基础·技巧·冲刺---李传伟2008考研英语冲刺30天

基础·技巧·冲刺---李传伟2008考研英语冲刺30天

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基础•技巧•冲刺——李传伟2008考研英语冲刺30天第一天:翻译开篇确定重点新年的脚步近了,考研人的冲刺也开始了。今天是我在哈佛的第一个学期结束后的第一天,外面厚厚的积雪仍在,风也不小,我在路上走的时候帽子被吹飞了几次。去年差不多也是这个时候,我在北京撰写考研英语冲刺30天的系列文章。为了给参加08年考研的朋友提供一些帮助,今年继续撰写考研英语冲刺文章。希望这些文章给大家指点一些复习方向,更希望大家能因此坚持不懈,誓达自己的目标。今天是冲刺的第一天,我讲英译汉问题,目的是让各位由此知道自己的强弱之处,从而确定复习的重点。英译汉是考研英语中一个较难的部分,不易得高分。究其原因,主要是难句分析、确定词义与逻辑组合等方面不好把握。鉴于此,我将从上述三个方面进行总结。今天以难句为例,说明复习的重点。难句也是阅读部分和完型填空部分的重点,不过英译汉部分更加集中地考查难句,所以以英译汉中的难句为例更能说明问题。一般而言,句子中有三个重点与难点:1.核心词汇2.核心词组3.句子结构例一,Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.(2007)参考译文新闻记者应比普通公民更加透彻地了解法律,而这种看法是基于他们对新闻媒体业」确立的规约和特殊责任的理解。此句的重点与难点有:一、核心词汇profoundly透彻地,深刻地established已确立的convention规约,公约;大会

1二、核心词组reston基于,依赖于三、句子结构本句的主干是theideathat…restsonanunderstandingof…,其中idea后面的that引导一个同位语从句thatthejournalistmustunderstandthelaws说明idea的具体内容,介词结构oftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia做understanding的定语。例二,IsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhissociety?(2006)参考译文美国的知识分子在美国社会遭到排斥并被认为无足轻重,这一说法属实吗?此句的而点与难点有:一、核心词汇reject排斥,拒绝二、核心词组ofnoaccount不重要,没有价值(account重要性,价值)三、句子结构本句的主干是Isittruethat…,其中it是形式主语,that引导的从句thattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccount…是真正的主语。本句的难点有:一t个是被动语态theAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccount,可以转换成主动语态AmericansrejecttheAmericanintellectualandconsiderhimofnoaccount;另一个是词组ofnoaccount(不重要)的理解。例三,

2Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.(1999)参考译文几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定,但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。此句的重点与难点有:一、核心词汇while虽然,尽管practice实践,做法closely紧密地attempt试图,尝试recreate重现,再现二、核心词组conformto符合,顺应;遵守see…as把…看作三、句子结构本句是一个复合句,开始是while引导的让步状语从句,其中asmany…as…的意思是“像…一样多”,那么这一从句的字面意思就是“有多少历史学家,几乎就有多少‘历史'的定义”;接着是主句modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoone…,定语从句thatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast修饰先行词one,其中one指前面的definition。上面三个例子表明了一般句子,尤其是难句的重点与难点:核心词汇、核心词组与句子结构。其中核心词汇又包括熟词僻义,如上面的account(重要性,价值)用的是非常见意义,其常见意义是“叙述”,而while(虽然,尽管)此处用的也是非常见意义。要做到考试时迅速破解难点、把握重点,就必须打好这方面的基础。接F来的几天我会总结考研英语基础中的重点,为后

3面的考试技巧提炼做准备。在哈佛常听到莎士比亚的一句话,作为今天的结束语:Anhonesttalespeedsbestbeingplainlytold(诚实的话,即使以平淡的方式讲,也传得最快)。第二天:抓住基础词句为先一-核心词汇篇之一考研大纲要求的总词汇量是5,500词,但到了目前,应该是总结性记忆单词的时候了。单词既有重点,又有难点。重点是像这两天要记忆的核心词汇,难点是以后要记忆的熟词僻义。核心词汇主要包括阅读、完型填空、英译汉等部分中的事点词汇,所以除了这里列出来的以外,还要将真题中的重点词汇牢记,尤其是2000年以来的考试中出现的重点词汇。不少同学对核心词汇记忆的效果不佳,关键是未能采取全方位记忆法。所谓全方位记忆法,就是先读音,次记形,再造句,然后联想同根词或派生词,最后回到原文或例句。例如,eligible(有资格当选的,在法律上或道德上合格的)一词,先要会读,次记形:e+lig+ible,然后联想同根词(词根lig=lect,表示选举):intelligible(可以理解的)、negligible(可以忽略的),最后回到例句:Heiseligiblefortheposition.假如时间不够,可以将历年考试中的重点词汇过4遍以上(阅读记忆的研究表明如此才有效果):目前按照刚才所说的全方位记忆法详细过第一遍,1月初过第二遍,1月10号过第三遍,1月16号过最后一遍。这样参加考试一定胸有成竹。今天的结束语是希腊人的一句话:Awordtothewiseissufficient(有灵犀者一点通)。核心词汇(一)abound大量存在;富足(in);充足,充满,多产(with)acclaim欢呼,喝彩;称赞addict使沉溺,使入迷;使成瘾adore崇拜,敬爱;爱慕;极喜爱advent(尤指不寻常的人或事物的)出现,到来affluent富裕的;丰富的;富饶的album(用以粘贴照片、邮票等的)粘贴簿,签名簿;一套唱片,一套录音磁带amiable和蔼可亲的,令人愉悦的amid在…中间,在…之中anecdote轶事,趣闻

4anguish(身体上的)剧痛,(精神上的)极度痛苦,悲痛v.使极度痛苦,感到极度的痛苦appal/appall使惊骇,使丧胆arrogant傲慢的,自大的aspire渴望,追求;有志于(to,for,after)asset(〜s)资产;财产;宝贵(或有益)的人(或东西),优点,auction拍卖audit查(帐等),替…查帐;〈美〉旁听(大学课程)auditorium听众席,观众席:会堂,礼堂authentic可靠的,可信的;真的,真正的,逼真的autonomy自治,自治权:人身自由,自主权awe(对神等的)敬畏,(对权势等的)畏怯;(壮观等引起的)惊奇,惊叹v.使敬畏,使畏怯;使惊奇,使惊叹bait毒饵,诱饵,诱惑物;V.引诱,诱惑ballot(无记名)投票用纸,选票;投票表决(法),投票选举(法),投票(选举)权;投票总数,投票记录V.投票,抽签决定banquet宴会,宴席V.设宴款待,宴请;赴宴,参加宴会barren(土地等)贫瘠的,荒芜的;不(生)育的,不结果实的;沉闷无趣的,无吸引力的;无益的,无效果的:没有的,缺乏的(of)bear承受,承担;忍受;经得起(考验);带有,具有;生(孩子、幼畜);结(果实),长出(花、叶)benign善良的,宽厚的,慈祥的;【医】(病等)无危险的,(肿瘤等)良性的;有利的,吉利的;温和的,宜人的bizarre奇形怪状的,异乎寻常的,怪诞的blackmail敲诈,勒索v.敲诈,向…勒索,胁迫blueprint蓝图,行动计划v.为…制蓝图,为…制订行动计划,为…制订详细计划blur(使)(视线等)变模糊;弄脏,玷污n.模糊,模糊的东西;污迹,(道德方面的)污点boost推动,激励;提高,增长;广告,宣扬V.推动,提高;增加,使增长;替…作广告,宣扬

5breach破坏,违反,(对他人权利等的)侵害;破裂,裂口v.破坏,违反;攻破,在…造成缺口browse(牲畜)吃草,吃(on);随便翻阅,随意观看n.浏览bruise(人体跌、碰后产生的)青肿,挫伤;(水果、植物等的)伤痕,(皮革等的)擦痕,(金属等的)凹痕V.打青,碰伤;挫伤,伤害(感情等)bully恃强凌弱者,横行霸道者,恶霸v.城吓,欺侮cardinal最重要的,主要的,基本的;鲜红的,大红的caress爱抚,抚摸,亲吻v.爱抚,抚摸;善待,宠爱cater承办酒席,提供娱乐节目(for);满足要求(或欲望),迎合,悉心照料(for,to)click咔哒声,喀嚓声V.(使)发出咔哒(或喀嚓)声closet橱,壁橱;隐蔽处,隐秘;盥洗室,厕所间,抽水马桶cohesive黏合(或聚合)在一起的,有黏合(聚合)性的;团结的,结合的compassion同情,怜悯compose组成,构成;创作(音乐、文学作品),为…谱曲:使(自己、思想等)准备好,使平静composition组成,构成;创作,作曲;(音乐、文学或美术)作品concede(不情愿地)承认,承认…为真(或正确),(在结果确定前)承认(竞选、比赛等)失败;容许,让步consecutive连续的;按逻辑顺序的,连贯的console安慰,抚慰,慰问conspire(共同)密谋,搞阴谋(with);合作,协力constrain强迫,迫使:限制,约束,禁闭;压制,抑制(from)contemplate思忖,对…作周密思考;(沉思地)注视,凝视;盘算,打算copyright版权V.以(获得)版权保护(作品),获得…的版权a.受版权保护的,获得版权的,有关版权的correlate(使)相关,(使)关联

6cosy暖和舒适的,舒适的,安逸的;自得的,自满的;亲密无间的,相互勾结的,默契的credential[~s]证明书,证件cruise航行,航游,巡航,游弋;(飞机、汽车等)以经济巡航速度行驶;徘徊于,缓慢行驶于n.航行,航游,巡航,游弋curb控制,约束,抑制damn(表示厌烦、失望等)该死的,他妈的,讨厌v.指责,谴责,咒骂;使失败,注定…要失败n.咒骂;〈口〉丝毫,一点点datum((复)data)资料,材料,数据delegate代表v.委派(或选举)…为代表;授(权),把…委托给别人denounce谴责,指责,痛斥;告发,控告discreet(言行)谨慎的,慎重的;朴素的,不显眼的discrepant有差异的,不符合的,不一致的discrepancy差异,不符合,不一致;不相符之处,不一致之处disposition性情,性格;意向,倾向;排列,布置;支配(权),处置(权);解决,清楚disrupt使破裂,使分裂,使瓦解;扰乱,使中断dissipate使消散,使消失;浪费,挥霍,消耗distill蒸储,用蒸储法提取(或提炼、生产、去除);吸取…的精华,〈喻〉净化,提炼dwarf矮子v.使矮小,阻碍…的生长;使显得矮小,使相形见拙ebb落潮,退潮;低落,衰退V.(潮)落,(潮)退:低落,衰退eccentric(人、行为、举止等)古怪的,怪僻的n.古怪的人,怪僻的人elapse(时间)消逝,过去n.(时间的)流逝,逝去elder年龄较大的,资格较老的eligible有资格当选的,在法律上(或道德上)合格的

7e-mail电子邮件v.给…发电子邮件eminent(在地位、学识、品德等方面)出众的,卓越的,著名的;显著的,突出的endow资助,捐赠:给予,赋予,认为…本具有某种气质(with)entity实际存在物,实体,独立存在体;存在envisage想象,设想;正视,面对escalate(使)逐步上升,(使)逐步扩大escort护航部队,护卫队;护送,护航V.护送,为…护航esteem尊重,敬重;认为,以为n.尊重,敬重evacuate撤离,撤出,撤走evade(巧妙地)逃脱,躲开;回避,逃避;使为难,难倒evoke唤起,引起;使人想起,使人产生(回忆、联想等);使再现,描绘出exempt免除,豁免(from)a.被免除(义务、责任等)的,被豁免的fake伪造,捏造;伪装,假装n.假货,鹰品a.假的,伪造的,冒充的fantasy想象,幻想federate同盟的,联邦的formidable可怕的,令人畏惧的;难以克服的,难以对付的foster培养,促进,鼓励;养育,收养:抱有(希望等)foul难闻的,令人恶心的;邪恶的,无耻的;(天气)恶劣的,有暴风雨的;〈口〉讨厌的,糟透了的v.弄脏,污染:玷污,破坏fragile易碎的,易损坏的;脆弱的,虚弱的;纤细的,精细的fraud欺骗(行为),诡计,骗人的东西:【律】诈欺,诈骗futile无益的,无效的,无用的;不重要的,微不足道的;(人)愚蠢的futility无益,无效;无意义,无聊;无益的事,无效果的行动glamour魅力,诱惑力;迷人的美,妖艳

8gorgeous绚丽的,灿烂的;〈口〉令人十分愉快的,极好的graph图,图表,曲线图graphic图(或图表、曲线图)的,用图(或图表等)解释的grim无情的,严酷的,残忍的;坚定的,不屈的;阴森的,令人生畏的;可怕的,讨厌的grope暗中摸,摸索,摸索着前进guide给…领路,给…导游:指导,指导…的行动n.向导,指导者;导游;手册,指南guidance指导,咨询guideline(常作〜s)指导方针,指导原则,准则,标准harass骚扰,扰乱;不断打扰,烦扰harsh手感粗糙的,毛糙的;难吃的,难闻的;刺耳的,难听的;严厉的,无情的,苛刻的,艰苦的;不平的,崎岖的humiliate羞辱,使丢脸humiliating使蒙受耻辱的,丢脸的idiot白痴,笨蛋a.极愚蠢的,白痴似的illusion错觉,幻觉;幻想,错误的观念impart给予(尤指抽象事物),传授;告知,透露imperative必要的,紧急的;命令的,强制的n.必要的事,紧急的事;命令,规则incentive刺激,激励,动机a.刺激(性)的,鼓励(性)的,奖励(性)的indulge沉溺于,肆意从事;使高兴,让…享受一下;纵容,迁就;〈口〉抽烟,喝酒,暴饮暴食infect【医】传染,感染;使受影响,感染infection【医】传染,感染:影响,感染;传染病inhibit抑制,约束installment分期付款;(分期连载的)部分a.分期付款的intelligence智力,智慧;情报,情报机构,情报人员;消息,信息intelligible

9可理解的,清楚的interim间歇,过渡时期a.过渡时期的,临时的intersect横穿,相交,交叉intersection横断,交叉,交点,十字路口intrigue阴谋,诡计,密谋;(尤指复杂的)情节,吸引力v.耍阴谋,施诡计;激起…的好奇心(或兴趣),迷住intriguing引起好奇心(或兴趣)的,有迷惑力的intrinsic固有的,本质的,内在的intrude侵入,闯入;侵扰,打扰;把…强加(在)(on,upon,把…硬挤(入)(into)intrusive侵入的,闯入的,打扰的invariable不变的,始终如•的invert使反向,使倒转,使颠倒inverse相反的,倒转的,反向的n.相反,反面irony反语,冷嘲;具有讽刺意味的事,令人啼笑皆非的局面ironic冷嘲的,挖苦的;具有讽刺意味的,令人啼笑皆非的:用反语的,挖苦人的junk废弃的旧东西,废旧杂物;〈口〉破烂,垃圾,乌七八糟的东西juvenile少年的;适合于青少年的,青少年特有的;幼稚的,不成熟的第三天:抓住基础词句为先--核心词汇篇之二对于核心词汇的掌握一定要十分重视,因为考试答案常涉及它们。例如,resent(忿恨,怨恨)这个核心词汇在2005年考试的阅读部分第一篇文章中考了数次,第二题就是一例:Thestatement“itisal1toomonkeyw(Lastline,Paragraph1)impliesthatmonkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals.[B]resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys'nature.

