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1、红色为重点蓝色为次要黑色为最次，但三篇都要求会背+第十五篇“Liquefaction”KeytoMuchofJapaneseEarthquakeDamageThemassivesubductionzonelearthquakeinJapancausedasignificantlevelofsoil〃1iquefaction"2thathassurprisedresearcherswithits1severity,anewanalysisshows.〃We’veseenlocalizec!3examplesofsoi11iquefacti
2、onasextremeasthisbefore,butthedistanceand2ofdamageinJapanwereunusuallysevere,〃saidScottAshford,aprofessorofgeotechnica1engineering4atOregonStateUniversity5."EntirestructuresweretiItedandsinkingintothesediments,’’Ashfordsaid.〃Theshiftsinsoi1destroyedwater,drainandgaspipel
3、ines6,cripplingtheuti1itiesandinfrastructurethesecommunitiesneedto3.Wesawsomeplacesthatsankasmuchasfourfeet.z，Somedegreeofsoilliquefaction7iscommoninalmostanymajorearthquake.It’saphenomenoninwhichsoiIssoakedwithwater,particularlyrecentsedimentsorsand,canlosemuchoftheir4a
4、ndflowduringanearthquake.Thiscanallowstructurestoshiftorsinkor5.Butmostearthquakesaremuch6tbantherecenteventinJapan,Ashfordsaid.The1engthoftheJapaneseearthquake,asmuchasfiveminutes,mayforceresearcherstoreconsidertheextentof1iquefactiondamagepossiblyoccurringinsituationss
5、uchasthis8."Withsucha1ong-1astingearthquake,wesaw7structuresthatmighthavebeenokayafter30secondsjustcontinuedtosinkandtiltastheshakingcontinuedforsevera1moreminutes,〃hesaid.〃Anditwasclearthatyoungersediments,andespeciallyareasbuilton8filledground,aremuchmorevulnerable.〃Th
6、edataprovidedbyanalyzingtheJapaneseearthquake,researcherssaid,shouldmakeitpossibletoimprovetheunderstandingofthissoil9andbetterprepareforitinthefuture.Ashfordsaiditwascriticalfortheteamtocollecttheinformationquickly,10damagewasremovedintherecoveryefforts9.’’There’snodoub
7、tthatwe’11learnthingsfromwhathappenedinJapan10thatl1wi11helpustoreducerisksinothersimiIar11,Ashfordsaid.”FutureconstruetioninsomepiacesmaymakemoreuseoftechniquesknowntoreduceJiquefaction,suchasbettercompactiontomakesoilsdense,oruseofreinforcingstonecolumns.’’Ashfordpoint
8、edoutthatnorthernCaliforniahaveyoungersoilsvulnerabletoliquefactiononthecoast,nearriverdepositsorinarea
