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新洲一中2025届高一上学期期末英语试题第I卷第一部分听力(共两节,满分30分)第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。1.【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】Whichfilmwillthespeakerssee?A.FastLife.B.SummerRock.C.AmericanStory.2.【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】WherewillthemangoonSaturdaynight?A.Tothewoman’shouse.B.Tohisgrandparents’home.C.Toarestaurant.3.【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?A.Performances.B.Clothes.C.Acelebration.4.【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】Whatdoesthewomanwanttoknowmoreabout?A.Abird.B.Aship.C.Anaccident.5.【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】Wheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplace?A.Inaclassroom.B.Inalibrary.C.Inatravelagency第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】6.Whydoesthewomantalktotheman?
1A.Toaskforhisticket.B.Tostophimfromsmoking.C.Toaskhimtoopenawindow.7.Wheredoestheconversationtakeplace?A.Onabus.B.Onatrain.C.Inarestaurant.听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】8.Whatdoesthewomando?A.Ateacher.B.Astudent.C.Anairtrafficcontroller.9.Whatdoesthemanthinkofhisjob?A.Pleasant.B.Boring.C.Stressful.听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】10.Whyisthemanlateagain?A.Hegotill.B.Thetrafficwasheavy.C.Hehadanaccidentonhisway.11.Whereistheschoolmaster?A.Inaclassroom.B.Inhisoffice.C.Inameetingroom.12.Whatdoesthewomansuggestthemandointheend?A.Buyabike.B.Gotobedearly.C.Getanalarmclock.听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】13.Howdidthemangettheguitar?A.Hegotitinthesales.B.Heboughtitfromafriend.C.Hereceiveditasabirthdaygift.14.Howmuchdoesthemanselltheguitarfor?A.£200.B.£300.C.£500.15.Howdoesthemansuggestthewomangotohishouse?A.Onfoot.B.Bysubway.C.Bybus.16.Whatwillthemandonext?
2A.Tellthewomanhisaddress.B.Setupthetimetomeet.CWaitforthewomanathome.听下面一段独白,回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】17.Whatisthetalkmainlyabout?A.Whattodotoprotectanimals.B.Whethertokeepanimalsinzoos.C.Howtoimprovezoos’environment.18.WhatdoexpertsofGroupAsuggest?A.Leaveanimalsinthewildwithoutprotection.B.Protectanimalsinawell-designedarea.C.Teachpeoplemoreaboutwildanimals.19.WhatdoexpertsofGroupBsayaboutmodernzoos?A.Theydoharmtoanimals.B.Theyarepoorlydesigned.C.Theycangiveanimalsprotection.20.Whatisthespeaker?A.Ateacher.B.Ahost.C.Ascientist.第二部分阅读理解(共两节,满分50分)第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分,满分37.5分)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。ATheBestAmericanNationalParkstoVisitforChristmasTheChristmasseasoncanbestressfulifyouspendeverymomentcleaning,cooking,andhostingguests.OrtheholidayscanbeajoyfulcelebrationofbeautyandpeaceifyouplananescapetooneofAmerica’ssplendidnationalparks.YellowstoneNationalParkDreamingofawhiteChristmas?Yellowstone,thecountry’sfirstnationalpark,isyourtopchoice.Yourfamilycanenjoyaquietandprivategetaway(假日休闲地)atOldFaithfulSnowLodge&Cabins.Sitbythe
3firewithhotcocoaandlookoutatthevastwildernessallaroundyou.Alsoyoucanphotographabisonandotherwildlifeonawinterphotosafari.RockyMountainNationalParkIfyoureallywanttogetawayfromitallovertheholidays,planatriptoaparklesstraveledinthewinter.RockyMountainNationalParkisquietanduncrowded,butthewildlifeisstillactive.Seeingamoose(麋鹿)initsnaturalhabitatisanexperienceyouwon’tforget.Sleddingandskiingarealsoexcitingpossibilities.GrandCanyonNationalParkGrandCanyonNationalParkoffersafunholidayexperienceforfamilies.FamiliescangetonthePolarExpressthatrunsfromArizonatotheSouthRimoftheparkthroughearlyJanuaryandenjoyapleasantridecompletewithhotchocolateandcookies.Whenyoureachthe“NorthPole”,SantaClausiswaitingwithagiftforeachchild.It’sthebestwayforyourkidstoenjoythemagicofChristmas.VirginIslandsNationalParkIfsnowisn’tyourthing,don’tworry.VirginIslandsNationalParkisperfectforyoutoescapewinter.Withwhitesandybeaches,clearbluewater,andmorethan800subtropicalplants,youwillfeellikeyoutraveledoutsidetheU.S.toatropicalarea.CinnamonBayisamajorspotforChristmastimevisitorslookingforwatersportslikesailing,diving,andsnorkeling(浮潜).21.Inwhichparkcanyoubothseeanimalsandgoskiing?A.YellowstoneNationalPark.B.RockyMountainNationalPark.C.GrandCanyonNationalPark.D.VirginIslandsNationalPark.22.WhowouldfavortheGrandCanyonNationalPark?A.Artlovers.B.Explorers.C.Outdoorphotographers.D.Familieswithchildren.23.WhatmakestheVirginIslandsNationalParkspecial?A.Variouswatersports.B.Beautifultrainrides.C.Thequietenvironment.D.Thesnow-coveredlandscape.BBornin1955andgrewupinGaomiineastChina’sShandongProvince,MoYan,whoisthefirstChinesenationaltowintheNobelliteratureaward,wasawardedtheHonoraryFellowshipbyRegent’sParkCollege,UniversityofOxfordonWednesday,inrecognitionofhiscontributiontoChineseandworldliterature.ThecollegeprincipalRobertEllispresentedthegowntoMoattheceremony.TheyuncoveredtogetheranewinternationalwritingcenternamedafterMo.TwoChinesecontemporarywritersSuTongandYuHuawere
4invitedtoworkasWritersinResidencefortheinternationalwritingcenter.Mo,well-knownforhisimaginativeandhumanisticfiction,wasawardedthe2012NobelPrizeinLiterature.HeisalsoaprofessoratBeijingNormalUniversity.HeexpressedhisgratitudetotheOxfordcollegeandrecalledhislovetoliteraturesincehischildhood.HealsotoldtheaudienceinhisspeechthathewasgreatlyinfluencedbyWilliamShakespeare’smasterpiecesandwouldfocusonplaywritinginthefollowingyears.MotoldXinhuaheexpectstheinternationalwritingcenterinOxfordwillfurtherimproveChina-UKliteraturecooperationandtalentexchange.EllistoldXinhuathatasthecollegehasstrengtheneditsrelationshipswithBeijingNormalUniversityinthelastfewyears,“itistheveryrightthingtodoforsomebodyintheuniversitynotonlytohonorMoYan’sgreatachievementsasawriter,butalsowewanttorecognizehimandwelcomehimintoourcollegecommunity.”“Itisagreathonorforustoassociatehimwithusandwehopehetoowillgainfromtheassociationwithourcollege,”theprincipaladded.HenotedthatRegent’sParkCollege,locatedatthecenterofOxford,hadhistoricaltieswithChinaandthenewlyinaugurated(成立的)MoYanInternationalWritingCenteris“averyexcitingdevelopment”.“WehopetostrengthenourcooperationwithBeijingNormalUniversityandhopeitwilltrainnewwritersandyoungpeoplewillbemotivated,”Ellissaid.HebelievestheinterchangebetweenOxfordandChineseuniversitieswillcontinuetobringadvantagestobothsides.“Oneoftheadvantagesoftherelationshipsisthewaytodeepentheunderstandingsbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturesanddifferentsystems.ThatisalsogainedthroughconversationswehavebecauseofthequalitywritingofMoYan.So,toreadhisbooks,RedSorghumClan,forinstance,isforreadersfromtheWesttounderstandChinainanewway,”hesaid.24.MoYanwasawardedOxfordHonoraryFellowshipmainlybecause_________.A.heisaprofessoratBeijingNormalUniversityB.hestartedMoYanInternationalWritingCenterC.heisthefirstChinesetowintheNobelliteratureawardD.hemadeagreatcontributiontoChineseandworldliterature25.WhohadaneffectonMoYan’swritinggreatlyaccordingtohisspeech?A.YuHua.B.SuTong.C.RobertEllis.D.WilliamShakespeare.26.WhatisthepurposeofsettingupMoYanInternationalWritingCenter?