10[B]monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother.[C]noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions.包含resenting的[B]选项为正确答案,对应原文第一段的senseofgrievance(忿恨感)。在2007年的考试中,阅读部分第三篇文章的第一题考了核心词汇vulnerable(易受攻击的,易受影响的):31.Today'sdouble-incomefamiliesareatgreaterfinancialriskinthat[A]thesafetynettheyusedtoenjoyhasdisappeared.[B]theirchancesofbeinglaidoffhavegreatlyincreased.[C]theyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilyeconomies.[D]theyaredeprivedofunemploymentordisabilityinsurance.包含vulnerable的[C]选项为正确答案,因为原文第二段说的就是这个意思。vulnerable这个词常与希腊传说中的英雄Achilles相联系,这位英雄除了脚胸(heel)之外身上其他部位都能免受攻击。不过最后,他的脚踵被人射中,因此死亡。由此西方文化中产生了一个说法:Achilles'heel(最弱处)。所以,除了真题原文的词汇,各个问题与选项中的词汇也要牢记。今天的结束语是:Don'tletvocabularybecomeyourAchilles'heel(不要让词汇成为你的最弱处)。核心词汇(二)lay置放,搁;产(卵),下(蛋);铺设layoff临时解雇(期);休息,停歇legitimate合法的,法律认可的;正当的,合理的,合乎常规的literate有读写能力的,有文化修养的;熟练的,通晓的literacy识字,有文化,读写能力lure吸引力,诱惑力,诱惑物v.吸引,诱惑

11malign恶意的,邪恶的;有害的;【医】恶性的,致命的,癌的meditate沉思,深思,冥想(on,upon)menace威胁,威吓;威胁性言行,具有危害性的人(或事物)v.威胁,威吓,使遭受危险mere只不过的,仅仅的merely仅仅,只,不过merge(使)(企业、团体等)合并;(使)合为一体;(使)渐渐消失merger(公司、企业等的)合并metaphor隐喻,比喻,比喻说法mingle混合,相混合;使结合,使联合motive动机,目的a.运动的,发动的,促进的motivate使有动机,激起,激发obsess(幻想、定见等)迷住,使心神不宁obsession着迷,着魔,困扰;【心】强迫观念,强迫症optimum最大限度,最佳效果,最佳条件a.最优的,最佳的optimize使尽可能完善,最有效地进行outing短途旅游,远足;a.短途旅游的,供短途旅游用的overturn(使)翻转,打翻,(使)倒下;颠覆,破坏panorama全景,全貌;概述,概论pathetic可怜的,可悲的peer同等地位的人,同辈,同事:(才能、学识等方面)相匹敌的人permeate弥漫,充满;渗入,渗透;影响,感染persevere坚持不懈,锲而不舍(in,at,with)perseverance坚持不懈,锲而不舍

12plead恳求,请求,答辩,辩护;提出…为理由,提出……为借口plea[pli:]n.恳求,请求;借口,托辞;申诉,辩护plight困境,苦境poke戳,捅;伸出,突出;搜索,探问;干涉,介入n.戳,捅,拨弄polar地极的,极地的;(性质、特点等)正好相反的,截然对立的polarize使两极化,使分化,使集中ponder思考,考虑;衡量,估量;回想,反思portray画,描绘;表演,饰演preclude排除,防止,阻止predecessor前任,前辈;(被取代的)原有事物,前身pregnant怀孕的,妊娠的;充满的,丰富的,多产的premium奖品,奖金;额外补贴,津贴a.高级的,优质的;售价高的,高价的prestige威信,威望;影响力,吸引力prestigious有威望的,有威信的,受尊敬的prone有…倾向的,易于…的,很可能…的prosecute对…提起公诉,告发,检举;彻底进行,执行prosecutor检查官,公诉人;原告,起诉人;(行动、工程、商业等的)从事者prospect将要发生的事,期望中的事,预期,指望;景象,景色;[常作〜s](成功、得益等的)可能性,机会,(经济、地位等的)前景,前途;可能成为…的人,合适的人选prudent审慎的,小心的;精明的,深谋远算的:节俭的,善于经营的prudence审慎,小心;精明,深谋远算;节俭,善于经营quest(历时较长的)寻求,调查研究V.寻找,寻求questionable有问题的,有怀疑的,可疑的questionnaire(通常用于收集信息或意见的)•组问题,调查表

13radiate(光、热等)辐射,发射:发散,传播radiant明亮照耀的,光辉灿烂的;容光焕发的,洋溢着幸福的;【物】发光的,辐射的radiation发光,发热,辐射(作用);发散,传播rash鲁莽的,轻率莽撞的;仓促作出的,轻率说出的reassure向…再保证,使放心,使消除顾虑reassurance再保证,再安慰reassuring安慰(性)的,鼓励(性)的recede退,后退;变得渺茫,变得模糊;(男子头发)开始从前额向后脱落;撤回,背离(from);减少,下降recession后退,撤回;(经济的)衰退(期)receive收到,得到;领受,接受;容纳,承受receipt收到,接到;发票,收据;收入,进款reception接待,欢迎;招待会,欢迎会;接待,容纳;(无线电、电视的)接收,接收情况recipient接受者,接受器a.接受的,容纳的reckless不顾虑的,不介意的(of);不顾后果的,鲁莽的recur再发生,反复出现;再现,重新浮上心头recinrence再发生,复发,重新出现recurrent一再发生的,反复出现的,周期性的recycle(使)再循环;回收利用,重新使用redundant过多的,剩余的,累赘的;〈主英〉(因人员过剩而)被解雇的,失业的;清一色的,千篇一律的redundancy多余(物),剩余(物);累赘,冗长;裁员,解雇refrain忍住,节制(from);克制,抑制refund退还,偿还n.退还,偿还;退款,偿还金额rein(常作〜s)缰绳;控制,约束;控制权,支配权v.用缰绳勒住;驾驭;控制,约束

14remnant残余,剩余;(常作〜s)残存部分,残余分子;边角剩料,零布头renaissance再生,复活,复兴repress抑制,约束;镇压,平息repression抑制,压制;镇压,制止;【心】压抑repressive抑制的,压制的,强制的,镇压的:【心】压抑的resent愤恨,怨恨retention保留,保持;保留物,保持力;记忆(力)retort反驳,回嘴:反击,报复retrieve重新得到,收回,取回;【计】检索;使恢复,使再生;挽回,挽救,纠正retrospect回顾,回想,追溯retrospection回顾,回想,追溯retrospective回顾的,回想的,追溯的;向后看的,往后的reveal揭示,揭露;展现,显示rigour严格,苛严,严厉;(生活等的)艰苦,(气候等的)严酷rigorous严格的,严厉的;严峻的,严酷的riot暴乱,骚乱robust强壮的,强健的;坚定的,坚强的sanction准许,批准;赞许,支持,鼓励;制裁,惩罚sane心智健全的,神志正常的;清醒的,明智的;无疾病的,健康的sarcastic讽刺的,嘲笑的,挖苦的;好挖苦的,尖刻的sarcasm讽刺,挖苦,嘲笑saturate浸透,渗透;使充满,使饱和scandal丑事,丑闻;恶意诽谤,流言蜚语;反感,愤慨scrutiny详细的检查(或审查),仔细的观察;细看,监视

15scrutinize详细检查,仔细观察seeming表面上的,貌似真是而其实未必的seemingly表面上地,貌似真是而其实未必地segregate(使)隔离,(使)分开sense感官,官能:感觉;观念,意识;判断力,鉴赏力;见识,智慧;道理,合理性;意义,含义v.感觉到,觉察到,意识到sensible明智的,合情理的;可注意到的,明显的sensitive敏感的,容易生气的,神经过敏的sentiment思想感情,情操;感情,情绪;伤感情绪,多愁善感;[常作〜s)意见,观点sentimental充满柔性的;多愁善感的,感伤的series[单复同]连续,接连,一系列;广播(或电视)系列节目serial连续的,排成系列的,顺序排列的;分期连载的,分期偿还的setback挫折,失败shabby破破烂烂的,衣衫褴褛的;失修的,破败的;卑鄙的,不光彩的shatter(使)粉碎,破坏,毁坏;〈口〉使心烦意乱,使震惊skeptic怀疑(论)者skeptical惯于(或倾向于)怀疑的,表示怀疑的(about)skim从…撇去浮物,去除表面异物;浏览,阅读skip跳,跳跃,跳过;〈口〉略读,迅速阅读;〈口〉故意略去,有意不出席(会议等)slam使劲关,使劲扔,使劲推;风风火火地进行,奋力行进soar高飞,翱翔;高耸,屹立;猛增,剧增:飞腾,高涨soaring高耸的;猛增的,剧增的;飞腾的,高涨的sociable好交际的,合群的;社交的,交际的solid坚固的,实在的;团结的,全体一致的:彻底的,完全的

16solidarity团结一致,休戚相关solitary单独的,独自的;单个的,唯一的;隐居地,孤独的;荒凉的,偏僻的solitude孤零,独居,寂寞:偏僻,荒凉spacious宽广的,宽敞的;广阔的,无边无际的;开阔的,开朗的;自由自在的,奢华的stagger(使)摇晃,(使)蹒跚;(使)犹豫,(使)动摇n.摇晃,蹒跚staggering摇晃的,蹒跚的;令人吃惊的,使人束手无策的;巨大的,大得惊人的staple主要产品,主要商品;主要成分,主要内容;主食a.最重要的,基本的,经常需要的statute法令,法规;章程,条例stereotype陈规,老套,刻板模式v.使成为陈规,使成为老套,使变得刻板stereotyped已成陈规的,老一套的,刻板的:(看法等)固定不变的,定型的strenuous紧张的,艰苦的,繁重的;劲头十足的,发奋的;强烈的,激烈的;费劲的,费力的stroll散步,溜达,闲逛stun把…打昏,使昏迷;使震惊,使目瞪口呆stunning打昏的,打得不省人事的;令人震惊的;绝妙的,极好的subject题目,主题;学科,科目;主语a.受…支配的(to);易受…的,易患…的(to);需要…的,将会…的subjective主观的,主观上的subsidy津贴,补贴subsidiary辅助的,附带的;隶属的,附属的;补贴的,津贴的subsidize补贴,资助suffice足够,满足要求sufficiency(常与不定冠词连用)(财富、收入、能力等)足量,充足sufficient足够的,充足的

17summit最高点,顶点;〈喻〉顶峰,极点;最高级会议a.最高级的,政府首脑间的superstition迷信,迷信思想,迷信行为,盲目的恐惧(或崇拜)superstitious迷信的,由迷信引起的,受迷信思想支配的susceptible易受感动的,易动感情的,多情的;易受影响的;可能有…的;敏感的,过敏的temperament气质,性情,性格;容易兴奋的性格,易变的性情temperamental气质的,性情的,性格的;易兴奋的,易激动的;〈口〉(机器等)性能不稳定的texture(织物的)密度,质地;(材料的)结构,构成;本质,特征thrift节俭,节约thriftless不节约的,浪费的;无用的,无价值的thrifty节俭的,节约的;繁荣的,茂盛的toll(道路、桥梁等的)通行费,服务费,设施使用费;代价,损失,伤亡人数torment折磨,使痛苦,使烦恼;纠缠,戏弄toxic中毒的,由中毒引起的;有毒的,有害的transcend超出,超越;胜过,优于transcendent超越的,卓越的transcendental超越的,超越一般常识的,卓越的,杰出的trash废物,垃圾;拙劣的文学(或艺术)作品V.丢弃,把…扔进垃圾箱;破坏,伤害trigger(枪等的)扳机,引爆器;引起反应(或一连串事件)的行动v,扣动扳机,发射;〈口〉发动,引起vulgar庸俗的,粗俗的:猥亵的,卜.流的:粗鲁的,不优雅的;通行的,流行的:通俗语的,方言的vulnerable易受伤的,脆弱的;易受影响的,易受诱惑的,敏感的wretched不幸的,可怜的,苦恼的:令人苦恼的,使人难受的:极坏的,恶劣的:无耻的,可鄙的

18第四天:抓住基础词句为先一-熟词僻义篇之一如果说核心词汇是重点的话,那么熟词僻义,即常见词的非常见意义就是难点。不少同学对于熟词僻义的掌握较差,一个重要原因是不能理解各个词义之间的关系,如本义与引申义之间的关系。一般而言,本义是词的常见义,引申义是词的非常见义。例如,embrace的本义是“拥抱”(=em进入+brace手臂),引申义是“包括,接受”。由“拥抱”的动作可以联想“包括”之义,因为“拥抱”就是将对方“包括”在手臂之内。由“拥抱”的象征意义也可以联想“接受”之义,因为“拥抱”对方,除少数情况外(如被迫与人拥抱),都表示“接受”对方。请看下列例子以巩固对embrace的常见义与非常见义的理解:1.Thetwoembraced,holdingeachothertightly.(拥抱)2.Hiscareerembracedmanyactivitiescomposing,playingandacting.(包括)3.Muchofthepopulationembracedthescientificidea.(接受)2007考研英语阅读部分的第二篇文章考到embrace的一个近义词,encompass(包括)。知道为何encompass这个词的意思是"包括"吗?encompass=en(进入)+compass(罗盘),意思是(如罗盘般)“包括”。discipline(纪律;学科)这个词的非常见义也可以通过上述方法联想记忆。“纪律”是discipline的常见义,是不可数名词;'‘学科”是discipline的非常见义,是可数名词。可以这样联想:现代学科的掌握都需要严格的训练,严格的训练不是正包含“纪律”吗?如论文的格式、引用他人观点的方法等都属于学术训练的“纪律”一类。这里的熟词僻义是按年总结的,不按字母顺序。有时间一定要过两遍,以增强对常见词的一词多义的掌握,也增强阅读与英译汉两部分的应对能力。今天的结束语是:Fami1iaritybreedscontempt(熟生蔑:亲近生轻侮)。不过,对于常见词可不要“熟生蔑”,否则上大当!熟词僻义(1994-2000)embrace包括;接受,信奉;拥抱preferred有优先权的

19exceptional特殊的;例外的prejudice损害;偏见dormant暂停活动的;潜在的:睡着的serve有作用act法案;(戏剧的)一幕govern适用于,管理term条款,术语;学期personality人物,名人;个性,人格fine细微的secure获得,得到;a.安全的rather恰恰相反;相当knowledge知道;知识aggressive有进取心的,大胆的;侵犯的reasoning推理interpret解释,口译assume假设,承担,采用mental心理的,精神的,智力的account描述;叙述coverage新闻报道,覆盖launch发起,开展,发射grant授予,同意,准予line思路engage雇用,使参与

20dictate命令,口授,听写render使得;给予;翻译discipline训练,学科;纪律acute敏锐的;(病)急性的fair集市,交易会,博览会virtually几乎,实际上authority当局import意义,重要性,含义;进口,输入implication含义,暗示passage通过;段落otherwise在其他方面,否则diversion消遣,转移harsh严酷的,严厉的;难听的frontier前沿,新领域;边境settlement定居地,解决convention习俗;大会,会议;公约abuse滥用;虐待;漫骂perceptual感知的,知觉的perception感知,察觉;理解radically根本地,极端地,激进地group分组,分类late已故的;迟的,晚的close完成ground理山,根据

