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考点14非谓语动词(二)近年来,高考对非谓语动词的可知主要集中在非谓语动词的句法功能(作宾语、主语、补语,表语和状语);现在分词和过去分词用法的区别和辨析;现在分词和过去分词的时态和语态及其构成;现在分词和过去分词在上下文中的联和状语系和纽带作用等。另外,对于动词不定式主要考查一些固定搭配、固定句型和在句子中的句法功能。预测2023年高考非谓语动词仍将是考查的重点热点。非谓语动词在语法填空、短文改错中必考点。考查其句法功能;考查V-ing与V-ed的辨析仍然是重点。考向四非谓语动词作定语1)不定式作定语1.不定式作定语表示未做的事情。Thequestiontobediscussedatthemeetingisveryimportant.将在会议上讨论的那个问题非常重要。2.不定式作定语,修饰名词或代词,不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。Ihavealotofworktodo.(动宾关系)Heislookingforaroomtolivein.(动状关系)Heisthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.(主谓关系)Hehasgotachancetogoabroad.(同位关系)(1)不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,不定式用主动形式表被动。☞Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?(2)如果作定语的不定式是一个短语,则要保留不定式短语中的副词或介词。☞Ineedapentowritewith.(Iwillwritewiththepen)我需要一支钢笔写字。☞Ihavealittlebabytolookafter.(Imustlookafterthelittlebaby)我有一个婴儿要照看。2)V-ing形式作定语1.单独作定语,常放在被修饰的名词之前。touchingstory/comingweek/skilledworker/armedforces/boiledwaterBarkingdogsseldombite.乱叫的狗不咬人。但某些V-ing(如concerned关切的/有关的,used旧的/用过的,given特定的/给予的,involved复杂的/涉及的)置于名词前后其意义不同。☛aconcernedlook/thestudentsconcerned/☛ausedcar/thetextbookused.2.学科网(北京)股份有限公司
1V-ing作定语,分词应放在被修饰的名词之后;表示正在进行的动作时,变为从句时要用进行时态和表示经常性的动作或现在的状态时,变为从句时要用一般时态;同被修辞的词(先行词)有逻辑上的主谓关系,在意义上相当于一个主动语态的定语从句。☛Whoisthemanstanding(=whoisstanding)bythedoor?站在门边的人是谁。☛Theybuiltahighwayleading(=that/whichleads)intothemountains.一条通往山里的高速路。3.V-ing作定语时,分词应放在被修饰的名词之后;表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前/不确定;同被修辞的词(先行词)有逻辑上的动宾关系,在意义上相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。☛Themeetingheld(=that/whichwasheld)lastweekisveryimportant.上周举行的回忆是非常重要的。4.其他应注意:①若表示的动作此刻正在进行或同时进行,可用被动语态的进行时态(现在分词的被动语态)表示。☛Wemustkeepasecretofthethingsbeingdiscussedhere.我们必须保守正在讨论的事情。②若表示的是一个未来的动作,可用不定式的被动语态表示。Pleasetellmethesubjectstobediscussedatthenextmeeting.请告诉我在下次会议上讨论的主题。③V-ing还可作非限制性定语(相当于非限制性定语从句),此时须和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开,试比较:☛AllmybrotherslivinginShanghaiarescientists.=Allmybrothers,livinginShanghai,arescientists.居住在上海的所有兄弟是科学家。④V-ing短语作定语时,表示的动作不能先于谓语动作,也不可表示将来;一般不用现在分词的完成式作定语,故下列句子是错的:☛HereisMr.LicomingfromBeijing.(应改为whohascomefromBeijing)他是来自北京的李先生。☛Thosehavingfinishedtheirworkcangohomenow.(应改为whohavefinished)已经完成家庭作业的现在可以回家。⑤系动词的-ing形式不可用作后置定语,此时要用从句来表示。☛Thosebeingbusydon’thavetogo.(应改为Thosewhoarebusydon’thavetogo.)正在忙的人不必离开。⑥不及物动词的V-ing不可用作后置定语,若要表示这个意思要用从句。☛Theliondiedinthiszootheotherdaywasamotherlion.(应改为which/thatdied)前天死在公园的狮子是头母狮。3)V-ed形式作定语作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。过去分词作定语分为前置和后置两种情况。1.前置定语学科网(北京)股份有限公司
2单个的过去分词作定语,通常放在被修饰的名词之前。由及物动词转化而来的过去分词作定语,表示"被动和完成"含义,或只具有"被动"含义;由不及物动词转化而来的过去分词作定语,只表"完成"含义。(1)被动和完成含义:☞Wemustadaptourthinkingtothechangedconditions.我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。(2)被动含义:☞Sheisarespectedteacher.她是一位受人尊敬的老师。(3)完成含义:☞Theyarecleaningthefallenleavesintheyard.他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。2.后置定语过去分词短语作定语时,通常放在所修饰的名词之后,它的作用相当于一个定语从句。☞Thiswillbethebestnovelofitskindeverwritten(=thathaseverbeenwritten).这将是这类小说中写得最好的。