5A.ToexpressMo’sgratitudetoOxfordcollege.B.Toimprovetheworld’srecognitionofMo’sworks.C.ToinviteSuTongandYuHuatoworkasWritersinResidence.D.TostrengthenChina-UKliteraturecooperationandtalentexchange.27.WhyisMoYan’sbookRedSorghumClanmentioned?A.BecauseitisMoYan’sbest-sellingbookintheWest.B.BecausethisbookpromotestheChina-UKrelationships.CBecauseithelpsforeignreadersknowChinainanewway.D.BecausethisbookisofhighqualityinMoYan’swriting.CSixthformersaretobequizzedonwhethertheycancookfivehotmealsandhowoftentheyshouldchangetheirsheets,aspartofagovernment-backedscheme(计划)topreparethemforuniversity.Ministersareurgingschoolstoputonspecialworkshopsforstudentsaged16-18toensuretheyfeelcomfortablewiththeprospectofleavinghome.Thecourse,designedbytheuniversityaccommodationproviderUniteStudents,willteachpupilshowtomanagetheirfinancesandhowtoliveindependently.Accordingtothecoursematerials,teachersshouldaskstudentsquestionswhichmaynothaveoccurredtothem,suchas“whatisthepriceofaliterofmilk?”and“list5hotmealsyoucancookfromscratch”and“howoftenwillyouwashyoursheetsonceyoumoveoutofhome?”DamianHindstheEducationSecretary,said,“Weareallveryconsciousthatmovingawayfromhomeandgoingtouniversityisoneofthemostexcitingthingsthathappensinyourlifebutitcanalsobeverydisappointing.”Mr.Hindssaidthatwhenhegottouniversity,hediscoveredhehad“reliedonmymummorethanIrealizedIdid”,adding,“IwishIcouldhavecookedbetter.”Earlierthisyear,ministerssetupanewtaskforcecalledtheEducationTransitionsNetwork,whichincludesrepresentativesfromUniversitiesUK,UCASandtheNationalUnionofStudents.ItispartofadrivebytheDepartmentforEducationtoaddresstheriseinstudentswhoreportmentalhealthissuesduringtheirtimeatuniversity.Datareleasedearlierthisyearshowedthatthenumberofstudentsdeclaringmentalhealthproblemsonarrivalatuniversityhassurged.Figuresobtainedshoweda73percentrisebetween2014-2015and2017-2018instudentsstatingthattheyhadaconditionsuchasdepressionoranxietybeforestartingtheircourses.28.Whatcanwelearnaboutthecourse?