21latitude(言语、行动等的)回旋余地,自由;纬度conduct指挥,管理;行为favorable有利的,顺利的,赞许的bid企图,努力contention争夺,竞争;争吵;争辩,论点establish确定;建立,确立conclusive有说服力的,确定性的;决定性的fashion方式;流行式样blunt直率的;钝的trial审判;试验dramatize使引人注H,使戏剧化,生动地表达plague令人烦恼的事;瘟疫,灾害discern区别,识别:理解span横跨,跨越:持续,包括:n.一段时间:跨度population(某地或某类)物品的总数,种群;人口slip滑倒;n.疏忽,小错liability责任,义务;债务[复数]claim索赔;声称,主张tap开发,利用betray背叛,出卖;暴露highlight强调,突出acquisition获得,学会panel专门小组

22appealto呼吁;吸引;上诉impose强加,征(税)amountto(意义、价值等方面)等同,接近;共计conformity-致,符合;遵守handicap障碍,不利条件:缺陷;v.妨碍mortality必死性;死亡率;致命agent动原;代理roughly大约,大体上;粗野地class把…分类,归为proposition主张,建议;陈述being生存,存在;生物,人liberal自由的,思想开明的:慷慨的occupation职业;占据endure忍受,承受,持久spectacle景象,壮观;眼镜formulation构想;系统的阐述check控制;检查第五天:抓住基础词句为先--熟词僻义篇之二有些常见词的非常见义很难记,不过只要采用前面所说的联想法就能较好地记忆,甚至在上下文中根据本义推出引申义。例如,subscribe(同意,赞成;订购,订阅)的本义是“订购、订阅”,引申义是“同意,赞成"。如何记住subscribe的非常见义呢?subscribe二sub(下面)+scribe(写).例如,订阅

23报纸需要在订单下方写上订阅者的名字,也可以通过在文件下面写上自己的名字来表示“同意”。这样,subscribe的常见义与非常见义就通过“在下面写上自己的名字”这一点联系起来了。试看下文:It'satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.这种做法是经济学家所赞成的,但实际上这常常使得铁路公司能够决定哪些公司将会蓬勃发展,哪些公司将会败下阵来。这是2003年考研阅读第三篇文章中的句子。其中的subscribe(to)你能在上下文中根据本义推出引申义吗?如果能,你的考研词汇就基本过关了。今天的结束语是:Wherearethesnowsofyesteryear(去年之雪今安在?法国诗人Villion的原文是法语:Ousontlesneigesd'antan?)。熟词僻义(2001-2007)entrance进入,入口(动词enter)referee审阅;仲裁(动词refer参考)alien不相容的,陌生的,外国的might力量,威力(形容词mighty强有力的)lateral平级的:侧面的cover掩饰,盖住exit辞职;出口term把…称为,把…叫做preach竭力鼓吹,宣讲,讲道publicize宣传,公布build-up积聚,增长juggle尽力对付(文中指同时做几件事情),使保持平衡;玩杂耍well-established固定下来的;得到确认的

24redundancy裁员;多余(形容词redundant多余的)address向…作正式讲话,对…发表演讲version版本;说法fraction小部分,片断,分数disregard不理会,漠视(反义词regard认为)suspend暂停,中止;悬,挂muted温和的,趋缓的;缄默的,无言的swing摇摆;秋千(同义词fluctuation波动)emerging新兴的implication含义,暗示(动词imply)rule裁决,裁定prescribe开(药);规定(prescription处方)fuel激起,刺激;n.燃料aggressive大胆的;侵略性的intelligence情报,智力,才智(形容词intelligent)margin差额,余地,边缘,页边空白(形容词marginal微小的,少量的,不重要的)immunization免疫;不受影响(动词immunize)ultimate最终的,根本的freight货物,运费appeal申诉,上诉;吸引discrimination歧视;区别(动词discriminate)subscribe同意,赞成;订购,订阅apprehensive忧虑的,担心的(动词apprehend理解)

25depression抑郁,消沉;萧条(动词depress)opening空缺职位(同义词vacancy)predecessor前辈,前任,前身literally简直,照字面地temper调和,使缓和;脾气exploitation剥削,利用;开发(动词exploit)assumption假设,假定;担任,承担(动词assume)preserve独占的领域(活动范围或地区);动植物保护区;保存parallel类似的事物;平行线enlist征募;赢得(帮助或支持)critical关键性的;批评的fashion制定,形成,改革involve包含,牵涉,使参与altogether完全;总计worthy优秀的;值得的game<总称》猎物;游戏,比赛fishery渔场:渔业figure数字;体型;图画vessel船;容器Stock种类;库存current流行的:流通的,当前的anchor主播,主持人;锚multiply乘;大量增加,繁殖note指出;记录

26harsh严酷的;刺耳的odds可能性,机会;冲突exercise履行(职责等),实行,执行:运用,发挥:锻炼,练习fallout附带结果,余波:放射性坠尘peer(into)检查;窥视dim〈口》迟钝的,愚蠢的;暗淡的六天:抓住基础词句为先--核心词组篇之一在复习考研英语的时候,许多同学只注意记单词,很少花时间熟悉词组。这是复习的一个误区,也是学习的一个误区。后果之一是句子里的词都认识,但是无法理解其意思,或者自以为明白了,其实理解的意思是错的。套用英语里的一句话,叫做“不熟悉词组所造成的危害再怎么说也不为过"。下面以2005年考研英语阅读部分第一篇文章首段为例:Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviorisregardedas“alltoohumanM,withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.文中的黑体(系本文作者所加)代表的是同一个词组:alltoo(非常,太)。如果不认识这个词组,对原文的理解就会打折扣,而对于文章后面的问题(正确答案为[B])也难以驾驭:Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”(Lastline,Paragraph1)impliesthat[A]monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals.[B]resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys'nature.[C]monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother.[D]noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions.

27无独有偶,这一年阅读部分第四篇文章的第一题的正确答案也包含alltoo这个词组。AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish[A]isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms.[B]isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment.[C]hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture.[D]broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s.由上可知,熟悉词组的意义重大。小至考试,大至学习,成毁有时系于小小的词组。为何如此?理由是词组为语言中已结晶的一部分,很难山其中的单词判断其准确意思。鉴于此,必须卜.大功夫熟悉这两天列出的核心词组。注意:这些词组是按年总结的,不按字母顺序。今天的结束语是美国英语中的一个表达法:sixofoneandhalfadozenoftheother(半斤八两——字面意思是“一个六个,另一个半打”)O核心词组(1994—2000)interferewith干扰breakdown中断,出故障atall完全,根本castlighton使明白,阐明bycontrast与之相反,与…形成对比的是bemarkedby特点是,以…为特点coupledwith加匕与…相结合respondto对…作出反应inresponseto作为对…的反应onthehorizon即将来临的keeptrackof记录,跟上…的进展beawareof意识到,知道

28passonto传递给adapt…to使…适应profitfrom从…获益thereandthen在当时当地,当场,立即accountfor说明(原因等),占(比例等)howcome为何,…是怎么回事beginwith始于inthelongrun从长远来看,最终beboundto注定,必定knowof知道,了解apartfrom除了;分开liveupto实现,做到touchon提及,涉及turnto-for向…请教或求助indispute处于争议中,在争论中such…asto如此…以致usedto过去常常bringabout引起,带来inthelongterm从长远来看passaway消失;逝世taketo适应;对…作出反应asyet到目前为止bebasedon以…为基础standfor代表

29turnback折回,返回;改变做法playone9spart起作用onthepartof就…来说;在…一边betrueof对…适用,符合aswell也onthegroundsof基于…理由,根据liein在于associatedwith与…有关系,与…相联系cometo…开始,逐渐takeoff开始,开始流行;起飞atthemercyof任凭…的摆布,完全受…的支配inreturnfor作为对…的回报stopshortof差一点就…presideover主持,主管onaverage平均,一般而言givethoughtto考虑attachto贴上,系上;使附属,使依恋applyto适用;应用longfor渴望indangerof有…危险,受到…威胁incommon共有,共同;共用playarole发挥作用makeup构成

30onthecontrary与之相反withrespectto相对于;关于,至于hold…liablefor让…对…负责haveone'sway自主行事,随心所欲accessto进入,接近thinkhighlyof对…评价很高resortto求助于,诉诸lookback回顾arguefor支持;论证onbehalfof代表aimat目的在于,瞄准inanycase无论如何,在任何情况下ahostof众多,大量beopposedto反对callfor要求inpractice在实践中,实际上carryout执行,实现discriminateagainst歧视infavorof支持,赞同attheheartof位于…的中心attribute…to将…归因于yieldto让位于,屈服于takeadvantageof利用

31comparedto与…相比;比作ignorantof对…无知,不知道…findout弄清withregardto关于;就…而论inbrief简而言之speedup加速typicalof是…的典型特征comeofage成年worthyof值得atanend完结;耗尽followfrom由…产生,山…推断asusual像往常一样,照例notsomuch...as...与其说,・・不如说inshort简而言之derive…from从…中获得(或产生)attheexpenseof以…为代价dependon取决于compensatefor弥补,补偿,赔偿tosomeextent在一定程度kindetail详细地fromtimetotime不时,有时relatedto与…有关asopposedto与…相对(或相反),而不是dealwith处理

32giveriseto导致,产生consentto同意,默认attheoutset一开始equivalentto等于,与…等值inturn又;依次,轮流inaction在起作用;在枳极活动中lookinto观测;调查atonce同时,一起;立刻conformto符合,顺应;遵守arisefrom由…引起,由…产生ingeneral一般,通常identify…with把…与…等同起来equate…with…将…等同于…beboundupwith与…密切相关restupon依赖setup建立owingto由于beexposedto接触,暴露于…中put…intoeffect实行,生效第七天:抓住基础词句为先一-核心词组篇之二书接上回,文续前篇。今天仍然总结核心词组。先看一例:原文:Theresearchersstudiedthebehavioroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Above

33all,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueofMgoodsandservicesthanmales.问题:Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare[A]moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget.[B]attentivetoresearchers,instructions.[C]niceinbothappearanceandtemperament.[D]moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions.问题中的最高级mostprobably将我们引向原文的最高级Aboveall(原文黑体系本文作者所加)所在的句子。比较原文与选项,可以确定(A)为正确答案。上课时有的同学告诉我他们没选[A],原因是inclinedto(倾向于)不认识。beinclinedto作为一个词组,与原文的tendto(倾向于)同义,因此[A]为正确答案。上面的例子又一次证明熟悉核心词组的重要性。今天的结束语是:Hangontoyourreview(坚持复习hangonto(坚持)是美国英语中的一个常见词组)。核心词组(2001—2007)involvedin卷入,涉及laydown规定,制定entitledto有权享有upto多达inthewakeof在…之后intermsof按照,依据weigh…against将…与…进行权衡adjustto适应

34avarietyof种种,各种letdown让…失望focuson关注,集中于subjectto易遭…(的),受…支配(的)consistof山…组成comparedwith与・••相比belimitedto(局)限于stickto附着;坚持becapableof能够,有能力availablefor可用于turnaround(使)好转opento容易受到(批评、攻击等);愿意接受(思想等)inparticular特别是onlyif只有reflecton考虑afterall毕竟welloff富裕intheworld究竟,到底breakup拆散,结束inthemannerof以…方式insympathywith赞同,同情inapositionto可以thanksto由于,幸亏

35relievesb.ofsth.免除(或减轻)某人的某事ineffect实际上inpart部分地resultin造成atbest充其量,至多atworst在最坏的情况下atbest充其量,至多atworst在最坏的情况下combinewith与…相结合appealto申诉,上诉;吸引keepupwith维持keepabreastof了解…的最新情况,与…齐头并进dowithout免除,不用anythingbut决不,远非alltoo太inexchange作为交换(或替代)stemfrom源于,由…造成provide••,with向…提供keep…from阻」上・・・responsiblefor是…的原因;对…负责regardlessof无论,不管morethan不仅仅是,超过figureout计算出;<美口〉想出,理解

36layoff解雇,使下岗workagainst对,••不禾!Jsortout整理,把…分类takeplace出现,发生asaresultof由于,作为…的结果give…creditfor因…而称赞…subject…to使…服从,使…遭到otherthan不同于,除了relateto涉及,与…有关dealwith应付,处理inthelightof鉴于,由于;当作contributeto有助于,造成besupposedto应该,可以ratherthan不是link…to把…结合到,将…与…联系起来relyon凭借,依靠第八天:抓住基础词句为先--长难句子篇之一由词而句,这两天讨论长难句的分类与分析。考研英语中的长难句分类如下:一、复合句Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.[参考译文]当艺术上的一项新运动达到一定流行程度时,最好先弄清该运动倡导者的目的,因为,无论他们的创作原则在今天看来多么牵强、多么荒谬,在未来这些理论有可能会被视为正常的东西。

37二、并列句Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualificationswillpayhimtoemployyouandyour"wares'andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.[参考译文]与你谈话时,可能成为你未来老板的人会考虑你所受的教育、你的经历和你的其他资历是否在雇佣你以后会给他带来好处。你的“资历”和能力必须有条不紊、合理连贯地展示出来。[结构分析]这也是一个并列句,包含两个分句。第一个分句的主干是yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhether...,其中whether引导一个宾语从句whetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualificationswillpayhimtoemployyou;第二个分句的主干是your“wares“andabilitiesmustbedisplayed...。注意:paysb.todosth.此处的意思是“做…对…有利";"wares"的本义是“商品、货物”,但在本文中,作者认为找工作就是推销自己,所以结合本文的背景,wares的意思是“(求职者的)资历或能力”。三、定语从句Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.[参考译文]通过雇用大量的职业人才,这一变化满足了新时代的技术要求,防止了效率下降——在过去,这种效率下降经常使家族公司在充满活力的创业者之后的第二代或第二代毁掉全部财产。[结构分析]本句是一个并列句,以and连接;第一个分句的主干是Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirements...,后面的介词结构byengagingalargeprofessionalelement作状语,说明metthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewage的方式;第二个分句的主干是(thechange)preventedthedeclineinefficiency,后面的that引导的定语从句修饰declineinefficiencyo注意:engage此处的意思是“雇,聘”。四、名词性从句Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.[参考译文]网络文化非常推崇这样一种理念:出现在用户屏幕上.的信息应该是根据用户特定要求发送过来的。

38[结构分析]本句的主干是Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthat...,其中notion后面的that引导一个同位语从句,说明notion的具体内容;同位语从句的主干是theinformation...comesthere...,其中flowingontothescreen作定语,彳修饰theinformation,句末的byspecificrequest作状语,修饰comethere。五、状语从句Consumersseemonlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy*slong-termprospects,evenastheydosomemodestbelttightening.[参考译文]消费者们看上去只是有点担心,而没有恐慌,很多消费者说尽管他们正在把开支紧缩一点,但是他们对经济的长期前景仍然保持乐观。[结构剖析]本句是以and连接的并列句,其中第二个分句的主干是manysay.,say后面的部分是宾语从句,其中还包含一个as引导的让步状语从句。六、特殊结构Perhapsitishumankind,slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheidealofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.[参考译文]也许正是因为人类长期以来遭受旱涝摆布的痛苦,才使他们制服洪水的理想显得如此令人着迷。[结构分析]这是一个强调句,基本结构是itis...suffering...thatmakes...sofascinating,被强调部分是humankind'slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddrought,其中的中心词是suffering,有两个修饰成分:humankind'slong和atthemercyoffloodanddrought(受旱涝摆布)都做suffering的定语。suffering这个词除了是被强调的部分外,还是后面that引导的从句的主语:在that引导的从句中,ideal做宾语,带有of引导的动名词短语forcingthewaterstodoourbidding(让河水听我们吩咐)这个定语;sofascinating做ideal的宾语补语,说明ideal的特点。

