44)．Whileif“顺风球’’isbeingtalkedaboutbyt、】l，omallagersatabusinessmeetingort、Ⅳopoliticiansinanelection，itismostprobablyametaphor，whichmeallsunh锄peredoperationofmebusinessorele“on(example45)．Similarl弘ifaweathemlanis百vingaweatherrepon，“回冷’’inhis嘶eranceobviouslymeaIlsanotherdropintemperature，whichisnon—metaphoric(exaIllple46)；whileif觚orealestateagentsaretalkingaboutmemarket，“回冷”maybeusedmetaphorically，ref．erringtothedowntumoftllemarket(ex锄ple47)．(43)打出顺风球可能让球飞得过远，反而错过赢得小鸟球的机会。(44)山猫不懂顺风球开拓者上演大逆转(45)党政人士忧蓝营只会打顺风球两次选举恐被双杀(46)天气突然回冷影响春茶上市。(47)多地国五条细则相继出台二手房交易热迅速回冷4．2．2．3ModeofdiscourseAstomemodeofdisCourse，somemet印horicallystructuredneolo每smsareoRenusedinwritten1anguage，like新鲜人(疳eshmall)，视频流(videostre锄)，控分线(con缸Dlledminimumpassingscore)，etc．ThereasonsmaybesomeofthemarenotsocatchyforCllinesepeopleandsomeofthemaretooprofessionalaIldhardtounderstalld．Ontlleotherhand，someoft11ene010百smsareused行equentlyinspoken1anguage．Tlleseneolo西sms，oRencov甜ngeverydaylife，areeasytounderstand．Peoplecallm锄orizeandusememeasilyformeirviViddescription，suchas白老鼠(asubspeciesof’mousealldoRentestedformedicalpullⅪse；aIlexp嘶mentalsubiect)，囿(emba盯assed)，火星文，etc．45 ⑧硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESIS(48)希望即将挥别象牙塔的职场新鲜人，千万不要因为着装不当而与成功擦肩而过。(49)Y0uTube五大合作渠道上月视频流总数接近15亿。(50)在沪招生艺术类本科最低录取控分线公布(51)欧美药企临床测试致印度15万人沦为“白老鼠”(52)图固更健康。4．2．3CognitiVecontextCo印itivecontextisapsycholo百calconc印t．Itincludeslexicalinfo订nation，encyclopedicl(Ilowledgeandlo百calinfo肌ation(Zhao№f砘，2001)．Withoutlexicalinfomlation，thecommuIlicationisimpossible．Encyclopedicl【Ilowledgeistheknowledgeaboutalltheconc印tsaJldideasoftheworld．Di虢rentexpedenceequipseVeryonewithdi脓entknowledgeaboutacenainconcept．Thatmakesadi行．erencetothecorrectinterpretationofametaphor．Forinstance，areadermaycomeacrosstlleneolo西sm“学术超男”innews：(53)记者：你喜欢“学术超男”这个称号吗?易中天：不喜欢。Firstly；tllereadershouldidenti鸟a11d孕aspmemeamngof“超男”。“超男”ismecounterpanof“超女”，whose如11nameis“超级女声”(SuperGirls)．跏P厂G护厶isapopularTVpro黟锄，thefomofwhichisafemalesin百ngcontest．ThepamcipaIltsoftlleContestarecalled“超女”，an硼曲erofwhomhaVebeenf．锄ousovenli曲t．Whenpeoplecall易中天“学术超男”，theymeaIlhehaSgot‰einHnediatelyaRerhegave1ecturesinaIlotllerTVpr0目啪一百家讲坛(Le眦eRoom)．IfmereaderhasneVerseen鼽p仃Gf加，aIldhasnoideaofwhoare“超女”，itwouldbeimpossibleforhimtouIlderStaIld‘‘超男”．OfcourSeHecan’tfindthesimilaritiesbetween“超男”and易中天．Itisnowondernlathecall’tunderstalldthismetaphor．AnomereXaIllple：(54)新中国同龄海归访谈录：洋插队比土插队更考验人IfateenagerwhoknowsnotllingmathappenedinmeCulturalReVolution，heorshemaynotu11derstaIld“洋插队”(studyingorwoddngabroad)．Becauseheorshewon’tfindtllatt11esourcedomainis“插队”(educatedyoungpeopleanduI．bancadresgoingtomralareasa11ddoingphysicallabor)．Itwillbeimpossibleforthemtoinducesimil撕tiesbe帆eenmesourcedomainandtargetdomain．The10百calinfo珊ationismepanicipaIlts’co鲥tiVecapabilities．Co鲥tivecapabilitiescollIlectobjectiVephysicalsettinga11dsubjectiVeindiViduall(nowledgeaIld ⑩硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESISexperiences．WhenaperSontriestounderstandametaphor，thereare铆ostages．Inmefirststage，thereaderorlisteIlershouldidenti母thetenorandtllevehicle，inotherwords，thet乏哆etdomainandthesourcedomaininametaphor．