6A.Itencouragesstudentstoleavehome.B.Itisdesignedbytheuniversitystudents.C.Ithelpsstudentsgetreadyfortheircollegelife.D.Itallowsteacherstoaskstudentsfamiliarquestions.29.Whatproblemismorelikelytohappenonthestudentsduringtheirtimeatuniversity?A.Worryabouttests.BLackofconfidence.C.Dependenceonmums.D.Mentalhealthproblem.30.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“surged”underlinedinthelastparagraph?A.Doubled.B.Dropped.C.Increased.D.Remained.31.Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom?A.Anewsreport.B.Acampuslecture.C.Atravelbrochure.D.Anadmissionrequirement.DJustwhenyouthoughtyouweretakingcareofyourhealthbyeatingenoughfruitandvegetableseveryday,newresearchhascomeoutrevealingthatyoumightbeswallowingmicroplasticparticles(颗粒)alongwithallthosevitamins,minerals,andfiber.AgroundbreakingstudypublishedinthejournalEnvironmentalResearchhasfoundthatfruitsandvegetablesabsorbmicroplasticparticlesfromthesoilandmovethemthroughvegetaltissues,wheretheyremainuntileatenbyhungrydiners,thusgettingtransferredtohumanbodies.Theresearchers,whoarefromtheUniversityofCataniainItaly,aswellasSousseandMonastiruniversitiesinTunisia,analyzedavarietyofcommonfruitsandvegetables—carrots,lettuce,broccoli,potatoes,apples,andpears.Thesewerechosenforthefactthattheyarefrequentlyconsumed,usuallyoneperday,whichallowedtheresearcherstobetterassessthedietaryintakesofMPs(microplasticparticles)andNPs(nano-plastics).ThesampleswerepurchasedfromdifferentsourcesinthecityofCatania,includingasmallfruitvendorandasupermarket.Theresearchersfoundthatapples,followedbypears,werethemostpollutedfruitsamples,andcarrotswerethemostpollutedvegetable.Inthestudy’sdiscussionsection,theauthorswrote,“WecanassumethatthefruitscontainmoreMPsnotonlybecauseoftheveryhighvascularization(血管化)ofthefruitpulp(果肉)butalsoduetothegreatersizeandcomplexityoftherootsystemandageofthetree(severalyears)comparedtothevegetables
7(60–75daysforthecarrot).”Thisstudyisimportantbecauseit’sthefirsttodetectmicroplasticsinfruitsandvegetables.Theyhavebeenfoundinothersourcesbefore,suchasseasalt,beer,water(bottled,inparticular),shellfish,sugar,soil,andevenair,butneverinsidefreshproduce.It’sanalarmingdiscoverythatraisesyetanotherredflagaboutmicroplasticpollutioninthenaturalenvironment.It’sanareathatwilllikelyseealotmoreattentionincomingyears,withthestudyauthorscallingforfurtherresearchintothequestionofmicroplasticandwhetheritharmsthehealthofbothplantsandhumans.32.Whatisthestudymainlyabout?A.Themaincauseofsoilpollution.B.Thegreatchangesinpeople’sdiets.C.Thebenefitsofeatingfruitsandvegetables.D.Themicroplasticpollutioninfruitsandvegetables.33.WhatmaycausefruitstocontainmoreMPsaccordingtotheauthors?A.Theageofhumans.B.Thegreatsizeoffruittreeroots.C.Thecomplexpreservationmethod.D.Thelargeamountsofthefruitpulp.34.Whatmakesthestudyquitespecial?A.ItshowedtheinfluencesofMPsonplants.B.Itprovedthesourceofmicroplasticpollution.C.ItpresentedthedangerofMPstohuman’sbody.D.ItdiscoveredMPsinfreshproduceforthefirsttime.35.Whatdothestudyauthorsthinkoftheresearchonmicroplastic?A.Itneedstobefurtherstudied.B.Itwastedthemquitealotoftime.C.Ithasraisedpeople’sawarenessofhealth.D.Ithasattractedpeople’sattentiontodiets.第二节(共5小题;每小题2.5分,满分12.5分)根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Beingsickatcollegeisnofunatall.Itmeansmissingclassesandsocialeventsandthencatchinguponwork.Maintainingphysicalhealthaswellasmentalhealthisaslikelytodeterminestudents’happinessand