39Nowheredo1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.[参考译文]1980年美国的人口普查数据表明,没有哪个地方比美国最西部更能突出显示美国人想寻找更广阔的生存空间。[结构分析]否定副词nowhere放在句首,所以句子出现部分倒装。注意:more与否定词nowhere一起使用,相当于最高级。dramatize此处的意思是“突出显示,使…戏剧化”。七、分隔结构WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe一evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight-itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.[参考译文]然而就未来主义诗歌而言,情况就很难说了,因为不管未来主义诗歌是什么——即使承认其理论基础是正确的——也很难将其归为文学。[结构分析]本句的主干是thecaseisratherdifficult,for...itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature,前面的however表示本句与前一句形成对比,句首的介词结构WithregardtoFuturistpoetry作状语,其中withregardto的意思是“关于…”;for...itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature是一个并列分句,表示原因,主干是itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature;for后面的从句whateverFuturistpoetrymaybe表示让步,作状语;破折号之间的部分evenadmittingthat...也是让步状语,其中that引导一个宾语从句thatthetheory...mayberight,而从句的主语theory后又带有定语从句onwhichitisbasedo八、关联结构Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.[参考译文]1996年进行的一项新闻调查表明,反科学的标签还被贴在其他许多团体身上——从主张消灭最后剩下的各种天花病毒的机构,到主张减少基础研究经费的共和党人。

40[结构分析]本句的主干是Asurvey...revealsthat...,主语是survey,谓语是reveals,后面的that引导一个宾语从句,其主干是:theantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,后面的部分是from和to连接的两个名词:fromauthorities...toRepublicans...,说明othergroups的内容,而两个名词后面各自带一个定语从句,都由who引导。Theastonishingdistrustofthenewsmediaisn'trootedininaccuracyorpoorreportorialskillsbutinthedailyclashofworldviewsbetweenreportersandtheirreaders.[参考译文]读者对新闻媒体令人惊讶的不信任并非源于报道失实或报道技能较差,而是源于记者和读者之间世界观的日常冲突。九、难词与词组Mr.McWhorter*sacademicspecialtyislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof"whom”,forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.[参考译文]麦克沃特先生的学术专长是语言史和语言变化。举例来说,他认为“whom”一词的逐渐消失是很自然的,象古英语中词格结尾的消失一样不令人惋惜。[结构分析]本句是一个并列句,包含两个以and连接的分句,其中第二个分句比较复杂:宾语是thegradualdisappearanceof“whom”,forexample,接着是tobenaturalandnomoreregrettable,这一部分作上述宾语的补足语,最后是比较结构nomore...than...(象…一样不…)。十、指代“Theterm'antiscience'canlumptogethertoomany,quitedifferentthings,“notesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAntiScience,“Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreaten

41thosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened.n[参考译文]哈佛大学哲学教授杰拉尔德•霍尔顿在他1993年出版的《科学和反科学》一书中指出:“,反科学’一词把太多很不相同的内容混为一谈——而这些内容只有一点是共同的,那就是它们往往惹恼或者威胁到那些自以为比别人知识更多的人。”[结构分析]本句是一个直接引语,说话人是HarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHolton,动词note在此处的意思是“指出”。直接引语的第一部分是个简单句,其中lumptogether的字面意思是“把…混为一谈,把…归并到一起"。直接引语的第二部分比较复杂,主干是Theyhaveincommononlyonething…,thattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthose…是同位语从句,说明先行词onething的具体内容,其中those带有一个修饰它的定语从句whoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightenedo这一部分的难点之一是代词的指代问题:第一个they指代直接引语第一部分的toomany,quitedifferentthings,因为they一般指代复数名词;第二个they也是一样;themselves就近指代前面的those,指人。要判断指代关系,可以根据“单复数”和“就近原则”等标准进行,然后将确定的指代对象代入,看是否通顺和合乎逻辑。在了解长难句的分类以后,建议将上述句子先分析一下,然后与作者给出的结构分析进行对比,对主干的把握与作者的分析基本一致就可以了。今天的结束语是:Firstthingsfirst(重要的事情先做)。希望大家注意抓句子的主干,因为它们常是答案所对应的地方。第九天:抓住基础词句为先--长难句子篇之二昨天总结了长难句的分类,今天讨论它们的分析,即如何把握不同句子的重点。具体内容如下:一、一般步骤对于一般的难句,可以用“主干寻找法”:先抓主干——主句的主语、谓语和宾语,尤其是谓语,找出句子最核心的部分,再层层向下扩展,理清各部分的修饰成分。一个句子通常只有一个谓语(并列句除外),所以可以先排除非谓语成分,如不带助动词的分词结构一般不是谓语。对于主语也是一样,注意核心名词的修饰成分。例如,

42Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.[结构分析]本句的主干是itisadvisabletofindout...for...itispossiblethat...,句首的When引导一个时间状语从句,句中的for...itispossible...(至句末)是一个并列分句,表示原因,其中for后面的however+形容词farfetchedandunreasonable引导状语从句,表示让步。在主干itisadvisabletofindout...中,it是形式主语,后面的不定式结构tofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat是真正的主语。二、具体方法对于特殊句型,如虚拟语气,可以将其理解成一种反事实假设,也就是作者的观点和态度与之相反。对于分隔结构而言,其主干一般在破折号、逗号和定语从句之外,阅读时可以先跳过修饰成分。对于关联结构,要学会寻找第二部分,因为第二部分有时是句子的重点。如在not…but…之中,重点在but…之后。例如,Theastonishingdistrustofthenewsmediaisn,trootedininaccuracyorpoorreportorialskillsbutinthedailyclashofworldviewsbetweenreportersandtheirreaders.[结构分析]本句的主干是distrust...isn*trootedin...butin...(不信任的根源不是…而是…),其中berootedin...的意思是“根源在于…”。注意:这是一种特殊句式,重点在but之后的部分。三、结合真题无论是背单词,还是学难句,都耍在上下文中进行。研究表明,孤立地记忆词汇和理解难句效果较差,所以要结合真题的上下文进行复习。如读完i课的难句后,可以把整个原文再看一遍,以便加深对难句和核心词汇的理解和记忆。今天的结束语是:HappypreparationsforNETEM(快乐考研)!第十天:剖析句子拆分组合——信达翻译篇之一

43关于考研英语基础方面的总结至此告一段落。从此开始总结考研英语各部分的主要做题技巧。今明两天讨论英译汉问题。准备从两个方面展开:一是主要做题步骤与技巧,二是分语言点总结技巧。英译汉的主要做题步骤与技巧为:一、拆分结构1.确定主句和从句,以及主句和从句中的主要成分(即主谓宾)。2.划分意群——将意义相对独立的单位,如主句与从句,从句之间等划分开来。二、确定词义1.一词多义常见词一般具有多义性,翻译时要根据搭配和上下文确定意义,如develop除了“发展”的意思外,还有“形成”的意思。2.词组或固定搭配词组或固定搭配,一般有固定的译法,翻译时要注意,不能完全根据字面翻译。3.看上下句确定词义有时,尤其是句首出现代词时,需要阅读划线部分之前的句子,才能弄清句子的意思,这时应该阅读划线部分之前的句子。三、组合逻辑按照中文表达习惯和逻辑关系重新安排句子顺序,如定语和状语前置。四、核对完整1.名词和动词的意思2.搭配是否符合汉语习惯:主谓之间、动宾之间、修饰语和被修饰语之间3.重要词组和结构是否全部译出

44例如,Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.(2003-62)1.拆分结构本句有三个动词:is,seeks,use,所以翻译时可以拆分成三部分:1)本句的主干:Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquiry2)定语从句whichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmanner:修饰thatbranchofintellectualenquiry3)定语从句thatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena,修饰先行词manner2.确定词义1)第一个意群:socialscience社会科学;branch分支;intellectualenquiry知识探索2)第二个意群:seek力图;endeavor行为,努力;reasoned理性的;dispassioned冷静的,客观的;in...manner以…方式3)第三个意群:naturalscientist自然科学家3.组合逻辑定语从句whichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavors…较长,可以与前面的主句分开翻译;inthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmanner做状语,修饰study,翻译时可以放在study前面;定语从句thatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena可以前置修饰manner。

452.核对完整根据搭配要求,注意intellectualenquiry中的intellectual(知识)的翻译,以及inthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmanner中的dispassioned(冷静的)的翻译。参考译文社会科学是知识探索的一个分支,它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样,用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。元旦转瞬就到。遥祝各位新年快乐!今天的结束语是:Let'shopeforthebestinthenewyear!第十一天:剖析句子拆分组合——信达翻译篇之二今天分语言点总结英译汉技巧。涉及的语言点有定语从句、状语从句、被动语态。指代关系。一、定语从句的翻译定语从句就是起定语作用的从句,分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两大类,关系代词主要有which,that,who,where,when等。定语从句的译法有三种:定语前置、独立成句或译成状语从句。例如,Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.(2001-71)1.拆分结构本句有三个动词:be,disable,offend,可以分为三个部分。重点是定语从句thatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend的翻译。2.确定词义第一个意群:Therewillbe将来会出现(注意时态);televisionchatshows电视谈话节目;host

46主持第二个意群:monitors监控器;with装有第三个意群:disable使(汽车)不能行驶/运行;them指代前面的cars;they也指代cars;offend违规/超标(本义是"冒犯")1.组合逻辑先行词pollutionmonitors是定语从句的主语(山that代替),翻译时必须重复。2.核对完整注意offend的搭配。参考译文届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车,一旦这些汽车排污超标时,监控器就会使其停驶。二、状语从句的翻译英语中的状语从句翻译时•般前置。如果原文与汉语顺序,即结构和内涵与汉语的状语一致,就按照原句的顺序翻译;如果不一致,就按照汉语顺序排列句中顺序。例如,如果句中先有从句,后有主句,就按原句顺序排列。具体而言,时间状语、地点状语、条件状语和方式状语翻译时都放到谓语动词前。结果状语从句和原因状语从句在主句后面时,翻译时句子顺序可以不变。例如,Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.(2002-62)1.拆分结构本句是一个主句,带两个原因状语从句。注意原因状语从句的翻译。有三个动词:havebeen,seemtobe,havebeen,可以分为三个部分。2.确定词义behavioralsciences行为科学

47partlybecause部分原因是explanatory解释性的explanatoryitems用来解释行为的依据1.组合逻辑原因状语从句放在后面。2.核对完整注意本句原因的译法:之所以…部分原因是…;注意explanatoi^yitems中explanator与items在汉语中的搭配。参考译文行为科学之所以发展缓慢,部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的,部分原因是其他的解释方式•直难以找到。三、被动语态被动语态在学术文章中用得较多,常表达一种冷静客观的语气和语态。翻译时不可不加区分地一律译为“被”,而应根据需要灵活翻译。例如,Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.(2002-63)1.拆分结构本句是一个并列句,由and连接两个句子,两个句子都使用了被动语态。2.确定词义role作用、角色naturalselection自然选择formulate明确表达;用公式表达

48evolution进化selective选择的,选择性的shape塑造,使形成maintain保持,维持1.组合逻辑注意被动语态的翻译。参考译文自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明,而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。四、指代关系指代关系也是考研翻译中一个常见的考点。要确定代词的指代对象,有时需要阅读上文。指代关系在考试中主要涉及两种情况:1.句内指代可以根据代词的单复数形式去判定所指对象,但翻译时要避免过于重复,比如有时可以用“它”或“它们”等代替名词。2.句间指代1)指代前文某个单词。如果是这种情况,可以将代词翻译成所指代的名词即可。2)指代前面整个句子,如such,this,that,it等常指代句子,翻译时为了避免重复,可以用概括性的词汇对句子意思进行归纳,如“这一说法”、“这一问题”、“这种情况”等。例如,Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.(2000-71)

491.拆分结构本句结构简单,注意代词this的翻译。2.确定词义this指代前一句中assumption的内容:thewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunityvarying各种各样的,程度不同的hence因此,从而operationalresearchexperts运行研究专家,运筹学专家3.组合逻辑this可以翻译成“这”。参考译文在现代条件卜.,这需要程度不同的中央控制,从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。限于篇幅,关于其他语言点的总结,可以参考相关书籍。今天的结束语是:Nopains,nogains(不劳无获)。第十二天:寻找线索注意搭配--完型填空篇一、做题步骤第一步:浏览全文,把握中心:抓主题与作者导向(即作者态度)先花2-3分钟的时间浏览全文,以掌握文章的主题与作者对所讨论的问题所持的态度。第二步:按段精读,三线同行按段理解、分析与做题,因为段落本身是•个相时独立的意义单位。第三步:串读全文,连贯通顺

50填完20个空后,将选项带入原文通读。这么做能更好地从篇章角度检查答案,给原来不能确定的选项找到上下文的线索。二、基本技巧做完型填空题的基本技巧就是找线索,因为20个空的答案取决于该空前后的线索。线索主要有三种,所以我把做完型填空题的方法叫做“三线填词法”。这三种线索包括句子本身的线索、句子之间的线索以及全文线索。句子本身的线索主要指空格前后所要求的搭配、词汇的并列等;句子之间的线索主要指逻辑关系(如转折、因果、递进等);全文线索主要指文章的主题、作者的倾向以及词汇的同义复现(即作者在上下文中以不同的词表达同一意思)等。所以要根据不同情况寻找不同线索,然后确定答案.下面以2005年考研英语的完型填空题为例,说明如何根据线索得到答案。2005年的完型填空题和过去的题有一脉相承之处,比较强调对文章开始部分的把握,以及逻辑关系的确认。本文是一篇科技方面的文章,主要内容是''人的鼻子在嗅觉方面是否灵敏”。在做题的时候,应该注意运用“三线填词法”,一方面要抓住全文线索——文章的首句,因为这一句话对于文章的主题和作者倾向有一定的提示作用(本文首句是文章的主题,它的意思是“人们对鼻子的嗅觉灵敏度低估了”。请注意英语行文的逻辑,这是一个大众观点,对于文章开始的大众观点,作者可能标新立异,即否定大众观点。那么,我们可以预期在后文中,会出现针对首句的转折,指出“人的鼻子的嗅觉很灵敏”.)o另一方面,要抓住句子之间的线索——逻辑关系以及句子本身的线索。本文找线索的具体方法如下:一、全文线索——涉及嗅觉的动词做答案的较多,因为本文主题是嗅觉。例如,7.[A]distinguishing[B]discovering[C]determining[D]detecting第七空要求选一个跟嗅觉能搭配的动词,由前一句话可以了解到其实就是要表达“捕捉嗅觉”的意思。那么,D选项“detecting”是对的。注意:本文是关于“鼻子嗅觉”方面的,那么凡是说到“捕捉嗅觉”的动词,要优先考虑。18.[A]tolerate[B]repel[C]neglect[D]notice第十八空根据前半句就可以得出答案。这一空要求填一个谓语动词,应该是第十七空谓语动词的同义词,也就是“意识到”、“注意到”的意思,那么D选项"notice”为正确答案。这道题也可以从我前面提出的全文线索理论-一文章主题得出答案:因为这里也要求一个涉及嗅觉的谓语动词,所以说应该跟第七空的答案“detecting”属于同义词。

