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1、ThePoliticsofMotivation*byJamesN.DruckmanNorthwesternUniversitydruckman@northwestern.eduJune22,2011AbstractTaberandLodge(2006)offerapowerfulcasefortheprevalenceofdirectionalreasoningthataimsnotattruth,butatthevindicationofprioropinions.TaberandLodge’sresultshavefar-reachingim
2、plicationsforempiricalscholarshipandnormativetheory;indeed,theverycitizensoftenseenasperforming“best”ontestsofpoliticalknowledge,sophistication,andideologicalconstraintappeartobetheoneswhoarethemostsusceptibletodirectionalreasoning.HoweverTaberandLodge’sstudy,whileinternallyb
3、eyondreproach,maysubstantiallyoverstatethepresenceofmotivatedreasoninginpoliticalsettings.Thatsaid,thefocusonaccuracymotivationhasthepotentialtobringtogethertwomodelsofopinionformationthatmanytreatascompetitorsandtoofferabasesforassessingcitizencompetence.*IthankJeffFriedman,
4、SamaraKlar,andThomasLeeperforextremelyhelpfuladvice.0Criticizingcitizens’abilitiestoformcoherentpoliticalpreferencesisafavoritepastimeofscholarsandpundits.Manyfocusoncitizens’lackofinformationortheirinabilitytodrawoncoherentideologies.Intheirarticle,“MotivatedSkepticisminPoli
5、ticalBeliefs”(2006),TaberandLodgeshiftthefocustomotivation.Thequestionisnotwhethercitizenspossesssufficientinformationorholdinformation-organizingideologies,butrather,whethertheyaresufficientlymotivatedtoanalyzenewinformationinanevenhandedway.WhileTaberandLodgeexhibitappropri
6、atecautionindrawingnormativeconclusions,theyarefairlyresolvedthatmostcitizenslackthemotivationtointegratenewinformationinanunbiasedfashion.Inthisnote,Isuggestthatunderreasonablepoliticalconditions,citizensmaybemorefair-mindedandengageinmoreaccurateprocessingthantheydidinTaber
7、andLodge’slaboratory.IbegininthenextsectionwithadiscussionofmotivationandthenIturndirectlytoTaberandLodge.Accuracyvs.DirectionalGoalsWhenforminganattitude,anindividualcanputforthvaryinglevelsofeffortintheserviceofoneormoremotivationsorgoals(Kruglanski1989;Fazio1990;Fazio2007,
8、610,617).Ifollowmuchofthepsychologicalliteratureonmotivationbyequati