8successasanythingelse.____36____1.Washyourhands.Itistheeasiestwaytopreventcatchingcoldsfromroommatesandfriends.____37____2.Drinkwater.Coffeemaywakeyouup,butwaterwillkeepyougoing.Replaceatleastacupofcoffeewithoneglassofwatereachday.Or,betteryet,drinkacupofwaterforeverycupofcoffeeyouconsumedaily.Youwillfeelbetter.____38____3.Sometimesstudents’schedulespreventthemfromhaving“normal”mealsat“normal”times.____39____4.Trackyoursleep.Stayinguplateandthengettingupearlyforclassthenextdayworksforaboutonenight.Thequickestwaytorundownyourbodyistonotprovidesufficientnourishmentthroughfoodwaterandsleep.5.____40____Everycollegeoffersacademicsupportaswellasmentalhealthservices.Thankfully,muchoftheshameofseeinganadviserhasdecreased,andstudentsaremorewillingtogethelpsooner.Unfortunately,manystudentswaituntiltheyareveryunhappy,andthentheroadtorecoveryislonger.A.Examineyourphysicalhealthregularly.B.Hereareafewtipsonhowyoucanstayhealthyatcollege.C.Justcarryawaterbottleinyourbackpackandfillitupregularly.D.Youmustbecarefulaboutyourhealthatcollege.E.Checkoutstudentservices.F.Itmakessensetowashbeforeeatingandtocarryasmallcontainerofhandcleanser.G.Carrysomehealthysnacksthatwillsatisfyyouuntilyournextmeal.第三部分英语知识运用(共两节,满分30分)第一节:完形填空(共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分)阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Asweallknow,afriendinneedisafriendindeed.Ireallydon’tknowthemeaningofthisproverbuntilonedaysomething____41____happenedtome.Thatmorning,Igotuplateandwenttoschoolwithoutbreakfast____42____.Whilecrossingastreet,mybike____43____astoneandIfellontheground,withmybothkneesbadlyinjured.Imanagedthe____44____andcontinuedmyriding.Onmyarrivalatschool,myteachertookustothe____45____forabasketballmatch.____46____thefactthatIcouldhardlywalknormally,Ijoinedinthegame.WhenI____47____topasstheball,Iwasknockeddownandfelldownonmyback.Icouldnot____48____thebadpainandburstintotears.Myclassmatesallstarted____49____atmeandcontinuedtheirmatchwithoutme.Leftaloneontheplayground,I
9couldn’thelpfeeling_____50_____sorry.Justatthatmoment,Jack,oneofmyteammates,_____51_____towardsmefromtheotherendandhelpedme.Hecomfortedmeandtriedall_____52_____tomakemestand.Heaskedanotherclassmateto_____53_____him,thenkeptme_____54_____thewholeday,andevendroppedmehomeaftertheschoolwasover.Itwasonthatdaythattheproverb“afriendinneedisafriendindeed”did_____55_____tome.41.A.anxiousB.frighteningC.confusingD.unexpected42.A.onearthB.atlastC.inshockD.inahurry43.A.attackedB.hitC.beatD.removed44.A.painB.lossC.sadnessD.trouble45.A.campusB.trackC.accessD.playground46.A.AlthoughB.DespiteC.ExceptD.Throughout47.A.decidedB.hopedC.attemptedD.quit48.A.imagineB.standC.forgiveD.forget49.A.laughingB.staringC.pointingD.shouting50.A.likelyB.gracefullyC.creativelyD.extremely51.A.jumpedB.facedC.advancedD.transported52.A.meansB.opinionsC.traditionsD.proposals53.A.givewaytoB.takecontrolofC.taketheplaceofD.watchover54.A.confidenceB.companyC.impressionD.responsibility55.A.makesenseB.makeprogressC.makeupD.makeout第Ⅱ卷第三部分:英语知识运用第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,满分15分)阅读下面材料,在空白处填入一个适当的单词或所给单词的正确形式。AccordingtoXinhuaNewsAgency,thePalaceMuseumandHuaweisignedacooperationagreementonMarch15.Thetwosideswillset____56____exampleto5Guse.ThePalaceMuseumreceivedmorethan17millionvisitorsin2019,____57____(make)itthemostvisitedmuseumintheworld.Inthepast20years,anofficeinformationnetworkcoveringthewholemuseum____58____(build)gradually.ThemuseumhasdevelopedanApp,____59____providesanin-depthexplanationofculturalrelicinformationandculturalservices.Also,themuseumhasresearchedonthe____60____(apply)ofVR,AR,AIinmuseums.