51本文出现的另一种全文线索是同义复现。例如,

5215.[A]introduce[B]summon[C]trigger[D]create第十五空的答案为D。这是同义复现:正确答案create与第十空前面的generate为同义词,因为二者结构相同:都是动宾结构,而且宾语相同,那么支配宾语的动词可能相同。二、句子之间线索——表示转折对比的答案较多,因为转折关系常被考到。例如,1.[Ajalthough[B]as[Cjbut[D]while5.[A]anyway[B]though[C]instead[D]therefore对第五空而言,注意和文章开始部分的呼应:这里对文章开始的大众观点进行了否定。注意提示词“Infact”,B选项“though”表达了这种转折关系,为正确答案。如果选或,那么就与"Infact"无法搭配。三、句子内部线索——固定搭配出现较多,例如,13.[A]subjected[B]left[C]drawn[D]exposed第十三空考常见搭配“exposedto"(接触)。因此,D选项"exposedto"为正确答案。19.[A]available[B]reliable[C]identifiable[D]suitable第十九空也是考固定搭配"availablefor”(可用于),那么A选项"available”为正确答案。今天是新年的第二天,西方人有新年表决心(newyear*sresolutions)的说法。那么,今天的结束语是:新年我们一定取胜(Weshallprevailinthenewyear)!2005年考研英语完型填空Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1(10points)

53Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,_1_thisislargelybecause,_2_animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare_3_toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,4_themajorityofsmeIlswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,5_,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,_6_wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof7humansmellsevenwhentheseare8tofarbelowonepartinonemi11ion.Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,9othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate_10_smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend11tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell_12_cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen_13_toitoftenenough.Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmel1seemstobethatbrainfindsit_14_tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan15newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay_16_explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmellswesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot17oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe_18_newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse*s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors19forunfamiliarandemergencysignals20thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.第十三天:主题态度宏观驾驭——阅读理解篇之一做阅读理解时一方面要注意细节,不能凭印象做题:另一方面,选答案时不能仅仅根据个别细节与原文相似就下判断。这两个方面是导致失分的重要原因。如何克服这个问题呢?今天从主题与态度的把握方面来回答。所有文章的主题,包括全文主题与段落主题都很重要,是做题的重要依据。我在本博客的另一篇文章(《考研阅读的最高境界(三)——考研阅读正确答案解码》)中指出:考研阅读问题的正确答案经常具有下列五大特征之中的一个或几个:1.特征内容:常与文章的主旨有关。即经常涉及文章的中心思想。有的文章后面几个问题的正确答案都对应文章的主旨,因此,要注意正确表达了原文主旨的选项。例如,Whenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn,tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn'tcutting,fillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe*

54dliketo,either.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.’Tmagoodeconomicindicator,“shesays."Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey*reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars."SoSperoisdownscaling,shoppingatmiddle-browDillard*sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus."Idon,tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,too."shesays.Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn*tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupside,too.GettingatableatManhattan'shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.Forthat,Greenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.(2004-3)1.ByaEllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet”(Line1,Paragraph1),theauthormeans.[A]Sperocanhardlymaintainherbusiness[B]Speroistoomuchengagedinherwork[C]Sperohasgrownoutofherbadhabit[D]Speroisnotinadesperatesituation2.Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation?[A]Optimistic.[B]Confused.[C]Carefree.[D]Panicked.3.Whenmentioning"the$4millionto$10millionrangew(Line3,Paragraph3)theauthoristalkingabout.[A]goldmarket[B]realestate[C]stockexchange[D]ventureinvestment4.Whycanmanypeoplesee“silverlinings“totheeconomicslowdown?[A]Theywouldbenefitincertainways.

55[A]Thestockmarketshowssignsofrecovery.[B]Suchaslowdownusuallyprecedesaboom.[C]Thepurchasingpowerwouldbeenhanced.1.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?[A]Anewboom,onthehorizon.[B]Tightenthebelt,thesingleremedy.[C]Cautionallright,panicnot.[D]Themoreventures,themorechances.在这篇文章所对应的五道题中,除了第三题涉及指代外,其他题都可以根据本文的主题与态度确定正确答案。而且,对笫三题之外的其他四道题的正确答案进行比较,会发现它们的意思差不多——都是说经济形势不太坏:1.(D)未绝望2.(A)乐观4.(A)许多人会在某些方面获益5.(C)谨慎点就行了,不必恐慌其中第一、第二与第五的答案就是本文主题的不同说法,不过第一题是以例子引出主题,第二与第五题是概述主题。第四题针对末段,答案对应的是段落主题。下面以2007年的第三篇阅读为例进一步说明从宏观上驾驭主题态度如何能提高做题的正确率。Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspective,muchofthis,understandably,looksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegun,andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind.

561.Today'sdouble-incomefamiliesareatgreaterfinancialriskinthat[A]thesafetynettheyusedtoenjoyhasdisappeared.[B]theirchancesofbeinglaidoffhavegreatlyincreased.[C]theyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilyeconomies.[D]theyaredeprivedofunemploymentordisabilityinsurance.2.AsaresultofPresidentBush'sreform,retiredpeoplemayhave[A]ahighersenseofsecurity.[B]lesssecuredpayments.[C]lesschancetoinvest.[D]aguaranteedfuture.3.Accordingtotheauthor,health-savingsplanswill[A]helpreducethecostofhealthcare.[B]popularizeamongthemiddleclass.[C]compensateforthereducedpensions.[D]increasethefamilies,investmentrisk.4.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]financialriskstendtooutweighpoliticalrisks.[B]themiddleclassmayfacegreaterpoliticalchallenges.[C]financialproblemsmaybringaboutpoliticalproblems.[D]financialresponsibi1ityisanindicatorofpoliticalstatus.5.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?[A]TheMiddleClassontheAlert[B]TheMiddleClassontheCliff

57[A]TheMiddleClassinConflict[B]TheMiddleClassinRuins本文选自2006年1月的为力(《哈佛杂志》),原文标题是TheMiddleClassonthePrecipice(处于悬崖边缘的中产阶级)。本文的主题是:美国经济政策变化给中产阶级家庭带来的经济威胁。文章第二段与第三段分别从家庭经济变化与退休收入受影响两方面说明这•点。最后一段总结了上述经济威胁,并指出经济问题可能会带来政治后果(fallout)o既然主题是经济威胁,那么许多答案都会与威胁以及有关的不良后果相联系。在文章对应的五道题中,除最后一道题直接问主题以外,其他四道题也涉及主题。第一题是对主题进行解释(注意答案中提到的本文主题:家庭经济变化):[C]theyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilyeconomies.第二题与第三题都是以例子说明主题:[B]lesssecuredpayments.(第二题)[D]increasethefamilies*investmentrisk.(第三题)笫四题是对主题的引伸(经济变化可能带来的政治后果):[C]financialproblemsmaybringaboutpoliticalproblems.当然,这不等于说所有题的答案都是主题。只不过全文主题与段落主题为常考对象,有的文章更是这样。仔细的读者会发现上述两篇文章都是经济类文章。这类文章谈论经济趋势,文中的经济趋势就是主题,值得关注。除了主题,作者的态度也非常关键。如果这种态度在文中一以贯之,就很值得注意,因为不少题的答案都会涉及这一态度。例如,Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidn'ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandtheplanets.

58Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe“oddballs“amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho“workwellwiththeteam.”(1999-5)1.TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat.[A]inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificexperiments[B]scienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareconducted[C]scientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureofresearch[D]unpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificresearch2.Theauthorassertsthatscientists.[A]shouldn,treplaceascientificmethod”withimaginativethought[B]shouldn*tneglecttospeculateonunpredictablethings[C]shouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnicaljournals[D]shouldbeconfidentabouttheirresearchfindings3.Itseemsthatsomeyoungscientists.[A]haveakeeninterestinprediction[B]oftenspeculateonthefuture[C]thinkhighlyofcreativethinking[D]sticktoMscientificmethod

591.Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientificresearch.[A]maynotbeasprofitableastheyareexpected[B]canbemeasuredindollarsandcents[C]relyonconformitytoastandardpattern[D]aremostlyunderestimatedbymanagement上面四道题中,除了第一题外,都与作者的态度有关:第二与第四题直接问作者态度(第二题的(B)与第四题的(A)为正确答案),第三题问的是作者对有些科学家的态度((D)为正确答案)。综上所述,可见从宏观上把握主题个态度的好处。希望大家在复习真题时对每篇文章的主题(包含全文主题与段落主题)以及作者的态度加以思考,以便实战时能应付自如。今天的结束语是:Don*tlosetheforestforthetrees(不要见木不见林)。第十四天:九大题型微观把握——阅读理解篇之二从微观上把握阅读题型是阅读理解的另一项基本功。今天总结阅读中的几大题型以及正确答案的一般特征。考研阅读的题型与基本技巧如下:一、事实细节题基本技巧:定位原文,同义替换(根据问题中的关键词定位原文,寻找对原文进行同义替换的选项)例如,Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.(2003-1)Straitfordismostproudofits.[A]officialstatus[B]nonconformistimage[C]efficientstaff

60[A]militarybackground根据问题中的关键词proudof(对…感到自豪)定位文章末句:Straitford,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.(Straitford对自己能发出的独立声一音感到自豪)。B选项中的nonconformist(独立的)对末句中的independent进行了同义替换,所以B为正确答案。二、例证题基本技巧:定位例子,寻找总结(例子前后,•般在例子前找对例子的总结)三、词义题基本技巧:文中判断,语法标点(根据上下文进行判断;可以借助标点符号、语法搭配等;常见词的字面意思要警惕)四、句子理解题基本技巧:抓住主干,逻辑态度(剔出主谓部分;如果是复合句,要注意所表达的逻辑关系;涉及态度的句子,要注意与原句态度一致的选项)五、指代题基本技巧:向上搜索,代入验证(根据代词所表示的数量,如单数或复数等特征确定选项,然后将答案代入原文验证)六、推理题基本技巧:对应原文,注意转折(一般的推理题都有对应的原文,例如它常对应原文的转折处,因此不能凭感觉肓H推断)例如,Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.ThesightseerswhocomebybusandoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside—don'tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthemareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,theplaygoersdomanagealittlesight-seeingalongwiththeirplaygoing.Itistheplaygoers,theRSCcontends,whobringinmuchofthetown*srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownbynightfall.(2006-2)

61ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that[A]thesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePalaceseparately.[B]theplaygoersspendmoremoneythanthesightseers.[C]thesightseersdomoreshoppingthantheplaygoers.[D]theplaygoersgotonootherplacesintownthanthetheater.问题针对三段。可以将各个选项与原文第三段进行比较,然后得出答案。A“游客不能分开参观theCastleandthePalace两处”是对原文的拼凑,等于将第三段的前两句串在一起,但意思与原文不符,所以是错误的。B“看戏的人比一般的游客花钱更多”符合原文的意思,为正确答案。第三段第二句指出,游客一般不看戏。第三句指出:看戏的人除了看戏之外,一般还会进行一些旅游活动。接着是RSC的观点:它认为看戏的人一般在小镇呆的时间长,因此花费也多,而游客一般购物少,而且一天就离开了小镇。山此可知看戏的人的花费可能多于游客。C“游客比看戏的人购物更多”、D“看戏的人只去剧场”都与第三段意思不符,所以都是干扰选项。阅读时注意第三句前面的转折词howevero七、作者态度题基本技巧:词汇语气、选项分辨(根据原文的形容词、副词、名词与动词与作者的语气判断褒贬,再分辨选项的褒贬)八、判断题基本技巧:看清问题、态度主题(审题时要注意问题中的否定词NOT与反向思维词EXCEPT;做题时一般按照顺序对应原文;答案有时对应文章主题或作者态度,最后一题为判断题时尤其如此)九、主旨题基本技巧:注意首段、综合段首(首段常引出主题;各段首句综合起来为全文主题)例如,Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006'sWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersare

62morelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.(2007-1)Thebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsoccerplayersismentionedto[A]stresstheimportanceofprofessionaltraining.[B]spotlightthesoccersuperstarsintheWorldCup.[C]introducethetopicofwhatmakesexpertperformance.[D]explainwhysomesoccerteamsplaybetterthanothers.问题是“作者提到足球运动员中发现的生日现象的H的是什么"。这等于从写作方法的角度考查对文章主题的把握。本文首段提到优秀足球运动员的生日集中在•年的开始几个月,这是一个现象,是为了引出本文的主题:出色的成绩从哪里来。事实上,作者从第二段开始都在对上述现象进行解释,并且指出出色的成绩是后天努力、而不是与生俱来的结果。C“引出出色的成绩从哪里来”这一主题,符合此意,为正确答案。D“解释为何有些足球队比其他足球队出色”为干扰选项,因为文章首段仅仅提到问题中所说的现象,解释这一现象是文章其他部分的功能,第二段首句“什么能解释这一奇怪现象”就表明了这一点。注意:首先,本文的结构是现象——解释型,首段一般只提出现象;其次,报刊杂志文章的首段通常引人入胜,目的是引出本文主题。今天的第二个目的是总结正确答案的一般特征。这个方面我们昨天已经涉及,今天对其全面总结如下。考研阅读问题的正确答案经常具有下列五大特征之中的一个或几个:1.特征———内容:常与文章的主旨有关。即经常涉及文章的中心思想。有的文章后面几个问题的正确答案都对应文章的主旨,因此,要注意正确表达了原文主旨的选项。例如:2004年第三篇。2.特征二——位置:常对应段首、段尾和转折处。段首、段尾和转折处是文章的重点,也是常出题的地方,值得关注。例如:2005年第一篇。3.特征三——改写:常对原文进行同义替换、正话反说或反话正说。同义替换、正话反说或反话正说是考研阅读三种最常见的答案编写方式,了解它们就等于能从命题角度把握问题。例如:2000年第一篇。

631.特征四——语气:常含有不肯定语气词和委婉语气词。有些问题的答案,尤其是推理题的答案中常包含不肯定语气词和委婉语气词,如may等,以显示推理的相对性。例如:2007年第二篇。2.特征五一特性:常具有概括性和深刻性。山于考研阅读考查的对象是文章要点与市;点,因此答案通常具有概括性和深刻性,所以选择答案时对于包含过于琐碎细节的选项要警惕。做考研阅读问题时,如果能以原文为依据,并结合上述正确答案的五大特征进行思考,结果会比较理想。今天的结束语是:千里之行始于足下(Alongjourneyisstartedbytakingthefirststep)o第十五天:难题错题分别整理——阅读理解篇之三除了寻找正确答案以外,有时需要避免选项中的陷阱。所以今天总结干扰选项的特征。一、例证题干扰选项特征:就事论事(以例子本身的细节为答案)例如,Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperish,evenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel,yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforus,evenifit,suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate_stagecancercare.Physicians-frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatient-toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified.(2003-4)Theauthorusestheexampleofcancerpatientstoshowthat.[A]medicalresourcesareoftenwasted[B]doctorsarehelplessagainstfataldiseases

64[A]sometreatmentsaretooaggressive[B]medicalcostsarebecomingunaffordable问题对应二段倒数第二句。这个例子就是说明前一句的:由于有第三方为我们支付医疗费用,我们便要求医生为我们做所能做的一切事情,即使这么做毫无用处。二段末句进一步指出医生为了不让病人失望,经常采取一些过激的(aggressive)>缺乏科学根据的治疗方法。由于治疗结果不理想,自然造成医疗资源的浪费。A选项符合此意,为正确答案。B选项和C选项都就事论事,即都是例子本身的细节,不是例子要说明的内容。D“医疗费用越来越难以承担”在原文没有提到。二、推理题干扰选项特征:推得过远(所得出的结论经过多步推理产生,无原文依据)例如,ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms,theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren,sversion).Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavant,sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.Whatcanbeinferred[A]PeoplenolongeraboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph3?useIQscoresasanindicatorofintelligence.[B]MoreversionsofIQtestarenowavailableontheInternet.[C]Thetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandchildrenmaybedifferent.[D]Scientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhumanintelligence.问题是“关于智力测验,能从第三段推出什么”。C

65“针对成年人和儿童的智力测验的内容和形式可能不同”与原文第三段第二句对应:Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms,theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren'sversion),其中原文的括号中指出:智力测验的两种形式都有成人版和儿童版。既然如此,说明成年人的智力测验在内容和形式两方面与儿童可能不同,因此C为正确答案。注意:C选项中的format对应原文括号中的version。A“人们不再用智商分数反映智力水平”推得过远,因为段首仅说现在智商测验不如过去频繁,这不等于取消了智商测验。B“因特网上的智商测验版本比以前更多了”与原文“不同智商测验版本充斥了万维网”不符,因为选项中的比较是原文所没有提到的。三、主旨题干扰选项特征:细枝末节(以例子、细节做主题)例如,Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals:theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe“shiftingbaseline”.Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevel.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries,[A]managementefficiency.[B]biomasslevel.[C]catch-sizelimits.[D]technologicalapplication.