Anerthereco盟itiona11dcomp撕sonoftheknowledgescriptsandpsycholo百calschemataofthe似odomains，meco鲥tionoft11emetaphorentersintomesecondstage．Inthesecondstage，thereaderorlistenerwillinf打mereaImeaningofmemetaphorfbmtherelationshipbetweenthesourcedomainaIldtargetdomainwimin—d印ththiIll(ingandr印eatedcomp撕son．Whenheseeksoutmesimilaritybetweenmet、Ⅳodomains，themetaphorcomprehensionisaccomplished．Tosumup，Co弘itiVecontext，w11ichismadeupoftheinteractionandinte刚ionofnewinfo咖ationwimtheeXistentinfomationinmind，playsanessentialroleinmecomprehensionofmet印hors．4．3Themetaphors’ef托ctonChineselanguage4·3·1’I．heincreasingofquasiaffi】|【ationTlleneolo西smword胁嘶isasi鲥矗cantphenomenonofcont锄poraryChinese．An。0109ism、阳rdf．锄ilyisa、阳rdwimgreat、№rd-fb册ationabiIity’a11dmorethanthreene010垂smscanbefomledwiththisword．AwordfamilycallbeconsideredaSaquasia伍x．LVShuxiaJlg(1999)desc舶esmataIlamxisawordwrhichcan’tbeuseds印amtelybutcallbecombinedwithomerwords．Anaf|fixissemaIlticallymeaninglessandd印endentontheroot．Forex锄ple，“老”(老师、老外、老乡)，“子’’(桌子、孩子、房子)，“儿”(门儿、刀儿、妞儿)callfoma10tofnewwordswimomerwords，趿di11mesewords，“老”，“子”aIld“儿”aremeaIlin酉ess．Z1mYajun(2001)putfonⅣardtomeclassmcationoftypicala伍xesaIldquaSia伍xes．Atypicalamxhasalreadylostits1exicalmeaninganditcanneVerbeusedwiththemeaningasitpossessesinmecompoundwords．Aquasia伍xisawordwithmetransitionalfombetweenamota11daIla伍x．Itmoreor1essmairltainsori百nal1eXicalmeanings．InChinese，typicala伍xesarenotsomany，whilequasia衔xesareofgreaternumber'Ala曙e锄ountofne010西smsarefonlledbyquasia衔xation，manyofwhichareusedmetaphorically．Forex锄ple，“硬”，“软”，“热”，“冷”，“裸”，“晒”，“微”arecommonquasipre丘xesmet印horicallyusedinChineseneolo舀sms；“族”，“帝”，“霸”，“奴”，“党”，“客”arecommonquasisumxesmetapho五callyused．Take“霸”for47 exaIllple：(55)经历了一轮又一轮的海投，和至少十次面试，她曾经是一个不折不扣的面霸(interviewbuSter)。(56)在《马卡报》发起的网络投票中，网民占到总投票人数的五成。认为阿根廷人是球霸(pla妒eldmaster)的(57)‘‘麦霸’’(karaokemaster)为争话筒引群殴，两败俱伤均获刑·r霸’’isori西nallyusedt0refertothechiefoff．eudalprinces，suchas‘‘春秋五霸”(FiveFeudalPnncesinS砸ngandAu觚mlP嘶od)．Nowadays，“霸”isusedasaquasisumx，wimmemeaningof“memasterofacertainfield”．“霸”hasacomparatiVelyfixedpositionandmeaningiIlthe“霸”wordfamily．TheauthorbelieVesmata街xationisatrendofthedeVelopmentofChinese1anguage．ThisalsoresultsintheincreaSingnumberofthewordswim缸eecharacters．AcCordingtotheaI】nualr印ortofChineseLanguageLifeoftheyear2011PublishedbymeNationalAssociationofL趾guageResearCh，merehavebeen594neolo酉smsin2011。51．68％ofmemarethere．ch瑟acterwords，21．04％arefour-characterwordsaIldtwo—characterwordsonlyaccountfor15．66％．TheincreasiIlgofwordf．撇iliesreflectstheiIlfluenceofEn百ishlanguage，fort11ea伍xationcons仃uctionisquitecommoninEnglish．Tllebenefitofthis仃endismatpeoplecaIlusereaSoIlingtogIlesstllemeaIlingofastrangewordinawordf．锄ily．4．3．2TheincreasinguseofhomophonicwordsAnomerchangeiscausedbyphoneticmetaphors．111iste肌wasfirstputfonⅣardbyIVaIlFonagy(1999)．Tllephenomenonofphoneticmetaphorshasexistedsincea11cientChina．nusedtobeawordg锄eplayedbymenofl酣Cers，butnowitbecomesaco删：Ilonfomofgeneratingnewwordsa11dcoverseVer)raspectofdaily1ife．