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1、红色为重点蓝色为次要黑色为最次，但三篇都要求会背+第十五篇“Liquefaction”KeytoMuchofJapaneseEarthquakeDamageThemassivesubductionzone1earthquakeinJapancausedasignificantlevelofsoil"liquefaction"2thathassurprisedresearcherswithits1severity,anewanalysisshows."We'veseenlocalized3examplesofsoilliquefactionasextremeasthisbefore,bu
2、tthedistanceand2ofdamageinJapanwereunusuallysevere,"saidScottAshford,aprofessorofgeotechnicalengineering4atOregonStateUniversity5."Entirestructuresweretiltedandsinkingintothesediments,"Ashfordsaid."Theshiftsinsoildestroyedwater,drainandgaspipelines6,cripplingtheutilitiesandinfrastructurethesecom
3、munitiesneedto3.Wesawsomeplacesthatsankasmuchasfourfeet."Somedegreeofsoilliquefaction7iscommoninalmostanymajorearthquake.It'saphenomenoninwhichsoilssoakedwithwater,particularlyrecentsedimentsorsand,canlosemuchoftheir4andflowduringanearthquake.Thiscanallowstructurestoshiftorsinkor5.Butmostearthqu
4、akesaremuch6thantherecenteventinJapan,Ashfordsaid.ThelengthoftheJapaneseearthquake,asmuchasfiveminutes,mayforceresearcherstoreconsidertheextentofliquefactiondamagepossiblyoccurringinsituationssuchasthis8."Withsuchalong-lastingearthquake,wesaw7structuresthatmighthavebeenokayafter30secondsjustcont
5、inuedtosinkandtiltastheshakingcontinuedforseveralmoreminutes,"hesaid."Anditwasclearthatyoungersediments,andespeciallyareasbuilton8filledground,aremuchmorevulnerable."ThedataprovidedbyanalyzingtheJapaneseearthquake,researcherssaid,shouldmakeitpossibletoimprovetheunderstandingofthissoil9andbetterp
6、repareforitinthefuture.Ashfordsaiditwascriticalfortheteamtocollecttheinformationquickly,10damagewasremovedintherecoveryefforts9."There'snodoubtthatwe'lllearnthingsfromwhathappenedinJapan10that11willhelpustoreducerisksinothersimilar11,"Ashfordsaid."Futureconstructioninsomeplacesmaymakemoreuseofte
7、chniquesknowntoreduceliquefaction,suchasbettercompactiontomakesoilsdense,oruseofreinforcingstonecolumns."AshfordpointedoutthatnorthernCaliforniahaveyoungersoilsvulnerabletoliquefaction---onthecoast,nearriverdepositsorinareas