10ThesigningoftheagreementmarksanewchapterinthestrategiccooperationbetweenthePalaceMuseumandHuaweiTechnologiesCo.So,Huaweiwillmakeefforts____61____(speed)uptheintelligentconstructionofthePalaceMuseum.“The600-year-oldPalaceMuseumhasneverbeensoclose____62____scienceandtechnology.”ShanJixiangsaid____63____(proud),formerdirectorofthePalaceMuseum.Shansharedmanyideasaboutthe5GPalaceMuseum.Withthehelpofadvancedtechnology,____64____isexpectedthatinthefuture,audiencesaroundtheworldwillbeabletoexperienceandvisitthePalaceMuseum,whetheritisafieldtriporavirtualtour.Also,theuseofAItechnologyprovidesa____65____(broad)platformandstrongerknowledgesupportforculturalrelicsamongyoungpeople.第四部分写作(共两节;满分40分)第一节应用文写作(满分15分)66.假定你是李华,将参加校学生会组织的中学生英语演讲比赛,请以“节约粮食,反对浪费”为主题写一篇演讲稿,内容包括:1.粮食的重要性;2.如何厉行节约;3.发出呼吁。注意:1.词数100左右;2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________第二节读后续写(满分25分)67.阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。Petermustbedancing,shakingthewholeroom.Isatupsuddenlyandshoutedouttomylittlebrotheraboveme,“Stopshakingthebed,wouldyou?”Inthemeantime,hewassaying,“It’snotme.It’syou.”Secondslater,Mumrushedintoourroomwithanextraworriedfaceandacryingbabyinherarms,screamingtoustorunoutofthehouse.BythenIfoundthingswereflyingeverywhere.Theroomwasshakinglikea“jelly(果冻)”.Thebookshelffellontheground.“What’shappening?”Iwasthinking.Peterwastooscared
11tomove.Allofasudden,IcompletelywokeupandrealizedwhatwasgoingonwasthefirstearthquakeIhadeverexperiencedinmylife.Igrabbedablanketfromthebed,draggedPeterdown,andleftonfootinaflash.Inasecond,Iwasshirtlessandshoelessinthestreetwithmyneighbors,beingthrownbackandforthbythegroundthatseemedtoturntoliquid.ThetrembleIfeltfrombeneaththeearthwaslikeatruckpassingorthesubwaymovingunderneath.Thehouseswungandtwistedasifitweremadeofpaper.Asweallstoodinthestreet,sometriedtocalltheirfamilyandfriendsbutthenetworksbrokedown,andtheycouldn’tgetthroughtoanyone.Peoplewerehuggingeachother,anxiouslytryingtoreachtheirlovedonesorweepinginpanic.Thechaosandnoisekeptgrowingwhenwesensedthesmellofgasfloatingintheair.Awomaninthecrowdpointedtothefrontgateofasmallhousewithacourtyardandagatedentrance.Obviously,itwasclosetocollapsing,asglassandpiecesofconcreteraineddownonthesidewalk.“Shutthegasandturnofftheelectricity.There’saleak!”shoutedthewoman.Itwasourhouse.Mommusthavebeencookingjustthenandforgotthegaswhentheearthquakestruck.注意:1.续写词数应为150左右;2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。Notimetohesitate,Ihurriedbackin,leavingMomandPeterfrozenwheretheywere.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________WhenIcameoutandjoinedmyfamily,everythingseemedtostopshaking.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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