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1、1单元3.LinguisticFeaturesofScientificLiteratureSyntactically,scientificliteraturehasrigorousgrammaticalstructures,andinmostcasesisratherunitary.Morphologically,scientificliteratureisfeaturedbyhighspecialization,theuseoftechnicaltermsandjargons,unambiguousimplicatio
2、nandthefixedsenseoftheword.2.PrinciplesorCriteriaofTranslationWheneverprinciplesorcriteriaoftranslationareunderdiscussioninChina,YanFu’s“three-characterguide”--xin,da,ya,namely,“faithfulness(信),expressiveness(达),andelegance(雅)”,whichwasfirstproposedin1898,wouldev
3、okecontroversy.Despiteavarietyofopinions,twocriteriaarealmostunanimouslyacceptedbyall,namely,thecriterionoffaithfulness/accuracy(忠实/准确)andthatofsmoothness(流畅).Wemayalsotakethesetwocriteriaastheprinciplesofscientificliteraturetranslation.Byfaithfulness/accuracy,we
4、meantobefaithfulnotonlytotheoriginalcontents,totheoriginalmeaningandviews,butalsototheoriginalformandstyle.Bysmoothness,wemeannotonlyeasyandreadablerendering,butalsoidiomaticexpressioninthetargetlanguage,freefromstiffformulaandmechanicalcopyingfromdictionaries.3.
5、LiteralTranslationandFreeTranslationLiteraltranslation(直译)andfreetranslation(意译)aretwodynamicapproachesindealingwithsuchawkwardsituations.Forexample,crocodile’stears(鳄鱼的眼泪),armedtotheteeth(武装到牙齿),chainreaction(连锁反应),gentlemen’sagreement(君子协定),andsoon.Similarly,so
6、meChineseidiomsalsofindtheirEnglishcounterpartsthroughliteraltranslation.Forexample,纸老虎(papertiger),一国两制(onecountry,twosystems),andsoon.Adam’sApple喉结atsixesandsevens乱七八槽Itrainscatsanddogs.大雨滂沱Don’tcrossthebridgetillyougettoit.不必担心过早。(不必自寻烦恼。)Doyouseeanygreeninmye
7、ye?你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗?Intheapplicationofliteraltranslation,weshouldendeavortoridourselvesofstiffpatternsandrigidadherencetotranslationrules,tryingtobeflexible;whileinthepracticeoffreetranslation,weshouldbecautiousofsubjectivity,avoidinggroundlessaffirmationorarbitraryfa
8、brication.Inactualpractice,weoftenalternateorcombinethesetwoapproachesinsteadstickingtoeither.SpecialAttention:TheTranslationofDocumentationInordertoexpandhis/