☞Whowerethesocalledguestsinvited(=whohadbeeninvited)toyourpartylastnight?昨晚被邀请参加你的晚会的那些所谓的客人是谁呀?☞YesterdayIboughtabookpublishedbyForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress.昨天我买了一本外语教学与研究出版社出版的书。【易混辨析】(1)过去分词如果表示一种强烈的动作含义,单独使用也可以放在名词的后面。☞Theexperiencegainedwillbeofgreatvaluetous.取得的经验对我们很有价值。☞Bytheendoftheyear,thetotalmoneycollectedhadcometo92milliondollars,allofwhichweresenttoAfrica.到年底为止,筹集到的全部资金达到了9,200多万元,所有这些钱全都送往非洲了。(2)由过去分词构成的合成词也可作定语。☞Theair-conditionedroomsareverycomfortableinhotsummer.在炎热的夏天,装空调的房间非常舒服。☞Thenewly-builtbuildingisourofficebuilding.这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼。(3)过去分词作定语可分为限制性(紧跟在所修饰的词之后)和非限制性(用逗号与其所修饰的词分开)两种,其作用相当于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。☞Thefunds(which/thathavebeen)raisedaremainlyusedforhelpingthehomeless.筹集的资金主要用于帮助那些无家可归者。☞Thisbook,(whichis)writteninsimpleEnglish,issuitableforbeginnerstoread.这本书是使用浅显的英文写的,适合初学者阅读。☞Theconcert(which/thatwas)givenbytheirfriendswasasuccess.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。学科网(北京)股份有限公司
3☞Themeeting,(whichwas)attendedbyoverfivethousandpeople,welcomedthegreathero.他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人。(4)用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人有关。☞Theboylookedupwithapleasedexpression.那男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。☞Hespokewithafrightenedlook.他说话时显得非常恐惧。【易混辨析】(1)动名词作定语,说明所修饰的名词的用途。☞Nooneisallowedtospeakaloudinthereadingroom.阅览室里不准大声说话。☞Thereisaswimmingpoolinourschool.我们学校有一个游泳池。(2)现在分词作定语,通常放在所修饰的名词前面;现在分词短语则放在所修饰的名词后面,其作用相当于一个定语从句。☞Heisapromisingyoungman.他是一个很有前途的青年。☞Doyouknowthewoman(whois)sittingattheendoftheroom?你认识坐在房间后面的那位妇女吗?☞Wemustkeepasecretofthethings(which/thatare)beingdiscussednow.对于现在所讨论的事情,我们必须保守秘密。学科网(北京)股份有限公司
4(3)不定式作定语,位于所修饰的词后,通常表示将来发生的动作。当名词前有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时,只能采用不定式作后置定语。此外,作定语的不定式与所修饰的词之间存在逻辑上的"主谓"、"动宾"或"同位"三种关系。如果作定语的不定式为不及物动词,其后要加相应的介词。☞Ourmonitoristhefirsttoarrive.我们的班长是第一个到达的人。(主谓关系)☞Thequestiontobediscussedattomorrow’smeetingisofgreatimportance.明天会议上将要讨论的问题非常重要。(动宾关系)☞Ihavealotofworktodo.我有许多事要做。(动宾关系)☞Theirdecisiontogiveuptheexperimentsurprisedus.他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们吃惊。(同位关系)☞Theyhavenohappinesstospeakof.他们没有什么幸福可言。1.Iftheproject______beforetheendofthismonthisdelayed,theconstructioncompanywillbemadefullyresponsibleforthefinanciallosses.A.beingcompletedB.completedC.tobecompletedD.completing2.GuizhouProvince,_____byLonelyPlanetamongthetop10regionstovisitin2020,hasbecomeapromisingtraveldestination.A.rankedB.beingrankedC.havingrankedD.toberanked3.Thesilvermoonwashighoverhead,andtherewasagentlebreezedownthevalley.A.playingB.toplayC.playedD.havingplayed4.Wehadbetterputoffinterviewingtheathlete,forheisbusypreparingforaninternationalcontest__________inShanghainextmonth.A.heldB.toholdC.beingheldD.tobeheld学科网(北京)股份有限公司