66问题是“作者似乎主要关注大多数渔场的哪一个方面”,这等于问文章的主题。B“生物数量水平”就是文章主题,因为作者从第二段开始都在论述这一问题,所以B选项为正确答案。A“管理效率”和C“捕获量限制”在原文未提过,D“技术应用”是细枝末节,所以它们都是干扰选项。四、事实细节题干扰选项特征:1.正反混淆(态度、有无与原文相反)2.无中生有(选项中的比较在原文无依据)3.扩大范围(选项去掉了原文的限制条件或修饰范围)4.因果倒置(两个事物在问题与选项中的因果关系与它们在原文的因果关系相反)例如,Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,WhyWeShould,Like,Care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive—thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.(2005-4)TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyagree?[A]Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.[B]BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.[C]Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.[D]Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexideas.可以将各个选项与原文一一进行比较,与McWhorter谈到的观点一致的就是正确答案。按照出题顺序,可以优先定位四段,其中四段末句指出:他(指McWhorter)并不像其他人那样认为如果我们讲话不得体就无法正确思考。这等于说他认为我们即使讲话不得体也能正确思考,就是说逻辑思维与我们的讲话方式没有必然的联系。A选项说的正是这一意思,为正确答案。其他三个选项与四段所说都不相符,也不是McWhorter

67认可的观点,所以都是干扰选项。第二个选项中的比较“moreexpressivethan…”在原文未提到,属于无中生有。又如,Inspiteofuendlesstalkofdifference”,Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis“thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofdeference“characteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption”,launchedbythe19th-enturydepartmentstoresthatoffered"vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.InsteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelitevthesewerestoresManyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact."Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesforhomogenization.(2006-1)Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19th-century[A]playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture.[B]becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers.[C]satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite.[D]oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption.根据问题中的关键词thedepartmentstoresofthe19th-century定位一段第三句该句指出:人们被吸引到“消费文化”之中——这场消费运动是由19世纪的百货商店发起的。这里的“消费文化”就是前一句中所说的“大众文化”(popularculture)o既然19世纪的百货商店导致了消费文化,即大众文化的出现,那么(A)“在传播大众文化方面起了一定作用”是正确答案,因为它符合此意。B选项属于断章取义,C选项与原文正反混淆,而D“百货商店的出现源于消费文化”颠倒了因果关系,反之才对。五、其他1.常识判断(根据一般经验做出判断)2.过于绝对(最高级、唯一性判断在原文无依据)例如,Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalive,buthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,veryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirths,liketheageofdeath,hasbecome

68average.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Again,differencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday—everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring-meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes.(2000-2)WhatdoestheexampleofIndiaillustrate?[A]Wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.[B]Naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.[C]Themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.[D]Indiaisoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.关于印度的例子在二段末。作者举这个例子的目的是说明进化的作用又少了一个用武之地:在过去,由于人们间的贫富差异使得人们的生存和生育受到影响,富人生存能力强,但是到了现在,贫富差异对人们的生存能力的影响一经很小。这样,自然选择在贫富差异方面就无所作为。B“自然选择在贫富之间的作用很难发挥”符合此意,为正确答案。A“富人的小孩一般比穷人多”为常识判断,即可能符合现实,但在原文没有提到,所以不是正确答案。C选项包含具体数字,这类选项一般是干扰选项。又如,Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn'tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.(2005-2)Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat[A]therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath.[B]thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant.[C]peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife.

69[A]antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense.问题是“支持吸烟者的一个论据是什么”,这一点在一段谈到。C“人们有选择自己生活方式的自由”由一段第三句可以推出,因为原文指出“反对吸烟的游说团体存心破坏吸烟者的生活方式,政府不应该干涉吸烟”,由此可见支持吸烟者认为吸烟是他们的生活方式,他们有选择的自由,他人(包括政府在内)不应对此加以干涉。因此C为正确答案。A“没有科学证据证明吸烟和死亡之间的因果关系”与一段第二句“证据不充分,科学上还不确定”有出入,因为原文指出“证据不充分”,说明有证据,只是不充分而已,而A选项完全否定证据的存在,说得过于绝对。B“在过去数十年中早亡的烟民数目不大”与一段末句所说相反,也不是支持吸烟者的论据。D选项以偏概全。所以A、B、D三个选项都是干扰选项。综合这几天对阅读的总结,做题时一定要以原文为依据。许多同学做题有方法,但因为凭印象、粗心大意或对词汇理解不准确,往往做错。有不良习惯的同学要注意纠正习惯,而词汇理解不准确的同学,一定要将问题涉及的原文词汇与选项词汇吃透。对于基础较差的同学,我甚至建议将每道题的答案以及它们所对应的原文词汇读熟,以增加自己的词汇量(尤其是同义词数量)、增强自己的做题感觉。还有些同学容易钻牛角尖,常常觉得哪个选项都不对或排除了正确选项。这些同学需要树立一种思想:虽然做题涉及逻辑,但是语言是第一位的,以语言的对应为最高原则。今天的结束语是:Learnfrommistakes(从错误中吸取教训)。第十六天:小小作文套路毕备一应用写作篇作文部分极为重耍。在两篇作文中,小作文,就是应用文的满分为10分,得高分比大作文容易些,因为它更加套路化,对语言的要求也不如大作文那么高。所以这篇作文的得分逐年稳中有升。如果低于6分,意味着这篇作文的得分不是很理想。出现这种问题的主耍原因在于写作的格式、语言和要点等方面注意不够。我以2005年的小作文考题为例,从这几个方面进行总结。一、格式Directions:TwomonthsagoyougotajobasaneditorforthemagazineDesigns&Fashions.Butnowyoufindthattheworkisnotwhatyouexpected.Youdecidetoquit.Writealettertoyourboss,Mr.Wang,tellinghimyourdecision,statingyourreason(s),andmakinganapology.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use“LiMing”instead.Youdonot

70needtowritetheaddress.(10points)范文(选自胡敏编著的《2008年考研英语高分作文》):DearMr.Wang,Iamwritingtoinformyouaboutmydecisiontoresignfrommycurrentposition.ThereareafewfactorsinvolvedthatIfindintolerable.Firstofall,thesalaryhasproventobemuchlowerthanyouoriginallypromised,andIhavealargefamilytosupport.Inaddition,theofficeislocatedinthedowntownarea,yetIliveinthesuburbs,soitisexhaustingformetospendoverthreehourscommutingeveryday.Mostimportantly,Ifeelratherdisappointedandleftoutonthejobitself,asinthepasttwomonthsIwasnevergivenanyreallyimportantresponsibility.Isincerelyhopethatyouapproveofmyresignation.Iamsorryforanyinconveniencecaused.Yourssincerely,LiMing由上面2005年小作文考题以及范文可以了解小作文格式主要涉及称呼、正文与落款。—)称呼1.DearSirorMadam这是对于不认识的团体或组织的负责人的称呼。2.DearMr.xx/Ms.xx这是对于认识但是关系很正式的团体或组织的负责人的称呼,也可用来称呼认识但是关系较正式的个人。上面的小作文中的称呼就属于这一情况。

711.DearJohn/Mary(oranyothername)这是对关系较亲密的人的称呼:直呼其名。-)正文正文格式传统上采用缩进式,即每段开头空四个字母,段落之间不空行。现在流行的格式,尤其是打印文件的格式,一般采用齐头式,即每段开头不空格,但是各段之间空一行。上面的范文就属于齐头式。考试时可以根据自己的习惯选择•种,但要给人留下格式清晰的印象,为自己争取同情分。三)落款由于考试时不要求使用真实姓名,落款时可以使用下列万能格式:Yourssincerely,LiMing上面的范文就使用了这一格式。二、语言格式以外,小作文的语言也很重要。除了一般作文的要求,如没有语法错误、用词丰富、句子结构有变化以外,小作文还有特殊的要求,如文体方面与交际方面的要求。现在以上面的范文为例剖析这几点。-)遣词造句首先,本文用词准确。例如,currentposition中的current,(spendoverthreehours)commuting中的commuting,(anyreallyimportant)responsibility中的responsibility。其次,句型多变。有并列句,如第二段首句。还有较多的复合句,包含主句与从句,如第二段的第二句与第三句。当然,衔接手段也很丰富,具体内容会在后面的部分谈到。

72二)文体规范所谓文体,就是考研大纲中所说的语域问题。小作文主要考查两类文体,即正式文体与非正式文体。写给团体或机构的书信一般使用正式语言,即不用缩略语和口语用法。非正式文体主要涉及写给朋友的书信,可以使用缩略语和口语用法。上面的信是写给团体负责人的,所以用语正式。三)交际原则所谓交际原则,就是要针对不同场合使用不同语言,使交流得以进行。落实到小作文的书信,就是要恰当地使用礼貌语言。上面文中的末句就体现了这一原则。不同的应用文有不同的用语,考生应该加以熟悉和背诵,使考试时能运用自如。针对不同应用文的具体套话,可以登录新航道网站www.newchannel.org上的考研论坛F载。三、要点除了格式与语言问题以外,文章是否包含题目中的所有要点也是小作文的重要评分标准之一。首先,字数应达到100词左右;其次,小作文题目中提到的要点(一般为三点)应该在文中全部提及。所以,审题要仔细,不能遗漏问题中的要点。根据这一要求,小作文一般写3-4段。仍然以2005年的小作文题为例说明这一点。题目中的指令是Writealettertoyourboss,Mr.Wang,tellinghimyourdecision,statingyourreason(s),andmakinganapology,很明显作文应包括三个要点:告诉老板自己的辞职决定,陈述辞职的原因并表示歉意。范文包含了上述三个要点:第一段告诉老板白己的辞职决定,第二段给出了辞职的三个原因,而末段表示了歉意。综上所述,可以用3-4个段落对应题目中的几个要点,一般是一个段落写一个要点。在阐述要点时,各个段落分工如下:第一段:交代写信的目的;第二段:从两三个方面谈论信的主体内容,各个方面之间以关联词相呼应,给人层次分明的感觉,像范文第二段中的关联词firstofall,inaddition,mostimportantly就使得第二段充分而连贯;第三段:阐述第三个要点,如果有的话;最后一段:从交际的角度来完成此信,如获得恩惠后表示感激、造成麻烦时表示歉意等。今天的结束语是:Imitationisthebestflattery(模仿是最佳的奉承方式)。第十七天:图画作文功能必背——图画作文篇

73图画作文是考研大作文的主要出题类型,考生必须特别重视。目前一经到了考研复习的收官阶段,应该从题材、结构、套话等方面加以总结。一、题材大作文所选用的图画一般涉及与人们的生活有关的社会现象和问题,主要包含下列题材:1.教育2.职业道德3.身体健康4.家庭关系5.环境保护6.人口增长7.文化交流按照上述题材,历年的考题可以分类如下:1998年:职业道德;1999年:人口增长与环境保护;2000年:环境保护;2001年:教育;2002年:文化交流;2003年:教育;2004年:教育;2005年:家庭关系;2006年:教育;2007年:教育。由此可见,涉及一般品德与个性教育的题材较多。而且,上面的几大题材通常是考试出题的重要方向。为了考试时有话可说,考生可以根据上述几个题材准备

74•些各个题材常用的核心词汇。例如,涉及赡养老人的题材时,可以积累下列表达法:supportone'sagedparents赡养年迈的父母betrayone'sownconscience违背自己的良知shirktheresponsibility推卸责任paybackone'sparents*love回报父母的爱由此可见,根据题目的提示信息形式审题,按照不同题材准备核心词汇,是写好大作文的重要前提条件。关于写作部分的核心词汇总结,请关注后面的模拟练习部分。二、结构大作文的结构也非常重要,考生应该对照评分标准确定自己的强项,在考试时加以发扬,同时找出自己的弱项,加以克服。请看两个市:要的评分标准:20-17分内容切题,包括题中所列的各项要求;清楚表达其内涵,文字连贯;句式有变化,句子结构和用词正确,文章长度符合要求。16-13分内容切题,包括题中所列的各项要求;比较清楚地表达其内涵,文字基本连贯;句式有一定变化,句子结构和用词错误较少。文章长度符合要求。简而言之,优秀的作文应该:1.包括题目中要求的全部要点;2.结构规范清晰:3.词汇丰富、句子结构有变化。当然,最基本的要求是不离题,而且字数(160-200词)符合要求。下面以2006年大作文的一篇高分范文为例说明高分作文的特征,考生可以将自己的文章与之对照,从而对自己可以提高的地方有直观的认识。

752006年大作文(关于崇拜Beckham的)Directions:Studythefollowingphotoscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould:1)describethephotosbriefly,2)interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbythem,and3)giveyoupointofview.Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)范文(来自教育部考试中心资料)Moreandmoreyoungpeopleareincreasinglyinfluencedbyforeignculture.Ascanbeclearlyseenfromtheabovepicture,ayounggentlemanputs“Beckham“onhisface.Anotherdecentlydressedyounggentlemaniswillingtopay300yuantohavehishairmadeinhisfavoritestyle.Itisclearthatthepictureimpliesacommonphenomenoninoursocietytoday:moreandmorepeople,especiallytheyoung,areendlesslychasingpopularthings,disregardingthecostthattheymustpay.Thereareatleastthreegoodreasonsforthisphenomenon.Inthefirstplace,thespreadingofforeigncultureinourcountryinrecentyearsmaybethemainreason.Secondly,manyyoungpeopleinourmodernsocietyhaveanopenmind.Consequently,theyarewillingtoacceptnewthings.Lastbutnotleast,alotofpeoplehavebecomericherandricher.Asaresult,theycanpayfortheexpensetodothatkindofthings.Theremaybeotherreasonsforit,butitisgenerallybelievedthattheabovementionedreasonsarecommonlyacceptable.AsfarasIamconcerned,thespreadingofforeigncultureinoursocietyisnotabadthing.Butasapopularsayinggoes,everythinghastwosides.Thisphenomenoniswithoutexception.Mysuggestionastothebestwaytocopewiththeproblemisasfollows.Ontheonehand,peopleshouldtakeaproperattitudetowardthisphenomenon.Ontheotherhand,oursocietyisexpectedtoappealtothegeneralpublictoresistitsbadeffect.Iamsurethatmyopinionisbothsoundandwell-grounded.本文的得分是18分,因为它基本符合20-17分的评分标准:

