国际经贸高级英语9

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1、TEXTGrowingInequalityThedegreeofincomeinequalityvariesgreatlyfromregiontoregion.ItisgreatestinLatinAmericaandsub-SaharanAfrica,andlowestinEasternEurope;otherregionsfallbetweenthesetwoextremes.InLatinAmerica,theaverageGinicoefficient—themostcommonlyusedmeasureofinequality,with0representingperfectequa

2、lityand1representingtotalinequality—isalmost0.5.TheaverageGinicoefficientinsub-SaharanAfricaisslightlylower,butthereisconsiderablevariationamongcountries.IncomeinequalityhasaregionaldimensioninbothAfricaandLatinAmerica—averageincomesaresignificantlyhigherinurbanareasthaninruralareas.UnitNineShouldE

3、quityBeaGoalofEconomicPolicy?UnitNineShouldEquityBeaGoalofEconomicPolicy?Inrecentyears,incomeinequalityhasbeenincreasinginalargenumberofcountries.Thisincreasehasbeenmoststrikinginthetransitioneconomies,wheretheaverageGinicoefficienthadbeenaround0.25untilthelate1980s;bythemid-1990s,ithadrisentomoret

4、han0.30.Whilethismaynotappeartobealargeincrease,itisquitesignificantfortheshortperiodbeingassessed.Ginicoefficientstendtoberelativelystableincountriesoverlongperiods.IncomeinequalityhasalsoincreasedinseveralmajorindustrialcountriesandisbeginningtoincreaseinsomeEastAsiancountries.UnitNineShouldEquit

5、yBeaGoalofEconomicPolicy?Muchofthedebateaboutincomedistributionhascenteredonwageearnings.Butwagestellonlypartofthestory.Thedistributionofwealth(and,byimplication,capitalincome)ismoreconcentratedthanlaborincome.InAfricaandLatinAmerica,unequalownershipoflandhasbeenidentifiedasanimportantfactorintheove

6、ralldistributionofincome.Furthermore,inrecentyears,therehasbeenashiftfromlabortocapitalincome(includingincomefromselfemployment)inmanycountries.Intransitioncountries,thisshifthasbeendueprimarilytotheprivatizationofstate-ownedassets.Theanalysisoftrendsinnonlaborincomeincountrieswithwelldevelopedcapit

7、almarketsandpensionfundsismorecomplicated.Pensionfundsandotherfinancialinstitutionsreceiveasizableportionofcapitalincome,andtheshareofcapitalincomeintotalhouseholdincometypicallychangesoverthelifecycl