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1、●图形用户界面历史
2、图形用户界面（GUI）详细发展历史HistoryofthegraphicaluserinterfaceThegraphicaluserinterface,or"GUI",isacomputerinterfacethatusesgraphiciconsandcontrolsinadditiontotext.Theuserofthecomputerutilizesapointingdevice,likeamouse,tomanipulatetheseiconsandcontrols.Thiswas
3、agreatleapforwardfromthecommandlineinterfaceusedinotheroperatingsystems,inwhichtheusertypesaseriesoftextcommandstothecomputer.InitialDevelopmentsThefirstconceptofawindowingsystembeginswiththefirstreal-timegraphicdisplaysystemsforcomputers,namelytheSAGEProject
4、andIvanSutherland’sSketchpad.AugmentationofHumanIntellectDougEngelbart’sAugmentationofHumanIntellectprojectatSRIinthe1960sdevelopedtheOn-LineSystem,whichincorporatedamouse-drivencursorandmultiplewindows.XeroxPARCEngelbart’sworkdirectlyledtotheadvancesatXeroxP
5、ARC.SeveralpeoplewentfromSRItoXeroxPARCintheearly1970’s.TheXeroxPARCteamcodifiedtheWIMP(windows,icons,menusandpointers/pull-downmenus)paradigm,firstpioneeredontheXeroxAltoexperimentalcomputer,butwhicheventuallyappearedcommerciallyintheXerox8010(’Star’)systemi
6、n1981.AppleLisaandMacintoshBeginningin1979,ledbyJefRaskin,theLisaandMacintoshteamsatAppleComputer(whichincludedformermembersoftheXeroxPARCgroup)continuedtodevelopsuchideas.TheMacintosh,releasedin1984,wasthefirstcommerciallysuccessfulproducttouseaGUI.Adesktopm
7、etaphorwasused,inwhichfileslookedlikepiecesofpaper;directorieslookedlikefilefolders;therewereasetofdeskaccessorieslikeacalculator,notepad,andalarmclockthattheusercouldplacearoundthescreenasdesired;andtheusercoulddeletefilesandfoldersbydraggingthemtoatrashcano
8、nthescreen.ThereisstillsomecontroversyovertheamountofinfluencethatXerox’sPARCwork,asopposedtopreviousacademicresearch,hadontheGUIsofApple’sLisaandMacintosh,butitisclearthattheinfluencewasextensive.TheMacintosh’sGUIhasbeenrevisedwithtimesince1984,withamajorupd
9、atewithSystem7,andunderwentitslargestrevisionwiththeintroductionofthe"Aqua"interfacein2001’sMacOSX.VisiOnGraphicaluserinterfaceprimarilydesignedforspreadsheetsbythecompanythatwrotethelege