761.包括了问题中的三个要点:第一段,描述图画;第二段,阐述图画含义;第三段,提出建议措施。2.结构规范清晰图画作文一般写三段,各段的内容分配上.面已经阐述。这是大的结构安排。本文做到了这一点。具体到各段,还有小结构的安排问题。例如,在第一段中,如果涉及的图画有两幅,每幅图至少用一句话描述。本文就是这么做的:Ascanbeclearlyseenfromtheabovepicture,ayounggentlemanputs“Beckham”onhisface.Anotherdecentlydressedyounggentlemaniswillingtopay300yuantohavehishairmadeinhisfavoritestyle.在第二段中,一般根据题目的提纲的提示,要么阐述一段所说的现象的原因,通常写2-3条,要么举例说明图画所反映的问题。在本文的第二段,考生在首句交代本段要从三个方面阐述原因:Thereareatleastthreegoodreasonsforthisphenomenon,接下来以三个关联词提示三个原因:Inthefirstplace…Secondly…Lastbutnotleast…。在最后一段中,考生明确告诉阅卷老师自己提出了建议措施:Mysuggestionastothebestwaytocopewiththeproblemisasfollows.Ontheonehand',,Ontheotherhand…。三.用词准确、句子结构有变化像disregard(第一段末)、copewith(末段中间)与appealto(末段倒数第二句)等词与词组的使用表明考生的用词比较准确。与此同时,像被动语态、形式主语、各种复合句的使用也说明考生的句子结构不单调。除了上面的优点,范文也有一些不足之处,使它被扣掉2分。最严重的问题是:第二段的三点理由其实只是两点,因为第二点"Secondly,manyyoungpeopleinourmodernsocietyhaveanopenmind.Consequently,theyarewillingtoacceptnewthings.”仅仅是对第一点的具体说明,而非与第一点相并列的另一点。综上所述,一篇高分大作文既要注意整体结构上的完整与规范,如包含提纲中的全部要点,又要注意微观上,即段落内部结构的完整。三、套话临近考试,不少同学希望背一些模版,或套话,这是可以理解的。写套话能凑字数,也能使自己的文章在结构上趋近大作文的要求。从这个意义上来说,

77可以使用套话,有时甚至必须使用套话。另一方面,套话过多,或者说全文都是一些空洞无物、不痛不痒,根本不涉及所考图画具体内容的套话,最终判分不可能高,甚至会很低。有鉴于此,我主张用套话提示文章的大结构、段落的小结构,具体内容应该自己填充。其实,即算是这样,套话己经不少了。所以考生不要担心自己的字数不够。以前面分析过的范文(其中明显的语法与用词错误已改正)为例,看看哪些话是可以套用的。Moreandmoreyoungpeopleareincreasinglyinfluencedbyforeignculture.Ascanbeclearlyseenfromtheabovepicture,ayounggentlemanhasput“Beckham”onhisface.Anotherdecentlydressedyounggentlemaniswillingtopay300yuantohavehishairmadeinhisfavoritestyle.Itisclearthatthepictureimpliesacommonphenomenoninoursocietytoday:agrowingnumberofpeople,especiallytheyoung,areendlesslychasingpopularthings,disregardingthecostthattheymustpay.Thereareatleasttwogoodreasonsforthisphenomenon.Inthefirstplace,thespreadingofforeigncultureinourcountryinrecentyearsmaybethemainreason.Onaccountofthis,manyyoungpeopleinourmodernsocietyhaveanopenmind.Consequently,theyarewillingtoacceptnewthings.Secondly,alotofpeoplehavebecomericherandricher.Asaresult,theycanpaytodothosekindsofthings.Theremaybeotherreasonsforit,butitisgenerallybelievedthattheabovementionedreasonsarecommonlyaccepted.AsfarasIamconcerned,thespreadingofforeigncultureinoursocietyisnotabadthing.Butasapopularsayinggoes,everythinghastwosides.Thisphenomenonisnoexception.Mysuggestionastothebestwaytocopewiththeproblemisasfollows.Ontheonehand,peopleshouldtakeaproperattitudetowardthisphenomenon.Ontheotherhand,oursocietyisexpectedtoappealtothegeneralpublictoresistitsbadeffect.Iamsurethatmyopinionisbothsoundandwell-grounded.范文中的粗体部分稍做变更,是可以套用于任何图画作文的。光是这些句子就接近70词。考试时如果写160词,就只需自己写90词了。如果对自己的写作很没有把握,上文可以套用的句子更多。例如,第二段末的"Theremaybeotherreasonsforit,butitisgenerallybelievedthattheabovementionedreasonsarecommonlyaccepted."。与套话有关的是对功能段落的背诵和模仿。所谓功能段落,简而言之,就是用于完成一个要点的表述的段落。以图画作文而言,通常包括三个要点,那么它就包含三个功能段落:图画描述段、意义阐释段与建议措施段。请大家从上面的范文中体会这三种功能段落。如果想进一步了解和模仿图画作文的功能段落,可以参考胡敏老师编著的《2008年考研英语高分作文》。

78因此,套话可以用,但不能通篇都是套话。它们主要用于提示文章的结构,图画的具体内容与含义应该用自己的话进行简练准确的叙述,这里的叙述也是最能显示你的写作水平的地方,不妨独运匠心。今天的结束语是:Letusexplorethepatternsinlife(让我们探索生活中的模式吧).第十八天:三新题型全面总结一新新题型篇新题型有三种,其中7选5与5选5(排序题)这两种题型都涉及文章的衔接(cohesion)与连贯(coherence),段落标题题涉及段落的主题。对于前两种题型,以7选5为例说明做题技巧。段落标题题在2007年考过,其做题技巧也总结于后。一、7选5一)做题步骤1.阅读各个空的前后句,标记关键词在阅读文章的开始部分、明确文章的基本话题以后,要阅读五个空各自的前后句,并将前后句中的解题线索,即关键词标记下来。关键词包括句中的核心名词或名词词组(如带有形容词的名词词组)、专有名词、时间数字、代词、连词等。2.阅读各个选项,尤其是选项的首句,标记关键词3.比较上述两类关键词,确定答案4.将确定的答案代入原文,看读起来是否通顺。二)判断方法在标记了原文与选项的关键词以后,可以按照下列原则判断原文的空与选项是否匹配:1.词汇衔接正确选项中的关键词一般重复前一句的关键词,也与下一句的关键词相呼应。2.逻辑衔接正确选项与原文空之前的句子在逻辑上是连贯的。例如,前一句使用although,那

79么正确选项的内容应该与之相反。1.代词衔接正确选项中代词之后的关键词一定在原文的前一句谈论过。例如,如果选项中说thisreward,而且这一选项是正确答案,那么原文中的空之前的句中一定出现过reward这个词或它的同义词。下面以2006年的真题为例说明上述做题步骤与技巧。Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofnumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)OnthenorthbankoftheOhioriversitsEvansville,Ind.,homeofDavidWilliams,52,andofariverboatcasino(aplacewheregamblinggamesareplayed).Duringseveralyearsofgamblinginthatcasino,Williamsastateauditorearning$35,000ayear,lastapproximately$175,000.Hehadnevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.Hevisitedthecasino,lostthe$20andleft.Onhissecondvisithelost$800.Thecasinoissuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,a"FunCardM,whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealsanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser,sgamblingactivities.ForWilliams,theseactivitiesbecomewhathecalls^electronicheroin”.(41)・In1997helost$21,000tooneslotmachineintwodays.InMarch1997helost$72,186.Hesometimesplayedtwoslotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatlockedat5a.m,thenwentbackaboardwhenthecasinoopenedat9a.m.Nowheissuingthecasino,chargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhispatronagebecauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhehadaproblem.InMarch1998,afriendofWilliams'sgothiminvoluntarilyconfinedtoatreatmentcenterforaddictions,andwrotetoinformthecasinoofWilliams*sgamblingproblem.ThecasinoincludedaphotoofWilliamsamongthoseofbannedgamblers,andwrotetohimawceaseadmissions,rletter.Notingthe^medical/psychologicalwnatureofproblemgamblingbehaviors,thelettersaidthatbeforebeingreadmittedtothecasinohewouldhavetopresentmedical/psychologicalinformationdemonstratingthatpatronizingthecasinowouldposenothreattohissafetyorwell-being.

80(42).TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthecasinohas20signswarning,“Enjoythefun…andalwaysbetwithyourhead,notoverit."Everyentranceticketlistsatoll-freenumberforcounselingfromtheIndianaDepartmentofMentalHealth.Nevertheless,Williams'ssuitchargesthatthecasino,knowinghewas^helplesslyaddictedtogambling,wintentionallyworkedto"lure"himtoengageinconductagainsthiswill."Well.(43).ThefourtheditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorderssaysupathologicalgambling“involvespresident,recurringanduncontrollablepursuitlessofmoneythanofthethrilloftakingrisksinquestofawindfall.(44).Pushedbyscience,orwhatclaimstobescience,societyisreclassifyingwhatoncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailingsaspersonalitydisordersskintophysicaldisabilities.(45).Forty-fourstateshavelotteries,29havecasinos,andmostofthesestatesaretovaryingdegreesdependenton-youmightsayaddictedto-revenuesfromwagering.AndsincethefirstInternetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995,competitionforgamblerTsdollarshasbecomeintense.TheOct.28issueofNewsweekreportedthat2milliongamblerspatronize1,800virtualcosineseveryweek,with$3.5billionbeinglostonInternetwagersthisyear,gamblinghas,passedpornographyastheweb*swebsmostprofitablebusiness.(A)Althoughnosuchevidencewaspreserved,thecasino*smarketingdepartmentcontinuedtopepperhimwithmai1ings.AndheenteredthecasinoadusedhisFunCardwithoutbeingdetected.

81(A)Itisunclearwhatluringwasrequired,givenhiscompulsivebehavior.Andinwhatsensewashiswilloperative?(B)Bythetimehehadlost$5,000,hesaidtohimselfthatifhecouldgetbacktoeven,hewouldquit,onenighthewon$5,500,buthedidnotquit.(C)GamblinghasbeenacommonfeatureofAmericanlifeforever,butforalongtimeitwasbroadlyconsideredasin,orasocialdisease.Nowitisasocialpolicy,themostimportantandaggressivepromoterofgamblinginAmericaisthegovernment.(D)DavidWilliamssuitshouldtroublethisgamblingnation.Butdon,tbetonit.(E)Itisworrisomethatsocietyismedicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblems,oftendefiningasaddictionwhatearlier,sternergenerationsexplainedasweaknessofwill.(F)Theanonymous,lonely,undistractednatureofonlinegamblingisespeciallyconductivetocompulsivebehavior.ButevenifthegovernmentknewhowtomoreagainstInternetgambling,whatwouldbeitsgroundsfordoingso?一)标记空前后句中的关键词本文以Williams为例,讨论赌博的危害性。各个空前后句的关键诃标记如下:41.空前:名词词组electronicmorphine(电子吗啡,意思是上瘾);数字20、8000空后:数字21,000等。说明空中要填入的选项可能包含数字,并且描述了赌博上瘾的情况。42.名词letter等。说明空中要填入的选项可能包含letter或其同义词。43.引号中的关键词:lure,conductagainsthiswillo44.关键词:diagnostic,mentaldisorder,pathologicalo说明空中要填入的选项可能涉及与医学有关的行为。45.空后句中的关键词:forty-fivestateso说明空中要填入的选项可能涉及政府行为。而且forty-fivestates是具体说明,那么它前面的空应该是总论政府的行为。二)标记选项中的关键词

82(A)suchevidence,mailingSoSuchevidence说明空的前一句可能提到过一种evidence(证据),选项中的continuedtopepperhimwithmailings说明空的前一句提到过mailings(写信)一类的东西。(B)luring,willoWhatluring说明luring或其同义词在前'•句出现过。Hiswill说明will或其同义词在前一句出现过。(C)数字5,000;赌博上瘾(didnotquit)o说明前一句可能提到数字,而且涉及赌博上瘾的说明。(D)commonfeature;socialpolicy;governmento(E)DavidWilliams*ssuit;thisgamblingnation。(F)medicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblems。moreandmore说明空前已经以医疗方式(medicalizing)处理过类似问题。(G)onlinegambling。三)比较两类关键词将7个选项的关键词与5个空的前后句中的关键词进行比较,发现匹配的是:41与C、42与A、43与B、44与F、45与D«四)代入原文将确定的选项代入原文,发现意义上与逻辑上都通顺,因此为正确答案。二、段落标题题段落标题题基本上是给段落找标题。做题步骤与技巧如下:-)阅读5道题所对应的段落,主要是首末句,确定段落主题句或核心词(如反复出现的词);二)阅读给出的选项,划出其中的核心词:三)将选项的核心词与段落核心词进行比较,相匹配的为答案。四)有些选项为段落细节,不能做段落标题。

83下面以2007年的考研英语真题为例进行说明。1.第一题对应的段落(第二段):第二段首句为段落主题句,其中的thisprocess指代标题中的相应过程。观察段落,发现其中的review与identify所表示的过程都是帮助孩子定位。F中的figureout就是review与identify的意思。2.第二题对应的段落(第三段):第三段的主题不太明确,原因是出题人将该段前面的两个关键句删去了。所以,这道题做错也情有可原。不过,实际考试时除了看段落首句外,寻找反复出现的词也是•种方法。这一段反复出现的词是future,涉及这一关键词的是D。3.第三题对应的段落(第四段):第四段首句(主要是后半部分)也是段落主题句,即“父母应该负责教孩子如何工作”。B“培养孩子的工作技能”与此意思相同。4.第四题对应的段落(第五段):第五段末句为主题句,即“这些休闲活动阻碍了重要交流的发展”,言下之意是''应该对这些休闲活动加以限制”(注意全段所传达的“各类休闲活动都有不良后果”这一意思)。C说的正是这一意思。5.第五题对应的段落(第六段):段落中的dealwith、solve指向E中的cope,因为它们是同义词;段落末句下了结论,其中的help也与E中的help重复。综上所述,做段落标题题时既要注意段落首末句,也要注意段落中反爱出现的词,有时候还需要总结段落大意。今天的结束语是:Boldnessstemsfromsuperbskills(艺高人胆大)。Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutwhatparentsaresupposedtodotoguidetheirchildrenintoadulthood.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA-Gthatbestfitsthemeaningofeachnumbered.Therearetwoextraheadingsthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)A.SetaGoodExampleforYourKidsB.BuildYourKids'WorkSkillsC.PlaceTimeLimitsonLeisureActivitiesD.TalkabouttheFutureonaRegularBasisE.HelpKidsDevelopCopingStrategies

