nomenclature of organic compounds - a-level 有机化合物命名- a级

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1、Topic13.4NOMENCLATUREANDISOMERISMINORGANICCHEMISTRYNewFunctionalGroupsReviewofASIsomerismOpticalIsomerismMillHillCountyHighSchoolNEWFUNCTIONALGROUPSIntroductiontonewgroupsTheIUPACmethodfornamingorganiccompoundshasbeenexplainedintheASnotes.Thereareanumberofneworganicmolec

2、ulesinA2Chemistry:TypeofcompoundStructureofgroupExampleCarboxylatesaltAcylchorideacidanhydrideamideesterN-substitutedamidePrimaryamineswerecoveredatAS-level,butthereareanumberofothertypesofamineandrelatedmoleculesofwhichknowledgeisrequiredatA2level:SecondaryamineTertiary

3、amineAlkylammoniumsaltNomenclatureofnewgroupsa)carboxylatesaltsCarboxylatesaltsarenamedwiththecationfirstandthenthesuffix–anoateEgsodiummethanoatesodiumbutanoateb)acylchloridesAcidchloridesarenamedusingthesuffix:–anoylchlorideEgethanoylchloridepropanoylchlorideThegroupis

4、alwaysattheendofthemolecule,sonumberingisnotnecessary.c)acidanhydridesIfbothalkylgroupsarethesame,acidanhydridesarenamedusingthesuffix–anoicanhydrideEgethanoicanhydrideIfthealkylgroupsaredifferent,eachmustbespecified:Egmethanoicethanoicanhydrided)amidesAmidesarenamedusin

5、gthesuffix–anamideEgpropanamidemethanamideThegroupisalwaysattheendofthemolecule,sonumberingisnotnecessary.e)estersEstersarenamedusinganalkylprefixtoindicatethegroupattachedtothesingleOandthesuffix–anoatetoindicatethegroupattachedtobothoxygenatoms.EgmethylmethanoateThemet

6、hylindicatesthenumberofcarbonsinthechainattachedtothesingleO(ie1),andthemethanoateindicatesthenumberofcarbonsinthechainattachedtobothOatoms(ie1).propylethanoatef)N-substitutedamidesN-substitutedamidesarenamedusinganN-alkylprefixtoindicatethegroupattachedtotheNonlyandthes

7、uffix–anamidetoindicatethegroupattachedtobothOandNatoms.EgN-ethylethanamideTheethylindicatesthenumberofcarbonsinthechainattachedtotheNonly(ie2)andtheethanamideindicatesthenumberofcarbonsinthechainattachedtobothNandO(ie2)N-methylpropanamideg)aminesPrimaryaminesarenamedusi

8、ngtheprefixamino-followedbythesuffix–ane.Ifthecarbonchaincontainsmorethan2carbonatoms,theaminoshouldbep