Firstofall，somephoneticmetaphorsrenectmepublic’sironicattitudetowardssomesocialph肌omena．Thereare谣盐(a11lmorthatcausespeople11lshtopurchaSesaltforf．e撕ngofnuclearradiation)，豆你玩(thesha印increaSingofthe研ceofmullgbe弛s)，蒜你狠(me蛳increaSingofthepriceofgarlic)，油你涨(thesharpincreaLsingofthepriceofoil)，姜你军(theSha印increasingofme皿ceof百nger)．(58)谣盐过后的反思：疑现幕后资本推手·‘盐’’ishomophoIlicwith‘唁”．111econteXtof‘‘谣盐”ismat世ermenuclear1eal(inJapaIl，therewas11lmors({垂言)inC11inamattoeatsaltcanpreVentresistradiation，48 whichresultedintIlepaIlicpurchasingofsalt．(59)今年以来，粳米、玉米等粮食品种，大蒜、蔬菜、绿豆等农副产品上涨较多，以至于出现“蒜你狠”、“豆你玩”的流行语。“蒜你狠’’ishomophonicwith‘‘算你狠”，anexpressiontoshowhelplessanddiscomentIIlent．“豆你玩”ishomophonicwith“逗你玩”，aneXpressionshowingjokingdefiance．A11thesesuggestthepeople’sdissatisfactionwithhi曲一singp矗ceinahumorousandirollicmanner．Second，somephoneticmetaphorsarethemi玎orofmodeHlChinese’sattitlldeof10n咖gforrelaXationinasociety龟11ofstressandtension．(60)人生是一张茶几，上面摆满了杯具和餐具。‘‘杯具”and“餐具”aremehomophonicwordsof‘‘悲剧”a11d“惨剧”。Thisf扯lousonlineeXpressionisrootedinyoungpeople’smoodofpursuingforsome如ninthisfast-pacedsocie够IIlthesephoneticmetaphors，them印pingscopebetweentllesourcedomainandmetargetdomainismes砌1aritiesbetweenprommciationsrathermanmesimil撕tiesofsemanticmealling．T陆smappingcanac}lieVeanViVidand1iVelye矗'ect．Somescholarsopposedtomewidelyuseofphoneticmet印hors，belieVingmatitwilln皿mep血tyofC11ineselaIlguageaIldmisleadpupilsWhoare1eanlingtowrite．Thoughtitisreasonablecorlcenl，t11euseofhomophoIlicwordsisincreasin舀ycommoninpubliclife．4．3．3Thechangeoftheco础mendatoryandderogatorymeaningofChinesewordsGenerallyspedI(ing，words’meallingcanbecommendatoⅨderogatoryorneutral，amongtheneu咖lmeaIlingtal【esupthelargestproponion．HoweVer’asmoreandmorewordsaremetaphoricallyused，mesemeaningsmaybechaIlged．(61)电视剧《双面胶》、《新结婚时代》都是反映凤凰男与城市女子的关系以及家庭矛盾的。“凤凰”(phoenjx)，aSan锄eofanima百narybird，traditionally西vespeopleaIliⅡ1pressionofbeingrespectedandnoble．111ancientChinese，itisthesymb01ofqueen．wllileintlleword“凤凰男”(u舀yducl【1in曲，ithasaderoga．corymealling．(62)北京、上海已成剩女“重灾区”。49 ‘‘剩’’(reInn删isal姗tralword．Butintheword“剩女”(1enoverwomen)，ithasaderogatorymeanjng．Itreferstothewomenwrhoha、，ehi曲de乒eesa11dwell—paidjobs，butcall’tfindasuitablespouse。Fromtheaboveex锄ples，wecallseemetaphorshaVechangedthecommendatoryaIldderogatorymeaIlingofChinesewords；manyofthesewordsarerelatedtosocialphenomena．Ofcourse，whemerthemeaningisco删mendato叫orderogato巧shouldalsodependonacertaincontext．4．3．4TheconcisetendencyofIanguageAsthepaceinmodemlifebecomesfaster，CllinesearepursuingconciseandbrieflaJlguage．Whencomingacrosssomecomplicatedorabstractmatter，they’dliketodesc曲eitinaf爸wwords．Metaphorscanappropriatelyservethjspu印ose．(63)有专家分析，随着我国工业化、城市化持续加速发展，劳动者正处于一个“累时代”。Whensomeonewantstodescribethetimesinw}lichpeopleares廿essedoutaIldtiredofcompetition，inSteadofsaying‘‘让人感到累的时代”，theycaIlusetheword“累时代”，inwhichpersom矗cationisused．Ina11，tlle黟eateste虢ctmatmetaphorsinne0109ismshaVeonChinese1a119uageisthatitmal(esmelallguagemorevivida11dconcise，meetingthedemaIldofmodemsocietV．50 5．1Majorfindings5．ConclusionsLallguageshaVeaclosecorulectionwiththedeVeIopmentofsociety．