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1、Queryingkeywords:questionsofdifference,frequencyandsenseinkeywordsanalysisPaulBaker,DeptLinguisticsandModernEnglishLanguage,LancasterUniversityIntroductionInrecentyears,corporahavebeguntoplayanimportantroleindiscourseanalysise.g.Teubert(2000),Krishnamurthy(1996)
2、,Piper(2000),Fairclough(2000)andFlowerdew(1997).Corpus-basedanalysisallowsresearcherstomoreorlessobjectivelyidentifywidespreadpatternsofnaturallyoccurringlanguageandrareinstances,bothofwhichmaybeover-lookedinasmall-scaleanalysis.Corpuslinguistshaveaccesstoarange
3、ofproceduresthatcanbeimplementedintheanalysisoftexte.g.collocations,frequencylists,dispersionplots,concordances.Onestatisticalprocedurethathasproventobepopularinvolvesthecreationofkeywordlists.Theearliestwriterswhoreferredtokeywordsintuitivelyfocussedonwordsthat
4、theybelievedembodiedimportantconceptswhichreflectedsocietalorculturalconcerns(e.g.Firth1957,Williams1983).However,takingacorpuslinguisticsapproach,Scott(1999)deriveskeywordsviaaspecificstatisticalprocess.Awordiskeyifitoccursinatextatleastasmanytimesasauserhasspe
5、cifiedasaminimumfrequency,anditsfrequencyinthetextwhencomparedwithitsfrequencyinareferencecorpusissuchthatitsstatisticalprobabilityascomputedbyanappropriateprocedure(e.g.ScottallowsuserstospecifyeitherDunning’slog-likelihoodscore(1993),orthechi-squaredtest)issma
6、llerorequaltoapvaluespecifiedbyauser.Scott’sdefinitionofkeywordsisthereforenotbaseduponconceptsthataresubjectivelyviewedasimportanttoculture,butallowsforanywordtopotentiallybekeyifitoccursfrequentlyenoughwhencomparedtoareferencecorpus.Scottnotesthatthreetypesofk
7、eywordsareoftenfound:propernouns,keywordsthathumanbeingswouldrecogniseaskey,andareindicatorsofthe‘aboutness’ofaparticulartext,andfinally,highfrequencywordssuchasbecause,shalloralready,whichmaybeindicatorsofstyle,ratherthanaboutness.Scott’sWordSmithsuiteoftoolsal
8、lowsafrequencylisttakenfromonefile(orcorpus)tobecomparedagainstthefrequencylistofanothercorpus(eitheralarger‘reference’corpus,oronethatisofasimilarsize).Whentwotextso
