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1外文资料TheTallOfficeBuildingArtisticallyConsideredbyLouisH.Sullivan,March,1896Thearchitectsofthislandandgenerationarenowbroughtfacetofacewithsomethingnewunderthesunnamely,thatevolutionandintegrationofsocialconditions,thatspecialgroupingofthem,thatresultsinademandfortheerectionoftallofficebuildings.Itisnotmypurposetodiscussthesocialconditions;Iacceptthemasthefact,andsayatoncethatthedesignofthetallofficebuildingmustberecognizedandconfrontedattheoutsetasaproblemtobesolvedavitalproblem,pressingforatruesolution.Letusstatetheconditionsintheplainestmanner.Briefly,theyarethese:officesarenecessaryforthetransactionofbusiness;theinventionandperfectionofthehighspeedelevatorsmakeverticaltravel,thatwasoncetediousandpainful,noweasyandcomfortable;developmentofsteelmanufacturehasshownthewaytosafe,rigid,economicalconstructionsrisingtoagreatheight;continuedgrowthofpopulationinthegreatcities,consequentcongestionofcentersandriseinvalueofground,stimulateanincreaseinnumberofstories;thesesuccessfullypiledoneuponanother,reactongroundvaluesandsoon,byactionandreaction,interactionandinterreaction.Thushascomeaboutthatformofloftyconstructioncalledthe"modernofficebuilding".Ithascomeinanswertoacall,forinitanewgroupingofsocialconditionshasfoundahabitationandaname.Uptothispointallinevidenceismaterialistic,anexhibitionofforce,ofresolution,ofbrainsinthekeensenseoftheword.Itisthejointproductofthespeculator,theengineer,thebuilder.Problem:Howshallweimparttothissterilepile,thiscrude,harsh,brutalagglomeration,thisstark,staringexclamationofeternalstrife,thegraciousnessofthesehigherformsofsensibilityandculturethatrestonthelowerandfiercerpassions?Howshallweproclaimfromthedizzyheightofthisstrange,weird,modernhousetopthepeacefulevangelofsentiment,ofbeauty,thecultofahigherlife?Thisistheproblem;andwemustseekthesolutionofitinaprocessanalogoustoitsownevolutionindeed,acontinuationofitnamely,byproceedingstepbystepfromgeneraltospecialaspects,fromcoarsertofinerconsiderations.Itismybeliefthatitisoftheveryessenceofeveryproblemthatiscontainsandsuggests9 itsownsolution.ThisIbelievetobenaturallaw.Letusexamine,then,carefullytheelements,letussearchoutthiscontainedsuggestion,thisessenceoftheproblem.Thepracticalconditionsare,broadlyspeaking,these:Wanted1st,astorybelowground,containingboiler,enginesofvarioussorts,etc.inshort,theplantforpower,heating,lighting,etc.2nd,agroundfloor,socalled,devotedtostores,banks,orotherestablishmentsrequiringlargearea,amplespacing,amplelight,andgreatfreedomofaccess,3rd,asecondstoryreadilyaccessiblebystairwaysthisspaceusuallyinlargesubdivisions,withcorrespondingliberalityinstructuralspacingandexpanseofglassandbreadthofexternalopenings,4