the rise of auxiliary do verb-non-raising or category-strengthening

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1、TheriseofauxiliaryDO:verb-non-raisingorcategory-strengthening?.ThemainideasinthispaperwerepresentedpubliclyatseminarsatUCLandOxfordUniversity,andattheworkshop`EnglishHistoricalSyntax:Whatnow?'inManchesterinMay1996.Ishouldliketoacknowledgecommentsfromtheparticipantsofallthesemeeting

2、s,andinparticularfromAnthonyWarner,DavidDenison,RobertStockwellandananonymousrefereewhoallcommentedonanearlierwrittenversion.Thesameideasandsomeofthesamematerialareincludedinamorewide-rangingdiscussioninHudson(forthcoming),whicharguesmorespecificallyforWordGrammarasasuitabletheoryo

3、flanguagestructureforexplainingbothsynchronicanddiachronicvariation.RichardHudsonUCLAbstractThepapercontraststwoexplanationsforEllegård'sstatisticaldataontheriseofauxiliaryDOduringthe15thand16thcenturies.OneisKroch'sexplanationintermsofachangeontheparameterofverb-raising,whichissho

4、wntohaveanumberofseriousweaknesses.TheotherisWarner'sexplanationintermsofthegradualdevelopmentofthedistinctionbetweenauxiliaryandfullverbs.ThoughKrochquotesEllegård'sfiguresinsupportofthePrinciples-and-Parametersanalysis,theyactuallysupportWarner'sviewmuchbetter.Thepaperalsoconside

5、rsdevelopmentsintheauxiliarysystemsincethe16thcenturyandoffersamixtureofcognitiveandfunctionalexplanationsforthechangessincethe13thcentury.1.AqualitativehistoryoftheauxiliaryDOOneofthemoststrikingcharacteristicsofModernEnglishistheimportanceoftheauxiliaryDO.Intheabsenceofanyotherau

6、xiliary,itisusedinsubject-inversion,innegation,inemphaticpolarity,in`VPanaphora'andintagquestions,asshownbythefollowingpairsofexampleswhereasentencecontainingDOiscontrastedwithonecontaininganotherauxiliary,HAVE.aHavetheyfinished?bDidtheyfinish?aTheyhaven'tfinished.bTheydidn'tfinish

7、.aTheyHAVEfinished!bTheyDIDfinish!aTheyhave.bTheydid.aTheyhavefinished,have(n't)they?bTheyfinished,did(n't)they?AuxiliaryDOisoftencalled`periphrastic'DObecauseithasnomeaningindependentofthemeaningoftheconstructionconcerned;theonlyreasonforusingauxiliaryDOinModernEnglishisbecausethe

8、syntaxrequiresanauxiliarya