55.((2020·新课标I卷短文改错))Ilikeeatingfryingtomatoeswitheggs,andIthoughtitmusttobeeasytocook.考向五非谓语动词作主语和表语1)不定式作主语谓语用单数。往往用it作形式主语,把不定式放在谓语后面。Ittookustwohourstofinishthejob.(1)其他系动词如look,appear等也可用于此句型。(2)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用Itis...to...句型。试比较:Itistonegatemyownideatobelievehim.(错)Tobelievehimistonegatemyownidea.(对)(3)Itis+adj.of/forsbtodosth结构中,当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时,用of,否则用for。2)v-ing作主语1.谓语动词应用第三人称单数。Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。3.作主语动名词与不定式的区别:①动名词作主语表示抽象的动作,不与特定的动作执行者有关;不定式作主语表示具体的动作或行为,与特定的动作执行者有关。☛Herealizedthattogoonlikethiswasnouse.(具体)他意识到像这样继续没用。☛It’snousecryingoversplitmilk.(抽象)因抛洒的牛奶哭泣没用。3).作表语(1)V-ing作表语用来解释说明主语的内容。☛Theirjobisbuildinghouses.他们的工作是建房子。(2)V-ing与不定式作表语的区别:V-ing作表语表示抽象的行为,习惯;不定式作表语表示具体的特别是动作。☛Myfavouritesportisswimming.☞Ourjobisplayingallkindsofmusic.我们的工作是演奏各种各样的音乐。☞HisambitionistogotoHarvardUniversity.学科网(北京)股份有限公司
6他的梦想就是上哈佛大学。3.下列句型中常用动名词作主语:☞It’snousecomplainingwithouttakingaction.不采取行动只是抱怨是没有用的。1._________alongtheoldSilkRoadisaninterestingandrewardingexperienceA.TravelB.TravelingC.HavingtraveledD.Traveled2._____________basicfirst-aidtechniqueswillhelpyourespondquicklytoemergencies.A.KnownB.HavingknownC.KnowingD.Beingknown1.(2021·诸暨市5月模拟·语法填空·T3)It’scertainlynotrealistic___3___(remove)allplasticfromyourlife,butsomestatisticsmayencourageyoutoreduceyoursingle-useplasticfootprints.2.(2021·诸暨市5月模拟·语法填空·T6)Everypieceofplastic___6___(create)willremainintheenvironmentinsomeform,but…3.(2021·诸暨市5月模拟·语法填空·T7)…butifyouconvenientlythrowitout,windandrun-offcarrythewastedownthesewer(污水管)anddirectlytotheocean,___7__(affect)themarinelifeincludingthefish…4.(2021·成都三诊·语法填空·T1)Itseemsthatpeopleinwesterncountriesarebecomingincreasingly___1___(worry)aboutthesideeffectsofdrugs,…5.(2021·成都三诊·语法填空·T4)After___4___(suffer)frominsomnia(失眠)forafewmonths,Iwasfeelingmentallyandphysicallyexhausted.学科网(北京)股份有限公司
76.(2021·成都三诊·短文改错)ButIwashavingahardtimefindsomeonewhowouldpaythefullprice.7.(2021·成都三诊·短文改错)Hewasnotallowedgetintotheshowbecausesomeonehadsoldhimafaketicket.8.(2021·台州市4月调考·语法填空·T3)Inreality,however,60%ofclothingnowadaysisabandonedwithinayearofpurchase,whichproducesvastquantitiesofwastethatgloballandfills(垃圾填埋场)arestruggling_____3_____(absorb).9.(2021·台州市4月调考·语法填空·T7)Youcouldbuysecondhandclothing,too,asausefulwaytoextendthelifespan(寿命)ofitemsalready_____7_____(create).10.(2021·天津十二区县联考2·单项填空·T13)Lilyspokeverycarefullyandslowly,________thebenefitsoftheplanagainsttherisksinvolved.AbeingweighedB.toweighC.weighingD.weighed11.(2021·天津十二区县联考2·单项填空·T3)Withherattention________onthebook,thegirlsattherequietly.A.tobefixedB.fixC.fixedD.fixing12.(2021·天津市5月压轴模拟·单项填空·T3)China’simageisimprovingsteadily,withmorecountries________itsroleininternationalaffairs.A.recognizingB.beingrecognizedC.toberecognizedD.recognized13.(2021·天津市5月压轴模拟·单项填空·T10)TheChinesetechgianthaslauncheditsnewoperatingsystem,______analternativeappecosystemtoGoogle’sAndroid.A.creatingB.tocreateC.havingcreatedD.creates14.(2021·宝坻区三模·单项填空·T5)Theshopownerwillgetallthesegoodsordered___________tothecustomerstoday.A.todeliverB.deliveringC.deliverD.delivered15.(2021·和平区三模·单项填空·T14)—Haveyoucheckedalltherelief________tothepeopleinthedisasterarea?—Yes,severaltimes.ButI'llcheckitoncemore.A.sentB.sendingC.tosendD.tobesent16.(2021·和平区一模·单项填空·T3)Thelittleboystaredatthestrangemanquestioningly,not________whethertobelievewhathehadsaid.A.toknowB.knowing学科网(北京)股份有限公司