th,abovethisanindefinitenumberofstoriesofofficespiledtierupontier,onetierjustlikeanothertier,oneofficejustlikealltheotherofficesanofficebeingsimilartoacellinhoneycomb,merelyacompartment,nothingmore,5th,andlast,atthetopofthispileisplacedaspaceorstorythat,asrelatedtothelifeandusefulnessofthestructure,ispurelyphysiologicalinitsnaturenamely,theattic.Inthisthecirculatorysystemcompletesitselfandmakesitgrandturn,ascendinganddescending.Thespaceisfilledwithtanks,pipes,valves,sheaves,andmechanicaletceterathatsupplementandcomplementtheforceoriginatingplanthiddenbelowgroundinthecellar.Finally,oratthebeginningrather,theremustbeonthegroundflooramainapertureorentrancecommontoalltheoccupantsorpatronsofthebuilding.Thistabulationis,inthemain,characteristicofeverytallofficebuildinginthecountry.Astothenecessaryarrangementsforlightcourts,thesearenotgermanetotheproblem,andaswillbecomesoonevident,Itrustneednotbeconsideredhere.Thesethings,andsuchothersasthearrangementofelevators,forexample,havetodostrictlywiththeeconomicsofthebuilding,andIassumethemtohavebeenfullyconsideredanddisposedoftothesatisfactionofpurelyutilitarianandpecuniarydemands.Onlyinrareinstancesdoestheplanorfloorarrangementofthetallofficebuildingtakeonanaestheticvalue,andthususuallywhenthelightingcourtisexternalorbecomesaninternalfeatureofgreatimportance.AsIamhereseekingnotforanindividualorspecialsolution,butforatruenormaltype,theattentionmustbeconfinedtothoseconditionsthat,inthemain,areconstantinalltallofficebuildings,andeverymereincidentalandaccidentalvariationeliminatedfromtheconsideration,asharmfultotheclearnessofthemaininquiry.Thepracticalhorizontalandverticaldivisionorofficeunitisnaturallybasedonaroomofcomfortableareaandheight,andthesizeofthisstandardofficeroomasnaturallypredeterminesthestandardstructuralunit,and,approximately,thesizeofwindowopenings.Inturn,thesepurelyarbitraryunitsofstructureforminanequallynaturalwaythetruebasis9 oftheartisticdevelopmentoftheexterior.Ofcoursethestructuralspacingsandopeningsinthefirstormercantilestoryarerequiredtobethelargestofall;thoseinthesecondorquasimercantilestoryareofasomewhatsimilarnature.Thespacingsandopeningsintheatticareofnoimportancewhatsoeverthewindowshavenoactualvalue,forlightmaybetakenfromthetop,andnorecognitionofacellulardivisionisnecessaryinthestructuralspacing.Henceitfollowinevitably,andinthesimplestpossibleway,thatifwefollowournaturalinstinctswithoutthoughtofbooks,rules,precedents,oranysucheducationalimpedimentstoaspontaneousand"sensible"result,wewillinthefollowingmannerdesigntheexteriorofourtallofficebuildingtowit:Beginningwiththefirststory,wegivethisaminentrancethatattractstheeyetoitlocation,andtheremainderofthestorywetreatinamoreorlessliberal,expansive,