NeoIo西smsaremeproductsofhumallco盟itiVeact!iVities．Met印horsplaya11indispensibleroleingeneratingne010舀sms．Thefollowingarethem旬or6ndingswhenweconductcognitivestudyonthemetaphorsinChineseneolo百sms．Firstly'锄ongmemetaphorsinChjneseneolo西sms，ontolo西calmetaphorSareofthe孕eateStnumber，eSpeciallymetwosubcate90riesofont010昏calmetaphors—entityandsubstaIlcemet{lphorsaswellaspersonification．Somemetaphorscanalsobef．oundinwestemcountries，whichi11cludenearlyalltheorient撕onaImetaphors．ThisshowsusthateVenindi行矗entcountrieswithdi虢rentcultures，theremi曲tbesomethingincommonintheir1anguage．Thisresults缸’ommefactthata11hHnanbeingssharethes锄ephysicalexperience．Secondly，Asf打asmem叩pingdirectionsareconcemed，inthe伊eatestnumberofmetaphorsinC11ineSeneolo西sms，Ⅱ1em印pingdirectionis疗Dmconcretetoconcrete．Thesecond孕eatestnuIll_berisf-romconcretetoabstract．ThemetaphorswithabstractsourCedomainarequitefew．Tbjsphenomenonhassomethingtodowiththeessenceofme切phors：tounderstalldonematterintemlsofa110t}1er．ThatdecidesthesourcedomainshouldbeeasiertounderstaJld．Obviouslysomethingconcreteiseasiertocomprehelldthansomemingabstract．Tllirdly’contextisa11elementwecall’ti印orewhenwecomprehendmetaphors．ConteXtofcultu_re，conteXtofsinJationaJldco龋itivecontextareallinnuentialin黟aspingtheexactmeaIlingofamet印hor．Finally，metaphorshaVedi虢rente鼠ctonChinesela工lguage，includingtheincreasinguseofquasia伍xes，theincreasinguseofhomophonicwords，thechangeofmeco舢mcmdato巧a11dderogatorymeallingsofthewordsa11dmeconcisetendencVofl邺age． 5．2Implications5．2．1TheimpUca缸onforthetranslationofChineseneologismsMostoftheC11inesene010西smscaIl’tfindtlleirco衄te叩artsinEn百ish．WhentraIlslatingametaphodcalCllineseneolo舀sm，weshouldcare向llyidenti矽thetwodomaillsandmappingscopebetWeenthemtomakesurematme仃anslationcallbeunderstaJldablebypeopleinanotherculturalcontext．0nlyinthiswaycanwe蓼asptheessenCeofamet印horicalneolo舀sm．5．2．2TheimpⅡcationfortheChiIlesestlldyLallguageisconstalltlychaIl百ng．Lallguage1eamingshouldalsokeepupwithⅡletimes．AgoodmlderstaJldillgofthedeVelopingtendencyofournatiVe1anguageisinterestingandmeaning如1．IfweexposeourselVesmoretoChinesene010百sms，wewouldpossiblysortoutthedeVelopingtendencyofChinese．FindingoutaIldmal(ingsenseofmemetaphorsusedinChineseneolo百smswillde印enoura仃ectiontoournatiVelaIlguageandrebuildoursenseofnational研de．5．3Limitationsofthepresentpaper0lIleoftllelimitationsofthispaperisthatmecollecteddatamaynotbeascomprellensiveausexpected．Whenmepaperisfillished，mea11nualr印ortofChineseLanguage“feofmeyear2012hasn’tbeenreleaLSedbytheNationalAssociationofLallguageResearch，andmostofmedictionarieshaVen’tcollectedneolo百smseme蝤ngin2012，sotheauthorcaJl’tgetmelatestdata．MeaIlwhile，whenta崎ngaboutmemetaphors’e虢ctonChineselallguage，somethingaboutthee行．ectonChinesesyntaXstillneedsourmoreeXploration．Thou曲merearecertainlimitationsofthepresentpaper'mewriterstillhopesitcan百vesomecontributiontotlleresearchonmetaphorsa11dChinesene0109isms．ARera11，Cllineseneolo百smsareoneofthemosteasilychangedaIldhencethemostinterestinglinguisticphenomenainlaIlguagestudy．52 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