8C.knownD.havingknown17.(2021·和平区一模·单项填空·T11)Whenhesawthemistsrisingfromtheriverandthesoftcloudsthemountaintops,hewasreducedtotears.A.beingsurroundedB.surroundedC.surroundingD.tosurround18.(2021·河东区二模·单项填空·T14)Lotsofemptybottleswerefoundunderthepooroldman'sbed.Hemusthavedonenothingbut________.A.drinkB.todrinkC.drinkingD.drunk19.(2021·河西区三模·单项填空·T7)IntheChinesemarket,manyforeignbrands,________theirreputationsoverdecades,arefacingnewchallengesduetoCOVID-19.A.beingdevelopedB.developingC.havingdevelopedD.developed20.(2021·天津芦台一中六模·单项填空·T4)Hearingthetelephonering,sherushedoutofthekitchenandleftthewater.A.boilB.boilingC.boiledD.toboil21.(2021·天津芦台一中六模·单项填空·T11)______________theirfinalmedicalcheck,theastronautsboardedtheirspacecraft.A.ReceivedB.BeingreceivedC.ToreceiveD.Havingreceived22.(2021·天津十二区县一模·单项填空·T8)NissanMotorisdesigningmorenewmodels,________a20percentgrowthinsalesthisyear.A.eyeingB.eyesC.eyedD.havingeyed(2021·天津耀华滨海学校适应性考试·单项填空·T10)ManychildrenofChineseimmigrantsinCanadastudyEnglishatschoolandspeakChineseathome,________tofluencyinbothlanguages.A.ledB.toleadC.leadingD.havingled.24.(2021·东北三校二模·短文改错)Itwasoneofthemostencouragedexperiencesofmylife.25.(2021·齐齐哈尔市二模·短文改错)Healwaystellsmetotakingapositiveattitudetowardseverythingbecauseit'suselesstocry.26.(2021·齐齐哈尔市三模·短文改错)EverydaywhenIcomehome,Luckyalwaysrunstowardsmehappilytowelcomedme.27.(2021·齐齐哈尔市一模·短文改错)学科网(北京)股份有限公司
9IwassosurprisedthatIcrashedintoanoldladywalkdownthestreet!28.(2021·齐齐哈尔市一模·短文改错)Myneighboursawmetofallsoshestoppedhercarandrushedouttohelpme.29.(2021•玉林市一模•短文改错)IwasdrivingslowlythismorningwhenIsawadeerliveinthewoodsappearinthemiddleoftheroad.(2021•玉林市一模•短文改错)Finally,Isignalledwithmyhandtohimgoon.31.(2021•柳州市三模•短文改错)Ikeptdosoforsometimes.32.(2021•滨海学校开学模拟•单项填空•T10)Muchtime________sittingatadesk,officeworkersaregenerallytroubledbyhealthproblems.A.beingspentB.havingspentC.spentD.spending33.(2021•大港一中入学模拟•单项填空•T13)In2012MoYanwontheNobelPrizeforLiterature,______ahostofimitators.A.inspiringB.inspiredC.havinginspiredD.toinspire34.(2021•大港一中入学模拟•单项填空•T14)Theairport________nextyearwillhelppromotetourisminthisarea.A.beingcompletedB.tobecompletedC.completedD.havingbeencompleted35.(2021•和平区期中模拟•单项填空•T13)________thedifficultmathsproblem,shefeltrelieved.A.WorkoutB.WorkedoutC.ToworkoutD.Havingworkedout36.(2021•河西区期中模拟•单项填空•T8)Julia,____formonthsafterjobasanairwaitress,finallytookapositioninalocaltouragency.A.huntingB.huntedC.havinghuntedD.tohunt37.(2021•静海区四校12月模拟•单项填空•T7)Ordinarysoap_________correctly,candealwithbacteriaeffectively.A.usedB.touseC.usingD.use38.(2021•静海区一中1月模拟•单项填空•T7)Thegreatscientistissaidtobewritingasciencestoryaboutouterspace________byScienceand学科网(北京)股份有限公司
10TechnologyPressnextyear.A.publishedB.beingpublishedC.tobepublishedD.havingbeenpublished39.(2021•南开区3月模拟•单项填空•T9)IliketogetupearlysothatIcangetplentyofworkbeforelunch.A.todoB.doneC.doingD.beingdone40.(2021•南开区3月模拟•单项填空•T11)Frankwentbackhome,tostudymuchharderthanbefore.A.withhismindmakingupB.hismindmakingupC.withhismindmadeupD.hismindbeingmadeup学科网(北京)股份有限公司