sumptuouswayawaybasedexactlyonthepracticalnecessities,butexpressedwithasentimentoflargenessandfreedom.Thesecondstorywetreatinasimilarway,butusuallywithmilderpretension.Abovethis,throughouttheindefinitenumberoftypicalofficetiers,wetakeourcuefromtheindividualcell,whichrequiresawindowwithitsseparatingpier,itsstillandlintel,andwe,withoutmoreado,makethemlookallalikebecausetheyareallalike.Thisbringsustotheattic,whichhavingnodivisionintoofficecells,andnospecialrequirementforlighting,givesusthepowertoshowbymeansofitsbroadexpanseofwall,anditsdominatingweightandcharacter,thatwhichisthefactnamely,thattheseriesofofficetiershascomedefinitelytoanend.Thismayperhapsseemabaldresultandaheartless,pessimisticwayofstatingit,butevensowecertainlyhaveadvancedamostcharacteristicstagebeyondtheimaginedsinisterbuildingofthespeculatorengineerbuildercombination.Forthehandofthearchitectisnowdefinitelyfeltinthedecisivepositionatoncetaken,andthesuggestionofathoroughlysound,logical,coherentexpressionoftheconditionsisbecomingapparent.WhenIsaythehandofthearchitect,Idonotmeannecessarilytheaccomplishedandtrainedarchitect.Imeanonlyamanwithastrong,naturallikingforbuildings,andadispositiontoshapetheminwhatseemstohisunaffectednatureadirectandsimpleway.Hewillprobablytreadaninnocentpathfromhisproblemtoitssolution,andthereinhewillshowanenviablegiftoflogic.Ifwehavesomegiftforformindetail,somefeelingforformpurelyandsimplyasform,someloveforthat,hisresultinadditiontoitsimplestraightforwardnaturalnessandcompletenessingeneralstatement,willhavesomethingoftemperamentandinterest.However,thusfartheresultsareonlypartialandtentativeatbestrelativelytrue,theyare9 butsuperficial.Wearedoubtlessrightinourinstinctbutwemustseekafullerjustification,afinersanction,forit.Iassumenowthatinthestudyofourproblemwehavepassedthroughthevariousstagesofinquiry,asfollows:1st,thesocialbasisofthedemandfortallbuildings;2nd,itsliteralmaterialsatisfaction;3rd,theelevationofthequestionfromconsiderationsofliteralplanning,construction,andequipment,totheplaneofelementaryarchitectureasadirectoutgrowthofsound,sensiblebuilding;4th,thequestionagainelevatedfromanelementaryarchitecturetothebeginningsoftruearchitecturalexpression,throughtheadditionofacertainqualityandquantityofsentiment.ButourbuildingmayhavealltheseinaconsiderabledegreeandyetbefarfromthatadequatesolutionoftheproblemIamattemptingtodefine.Wemustnowheedqualityandquantityofsentiment.Itdemandsofus,whatisthechiefcharacteristicofthetallofficebuilding?Andatonceweanswer,itislofty.Thisloftinessistotheartistnatureitsthrillingaspect.Itistheveryopenorgantoneinitsappeal.Itmustbeinturnthedominantchardinhisexpressionofit,thetrueexcitantofhisimagination.Itmustbetall,everyinchofittall.Theforceandpowerofaltitudemustbeinit,thegloryandprideofexaltationmustbeinit.Itmustbeeveryinchaproudandsoaringthing,risinginsheerexultationthatfrombottomtotopitisaunitwithoutasingledissentinglinethatitisthenew,theunexpected,theeloquentperorationofmostbald,mostsinister,mostforbiddingconditions.Themanwhodesignsinthespiritandwiththesenseofresponsibilitytothegenerationhelivesinmustbenocoward,nodenier,nobookworm,nodilettante.Hemustliveofhislifeandforhislifeinthefullest,mostconsummatesense.Hemustrealizeatonceandwiththegraspofinspirationthattheproblemofthetallofficebuildingisoneofthemoststupendous,oneofthemostmagnificentopportunitiesthattheLordofNatureinHisbeneficencehaseverofferedtotheproudspiritofman.Thatthishasnotbeenperceivedindeedhasbeenflatlydeniedisanexhibitionofhumanperversitythatmustgiveuspause.Onemoreconsideration.Letusnowliftthisquestionintotheregionofcalm,philosophicobservation.Letusseekacomprehensive,afinalsolution:lettheproblemindeeddissolve.Certaincritics,andverythoughtfulones,haveadvancedthetheorythatthetrueprototypeofthetallofficebuildingistheclassicalcolumn,consistingofbase,shaftandcapitalthemoldedbaseofthecolumntypicalofthelowerstoriesofourbuilding,theplainorflutedshaftsuggestingthemonotonous,uninterruptedseriesofofficetiers,andthecapitalthe9 completingpowerandluxurianceoftheattic.Othertheorizers,assumingamysticalsymbolismasaguide,quitethemanytrinitiesinnatureandart,andthebeautyandconclusivenessofsuchtrinityinunity.Theyaverthebeautyofprimenumbers,themysticismofthenumberthree,thebeautyofallthingsthatareinthreepartstowit,theday,subdividingintomorning,noon,andnight;thelimbs,thethorax,andthehead,constitutingthebody.Sotheysay,shouldthebuildingbeinthreepartsvertically,substantiallyasbefore,butfordifferentmotives.Others,ofpurelyintellectualtemperament,holdthatsuchadesignshouldbeinthenatureofalogicalstatement;itshouldhaveabeginning,amiddle,andanending,eachclearlydefinedthereforeagainabuilding,asabove,inthreepartsvertically.9 2中文翻译高层办公建筑艺术思考路易斯·沙利文1896-3这个时代该领域的建筑师开始正视一些新的由于社会条件变革和整合以及它们特殊组合导致的对高层办公建筑的立面要求。讨论社会现状并不是我的目的。我接受社会现实,并且立刻断定高层办公建筑肯定会被认可且开始作为一个迫切需要真正的去解决的关键性问题来面对。我们以最简单的方式来说明情况。简而言之,情况如下:办公室是商业交易的必须场所;高速电梯的发明和完美创造使曾经沉闷令人头疼的垂直交通变得容易和舒适;钢产品的发展把安全、坚实、经济的建筑物引向了一个更高的高度。大城市人口的可持续增长,随之而来的中心区拥挤和地价的上涨刺激了建筑数目的增长;他们成功的聚集为建筑群通过作用、反作用、相互作用及内部作用反映了地价等。因而产生了这种被称为“现代办公大楼”的高耸建筑形式。这种建筑形式已经自然而然的形成,因为在它内部社会条件新的组合已经形成一个聚居地和名字。取决于这点,所有显而易见的都是唯物论的,是力量、决心和敏锐语言表现智力的展示。它是投机商,工程师,建造者的结合的产物。问题:我们该如何将这些建立在较低级和不灭的激情之上的较高形式的感性和文明所拥有的永恒竞争力和亲和感赋予这些缺乏创造性的拙劣、粗糙,呆板的建筑群。我们该如何从这个奇怪的,怪异的,有着令人眩晕的高度的现代屋顶上公开赞扬这种安宁的情趣,美感,以及较高的生活时尚。这是个问题,我们必须在和它的进化确实相似的过程中去寻找它的解决,那就是他的延续,通过一步一步的从一般到特殊的方面着手进行,从比较粗糙到细致的考虑。我相信每个问题最本质的是问题本身包含了其解决途径。我相信这是自然法则。我们仔细的检查这些组成部分,然后找出它所包含的意思,即这个问题的本质。广泛的说,实际情况是:首先需要的是,一个包含锅炉、不同种类机房的地下层。