employment deconcentration a new perspective on america's…

employment deconcentration a new perspective on america's…

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1、FEDERALRESERVEBANKOFPHILADELPHIATenIndependenceMallPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania19106-1574(215)574-6428,www.phil.frb.org  WORKINGPAPERNO.01-4EMPLOYMENTDECONCENTRATION:ANEWPERSPECTIVEONAMERICA’SPOSTWARURBANEVOLUTIONGeraldA.CarlinoAndSatyajitChatterjeeFederalReserveBankofP

2、hiladelphiaFirstDraft:August1999Revised:March2001WORKINGPAPER01-4EMPLOYMENTDECONCENTRATION:ANEWPERSPECTIVEONAMERICA’SPOSTWARURBANEVOLUTIONbyGeraldCarlinoandSatyajitChatterjeeFederalReserveBankofPhiladelphiaFirstDraft:August1999Revised:March2001WethankTedCrone,VernHenderson,DavidPla

3、ne,JordanRappaport,andJacobVigdor,forhelpfulcommentsandsuggestions.TheopinionsexpressedherearesolelythoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyrepresentthoseoftheFederalReserveBankofPhiladelphiaortheFederalReserveSystem.ABSTRACTInthisstudyweshowthatduringthepostwarera,theUnitedStatesexper

4、iencedadeclineintheshareofurbanemploymentaccountedforbytherelativelydensemetropolitanareasandacorrespondingriseintheshareofrelativelylessdenseones.Thistrend,whichwecallemploymentdeconcentration,isdistinctfromtheotherwell-knownregionaltrend,namely,thepostwarmovementofjobsandpeoplefr

5、omthefrostbelttothesunbelt.Wealsoshowthatdeconcentrationhasbeenaccompaniedbyasimilartrendwithinmetropolitanareas,whereinemploymentshareofthedensersectionsofMSAshasdeclinedandthatofthelessdensesectionsrisen.Weprovideageneralequilibriummodelwithdensity-drivencongestioncoststosuggesta

6、nexplanationforemploymentdeconcentration.INTRODUCTIONIn1990,thestateofNebraskaandtheSanFranciscometropolitanareahadroughlythesamenumberofpeople.Ofcourse,whatdistinguishesSanFranciscofromNebraskaandmakesitrecognizableasametropolisisthatitspopulationdensityis1600whilethatofNebraskais

7、20.AsMillsandHamilton(1994)pointout,the“twomostimportantmeasuresofanurbanareaareitstotalpopulationanditstotallandarea.”Density,therefore,isacentralfeatureofurbanareas.Yet,empiricalstudiesoflong-termurbanevolutiontypicallydifferentiatemetropolitanareasbytheirsize(usuallypopulationsi

8、ze)andignoredifferencesint

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