简而言之,需求能量,暖气,照明的房屋设施。第二,所谓的一楼,用于商店,银行或其他需要大区域,充足间距,充足光照以及进入十分自由的机构。第三,二层很容易由楼梯进入,它的空间由巨大的部分构成,拥有相当宽阔的结构间隙,玻璃的扩展区域以及外部通道。第四,第二层之上是不确定数目的办公室,层层堆积,层层相似,间间相似。一间办公室与蜂巢里的蜂房巢室非常相似,只是作为一个分隔间,别无其他。第五9 ,在建筑物的顶层设置了如涉及生活和结构的有效空间或建筑层,那就是纯粹的结构需要顶楼。这个循环系统完美了自身,无论是上升的还是下降的都使其具有优美的形式。空间中充满了容器,管道,阀门,还有为隐藏在地下室里的设施的启动供给和补充动力的机械附属设备。最后,或者倒不如说是开始,在一楼一定有一个主要的孔或入口通常对所有的占有者或顾客开放。至于对光井的必要安排,是这个国家每个高层办公楼的特点。比如对电灯的必要的安排,这些对问题是不恰当的,而且也会很快变得清楚。我相信例如安装电梯等问题在这不必考虑。举例来说,这些事物和其他诸如电梯的安装必须和建筑物的经济意义严格相符,并且我认为这些已经被充分的考虑和处理,达到了对纯粹功利和金钱要求的满意程度。只有在杰出的力作中,高层办公大楼的规划和楼层安排才能呈现出美学价值,例如通常何时将光井设为外部或形成一个内在特征就显得很重要了。我寻求的不是一个个别的或者特别的方案,而是一个真正的普遍类型。因而注意力应当集中在那些高层办公建筑始终要面对的主要情况上,排除对那些纯粹偶然或巧合的变化情况的考虑,从而不致对主要研究问题的清晰度有不利影响。实际的水平和垂直的区域划分或办公单元自然的以有舒适感的区域和高度的房间为基础。这种标准办公室的大小自然预先确定了对应标准的结构单元,也大致确定了窗户开口的大小。反过来,这些纯随意性的结构单元以同样自然的方式形成了外形艺术发展的真正基础。当然,第一层和商业层对结构间距和开口的需求是最大的;而第二层和部分商业层的结构间距和开口多少有些相似的形式。无论什么,顶楼的间距和开口并不重要,窗户没有实际价值,因为可以从顶端采光,而且“结构空间的分隔式划分是必须的”的说法并没有得到公认。由此就会不可避免以可能的简单的方式出现一种情况,那就是如果我们不考虑法规、规范、先例或教育对本能和感觉得到的结果的阻碍,而是凭借我们的本能,我们将竭尽聪明才智用下面的方式去设计我们的高层办公大楼的外形。首先在第一层,我们设置一个能吸引人眼球的最小入口,让人们注意它的位置。剩余的其他楼层,我们应差不多一样自由、开阔和豪华的方式来处理,这种方式正是基于实际需要,但又表达了一种开阔的自由。第二层,我们用相似的方式处理,但通常做一些轻微的修饰。以上的楼层,始终都是数目不定的典型办公层。从单独的楼层出发,他都需要拥有单独的窗间墙、过梁的窗户。我们无需做得更多,只需使其看上去全部相似,因为它们本身都是相似的。然后我们开始设计顶楼,它与办公室没有费界限,对照命也没有特殊的要求,通过它的宽广的墙壁,绝对的重量和想象,向我们展示了一个事实,那就是一层层的办公层彻底地到达了尽头。这可能像一个不加修饰的结果,一种冷酷的、消极的说法,但即使这样,我们无疑推进到了一个非常典型的阶段,这一阶段超出了投机商、工程师和建筑者的组合的想象,被认为很不吉利的建筑。现在,有建筑才能的人已经被认为具有决定性的地位,因为他们很快被接受,所以一种对情况全面可靠、合乎逻辑的建议变得明晰起来。9 当提到有建筑才能的人时,我指的不一定是有造诣的、接受过专门训练的建筑师。我指的是一个对建筑有着强烈和天生爱好的人,一个用纯然天性中就有的直接、简单的方式来塑造建筑的人。从发现问题到解决问题,他可能会走一条很幼稚的路,并在其中表现出一种令人羡慕的擅于逻辑思维的天赋。如果我们对具体的形式有某种天赋,对只不过纯粹是为了作为形式的形式有某种感觉,对形式有一种热爱,另外在总体表现上的毫无修饰的自然和完整,他的成果将有一些情趣魅力。但是迄今为止,他的成果也只是相对真实的部分的,它们还是很肤浅。无疑,我们的直觉是正确的,但我们一定要为它寻求一个更全面的证明,更好的依据。我认为在研究我们的问题过程中,我们经过了如下一系列的探索阶段:第一,对于高层建筑需求的社会依据;第二,它的实实在在物质性的满足;第三,从缺乏形象力的计划、建设、配备到作为一个坚固的实体建筑的直接产物——简单建筑的难度。第四,通过融入一定质和量的情感,从简单建筑艺术到真正建筑艺术表达的开端这个难题被提出来。虽然我们的建筑物在一定程度上拥有了这些,可离我正在尝试定义的问题的充分解决还很远。现在我们必须注意融入建筑中情感的质与量。它要求我们回答的是高层办公大楼的主要特点是什么?我们立刻做出回答:它很高。这种高自然是令艺术家恐惧的方面,也恰恰是与它室外感染力相配的外在特征。它也一定是建筑表达的重要优势,想象力的真正来源。它必须得高,高度的每一寸必须充满力量、动力和令人兴奋的骄傲和光荣。它从底部到顶部的每一寸都有引以为荣和升华的东西。没有任何异议,它是作为一个单元,并且是不加修饰的、光秃的、令人生畏的情况和新的、不可预料的结果。用精神设计,对自己生活的时代有责任感的人一定不是懦弱者、受排斥着、书呆子和门外汉。他用自己的方式去生活,为了自己充实而有成就感的人生而生活。他一定抓住了灵感并且意识到上帝已经慷慨地给予了自尊的人们解决高层办公大楼的最了不起、最好的机会之一。实际上这甚至没有被认可就已经被完全否认,这一现实是我们必然停滞的人类反常的一个表现。现在我们从冷静的、哲学的角度取观察这个问题,让我们寻求一个全面的、最终的解决办法让难题确实消失。某批评家和一些有见地的评论家已经提出新理论,认为高层办公大楼的真正雏形是一些包括基础、井、柱头,建筑低层的一些浇注的柱形基础,显示出单调的不间断的一系列的办公层的简单竖形的井,力量十足的林立的顶楼。9 其他一些理论者则认为高层办公建筑的依据是神奇的象征主义,自然、艺术和美的多种极好的组合,还有着统一组合的决定性。他们断言这些基本数字的妙处,数字三的神秘,即由三部分组成的所有东西的妙处,比如,一天细分为早晨、中午和晚上;人体由四肢、胸和头构成。所以他们说建筑物在垂直方向上应为三部分,大体和以前相同,只是出于不同的动机。其他一些纯粹智力型的评论家,认为这种设计是理所当然的合理;它应该包括起点、中部、结尾,因此每一个建筑应如上所说的,在垂直方向上明确的限定为三个部分。9