84A.HelpYourKidsFigureOutWhoTheyAreB.BuildYourKids'SenseofResponsibilityHowcanaParentHelp?Mothersandfatherscandoalottoensureasafelandinginearlyadulthoodfortheirkids.Evenifajob'sstartingsalaryseemstoosmalltosatisfyanemergingadult*sneedforrapidcontent,thetransitionfromschooltoworkcanbelessofasetbackifthestart-upadultisreadyforthemove.Hereareafewmeasures,drawnfrommybookReadyorNot,HereLifeComes,thatparentscantaketopreventwhatIcallawork-lifeunreadinessw:41.Youcanstartthisprocesswhentheyare11or12.Periodicallyreviewtheiremergingstrengthsandweaknesseswiththemandworktogetheronanyshortcomings,likedifficultyincommunicatingwellorcollaborating.Also,identifythekindsofintereststheykeepcomingbackto,astheseoffercluestothecareersthatwillfitthembest.42.Kidsneedarangeofauthenticrolemodels-asopposedtomembersoftheirclique,popstarsandvauntedathletes.Haveregulardinner-tablediscussionsaboutpeoplethefamilyknowsandhowtheygotwheretheyare.Discussthejoysanddownsidesofyourowncareerandencourageyourkidstoformsomeideasabouttheirownfuture.WhenaskedwhattheywanttodotheyshouldbediscouragedfromsayingaIhavenoidea“Theycanchangetheirminds200times,buthavingonlyafoggyviewofthefutureisoflittlegood.43.Teachersareresponsibleforteachingkidshowtolearn;parentsshouldberesponsibleforteachingthemhowtowork.Assignresponsibi1itiesaroundthehouseandmakesurehomeworkdeadlinesaremet.Encourageteenagerstotakeapart-timejob.Kidsneedplentyofpracticedelayinggratificationanddeployingeffectiveorganizationalskills,suchasmanagingtimeandsettingpriorities.44.Playingvideogamesencouragesimmediatecontent.AndhoursofwatchingTVshowswith

85cannedlaughteronlyteacheskidstoprocessinformationinapassiveway.Atthesametime,listeningthroughearphonestothesamemonotonousbeatsforlongstretchesencourageskidstostayinsidetheirbubbleinsteadofpursuingotherendeavors.Alltheseactivitiescanpreventthegrowthofimportantcommunicationandthinkingskillsandmakeitdifficultforkidstodevelopthekindofsustainedconcentrationtheywillneedformostjobs.42.Theyshouldknowhowtodealwithsetbacks,stressesandfeelingsofinadequacy.Theyshouldalsolearnhowtosolveproblemsandresolveconflicts,waystobrainstormandthinkcritically.Discussionsathomecanhelpkidspracticedoingthesethingsandhelpthemapplytheseskillstoeverydaylifesituations.Whataboutthesonordaughterwhoisgrownbutseemstobestrugglingandwanderingaimlesslythroughearlyadulthood?Parentsstillhaveamajorroletoplay,butnowitismoredelicate.Theyhavetobecarefulnottocomeacrossasdisappointedintheirchild.Theyshouldexhibitstronginterestandrespectforwhatevercurrentlyintereststheirfledgingadult(asnaiveorillconceivedasitmayseem)whilebecomingapartnerinexploringoptionsforthefuture.Mostofall,thesenewadultsmustfeelthattheyarerespectedandsupportedbyafamilythatappreciatesthem.今天我们开始最后冲刺。我每天总结一些写作核心词汇,请认真复习。图画作文的一个重要特点是阐述图画的寓意,一般都是做道德提升。所以,写这类文章首先要熟悉的是表示个性与品质,尤其是表示正面个性与品质的词汇。现总结如下:美德virtue自信self-confident有抱负ambitious;haveaspirations;aimhigh有上进心self-motivated;enterprising有判断力havegoodjudgment有分辨力discerning有希望promising有智慧intelligent

86有毅力persevering道德高尚ofhighmorality全面的all-around(development)爱国的demonstratedeeploveforone*sowncountry;patriotic克服困难overcomedifficulties挑战自我challengeoneself;pushoneselftolimits接受挑战takechallenges;risetochallenges实现自身价值achieveself-worth素质教育ethicseducation;charactereducation助人为乐helpful有爱心caring有同情心sympathetic正义感senseofjustice适应社会adjustonesleftoachangingsociety建设和谐社会buildaharmonioussociety八荣八耻'eighthonors'and'eightdisgraces?以・・•为荣(deemitanhonorto...)丑恶现象unseemlyscene不和谐disharmonious对于类似上面的词汇,可以借助汉英词典提前准备。这种准备效果极好。今天的结束语是:Successcanbeprepared(成功源于准备)。SectionIHWriting

87PartA51.Directions:Youhavefinishedyourcollegedegreeandarelookingtostartyourcareer.Writea100wordlettertoacompanyyouareinterestedin,applyingforajob.Yourlettershouldinclude:1)adescriptionofyoureducationtodate;2)relevantworkexperience;and3)whyyouareinterestedintheircompany.参考范文:ToWhomItMayConcern:IamarecentgraduateofPekingUniversity,sEnglishprogram.ThroughoutmytimeatPKU,Imaintaineda4.0gradepointaverage,andwasamemberofmanyschoolclubs.FollowingmytimeatPKUIinternedatTobiasCorp.IfeelthatIamhighlyqualifiedforthepositionavailableatyourcompany.Iamhardworkinganddedicatedtomytasks.Iamparticularlyinterestedinyourcompany.Ihavebeenfollowingyourprogressforquitesometime,andalsohavetalkedtoanumberofyouremployees.YourcompanycomeshighlyrecommendedbyeveryoneIhavespokentoaboutit.Thankyouforyourtime.Yourstruly,LiMing

88天练习大作文。总结的词汇是关于自然与生态环境的,建议熟悉它们。有同学提出现在的热门话题——假报告、假研究等,有关词汇与写法将会在后面总结。今天的结束语是:Wehavebutoneearth(我们只有一个地球)。greenhouseeffect温室效应globalwarming全球变暖acidrain酸雨energycrisis能源危机shortageoffreshwater淡水短缺oilleakage原油泄漏environmentalawareness环保意识survivalofthefittest适者生存foodchain食物链ecosystem生态系统garbagedisposal垃圾处理artificialprecipitation人工降雨tree-plantingday植树节environmental(air/water/noise)pollution环境(空气/水/噪音)污染resourcesexhaustion资源枯竭wildlifeextinction野生动物灭绝endangeredspecies濒危物种naturalhabitat自然栖息地reserveareas野生动物保护区

89whalekilling捕鲸sand/duststorms沙尘暴ElNino厄尔尼诺deforestation滥砍滥伐over-fishing过度捕捞overgrazing过度放牧soilerosion土壤侵蚀waterandsoilconservation水土保持desertification沙漠化naturaldisaster自然灾害floodthreat洪涝威胁firehazard火灾隐患storm暴风雨drought旱灾famine饥荒disruptionofecologicalbalance生态失衡earthquake地震avalanche雪崩landslide滑坡/泥石流hurricane飓风devastate/ruin/destroy毁坏shortageofwaterresources水资源短缺

90harmfulchemicals有害化合物poisonous/toxicgases有‘毒气体carbonmonoxide-^化碳urbansmog城市烟雾industrialwaste工业废料hazardousnuclearwaste有害核废料radioactivepollutants放射性污染物wastegassentofffromautomobiles汽车排放废气caremissionstandard汽车排放标准non-biodegradab1ematerial不可生物降解材料throw-awaylunchbox•次性饭盒recyclableproduct可循环产品renewableresources可更新资源conservenaturalresources保护自然资源plasticbags塑料袋tropicalrainforests热带雨林Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedontheillustrationprovided.Youressayshould1)describethepicture;2)interpretthemeaningofthepicture;and3)giveyourcommentonthephenomenon.

91YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)范文Thepictureprovidedshowsamanandhissonoutforawalkinwhatwasonceprobablyabeautifullandscape.Thescenefeatureswideopenspaces,mountains,andariver.Behindthevasthillsisacity.Unfortunately,thecityhaspoisonedthesurroundingenvironment.Thehillsareblackandbare,theplainsarehometonoplantsoranimals,andtheriverisblackandobviouslypolluted,astherearedeadfishliningitsbanks.Thissadpictureismeanttoshowustheerrorinourways.Inanongoingquesttobecomemoreadvancedandprosperous,wehavefailedtokeepourhomeinalivablecondition.Wecannolongerswimintheriversthatourfathersdid,norcanweenjoythepeacefulserenityofnature.Thereisnothinglefttotakepleasurein.Ibelievethatwehaveadebttofuturegenerationstocleanupthemesswehavemadeinthelastonehundredyears.Weshouldenactlawsthatrewardcorporationsthatcleanuptheirmessesandpunishthosewhocontinuetopollute.Ifthehumanraceisgoingtocontinuetoevolveandprosper,wemustcleanupourworld.今天开始阅读练习。总结的写作词汇是关于社会生活问题的。其中与“假”有关的问题放在前面。以后会专门总结“假研究”一类的问题。

92counterfeitcertificates伪造证书counterfeitcurrency/stamp/IDcard伪造货币/邮票/身份证件credit-cardfraud信用卡欺诈fakeandshoddycommodities假冒伪劣商品pseudo-science/superstition伪科学/迷信unlicensedvehicle黑车smuggledgoods黑货/走私货populationexplosion/babyboom人口爆炸populationcensus人口普查birth/deathrate出生/死亡率familyplanning计划生育highbloodpressure高血压heartattack心脏病cancer癌症euthanasia安乐夕匕deathpenalty/capitalpunishment死刑bringsomebodytojustice缉拿归案/绳之以法lawenforcementofficers执法人员bootlegging贩卖违禁品moneylaundering洗钱cyberbars/internetcafC网吧drugaddiction吸毒epidemicdisease传染病

93AIDS艾滋病和性病campus/familyviolence校园/家庭暴力malechauvinist大男子主义者childabuse虐待儿童dropoutstudents失学儿童eliminateilliteracy扫盲helpthoseindistressandaidthoseinperil扶危济困poverty-strickenareas贫困地区remoteandmountainareas边远山区shakeoffpovertyandsetoutonaroadtoprosperity脱贫致富pornographicbooksandmagazines黄色书刊braindrain人才流失personnelrecruitment员工招聘investmentforinfrastructure基本建设投资organizationatgrass-rootlevel基层组织institutionalreorganization机构重组corruptionphenomenon腐败现象offerortakebribes行贿受贿on-lineloveaffair网恋highdivorcerate/singleparentchildren/onlychild高离婚率/单亲家庭子女/独生子女DINK(doubleincome,nokid)丁克家庭nuclearfamily核心家庭

94generationgap代沟couchpotato长时间看电视的人cosmeticssurgery美容手术goonadiet节食/减肥well-balancedmeals营养均衡的食物maintainalowprofile保持低调tendencytowardboastingandexaggeration浮夸风enjoybanquetsusingpublicfunds公款吃喝badconstructionprojects豆腐渣工程we1fare-orientedpublichousingdistributionsystem福利分房high-riseapartmentbuilding高层住宅楼downpayment首期按揭/首付middle-classlifestyle中产阶级生活方式juveniledelinquency青少年犯罪socialstability社会安定communityservices社区服务laid-offworkers下岗工人trialperiod试用期on-the-jobtraining;professionaltraining岗位培训U.N.SecurityCouncil联合国安理会Americandream美国梦Government-fundedpersonnelstudyingabroad公费留学人员

95racial/sexdiscrimination种族/性别歧视trafficjam/roadcongestion交通阻塞drunkdriving酒后开车violationoftrafficregulations触犯交通法规rush/peakhour高峰时间thesecond/third/fourthringroad二/三/四环路securitypersonnel保安人员X-Generation新新人类globalization全球化intellectualpropertyright知识产权infringementonthepatentright侵犯专利权E.T.(extraterrestrialbeing)夕卜星人avantgarde(艺术风格)前卫/先锋quizshow(电视)快速抢答节目Hollywoodblockbuster好莱坞票房大片preservationofculturalrelics文物保护calisthenics/body-buildingexercises健身操bungeejumping蹦极跳epoch-makingevent划时代的事件permanentresidencecertificate户口本BeingthefounderoftheInternetJslargestencyclopediameansJimmyWalesgetsalot

96ofbizarree-mail.TherearethecorrespondentswhoassumehewroteWikipediahimselfandisthereforeanexpertoneverything-liketheguywhofoundvialsofmercuryinhislategrandfather*satticandwantedWales,aformeroptionstrader,totellhimwhattodowiththem.Butthee-mailsthatmakehimlaughoutloudcomefromconcernednewcomerswhohavejustdiscoveredtheyhavetotalfreedomtoeditjustaboutanyWikipediaentryattheclickofabutton.OhmyGod,theywrite,you*vegotamajorsecurityflaw!Astheoldtechiesayinggoes,it'snotabug,it'safeature.Wikipediaisafreeopen-sourceencyclopedia,whichbasicallymeansthatanyonecanlogonandaddtooreditit.Andtheydo.Ithasastunning1.5millionentriesin76languages-andcounting.Academicsareupsetbywhattheyseeasinfoanarchy.LoyalWikipediansarguethatcollaborationimprovesarticlesovertime,justasfreeopen-sourcesoftwarelikeLinuxandFirefoxismorerobustthanfor-profitcompetitorsbecausethousandsofamateurprogrammersgettolookatthecodeandsuggestchanges.It'sthesameprinciplethatNewYorkerwriterJamesSurowieckiassertedinhisbestsellerTheWisdomofCrowds:largegroupsofpeopleareinherentlysmarterthananelitefew.Wikipediaisinthevanguardofawholewaveofwikisbuiltonthatidea.Awikiisadeceptivelysimplepieceofsoftware(littlemorethanfivelinesofcomputercode)thatyoucandownloadforfreeandusetomakeawebsitethatcanbeeditedbyanyoneyoulike.Needtosolveathornybusinessproblemovernightandallmembersofyourteamareindifferenttimezones?Startawiki.InSiliconValley,atleast,wikiculturehasalreadytakenroot.InspiredbyWikipedia,aSiliconValleystart-upcalledSocialtexthashelpedsetupwikisatahundredcompanies,includingNokiaandKodak.Businesswikisarebeingusedforprojectmanagement,missionstatementsandcross-companycollaborations.Insteadofe-mailingavitalWorddocumenttoyourco-workers-andcreatingconfusionaboutwhichversionisthemostup-to-date—youcannowliterallyallbeonthesamepage:asawikiWebpage,thedocumentautomaticallyreflectsallchangesbyteammembers.SocialtextCEORossMayfieldclaimsthatacceleratesprojectcycles25%.“Alotofpeopleareafraidbecausetheyhavetogiveupcontroloverinformation,“hesays."Butintheend,wikisfostertrust.”

9721.WhydomanypeoplethinkthatWikipediahasaumajorsecurityflaw”?[A]Ithaslotsofbugs.[B]Becausetheydon,tunderstandtheconceptofawiki.[C]BecauseJimmyWalesisnotacomputerexpert.[D]Becauseawikiisasimplecomputercode.22.WhyaremanyacademicsunhappywiththeideaofaWikipedia?[A]Becausetheydon,ttrustonlineencyclopaedias.[B]BecauseallinformationinWikipediaisinherentlyunreliable.[C]Becausetheybelievethatcertaininformationshouldnotbeavailableontheinternet.[D]Becauseanyonecanaddorchangetheinformationinit.23.WhichofthefollowingisNOTgivenasanadvantageofawiki?[A]Youcanchoosewhoeditsit.[B]Wikisoftwareisfree.[C]Anybugsinthecodecanbechangedeasily.[D]It?seasytouse.24.Whydo"wikisfostertrustw?[A]Becausethepeoplewhouseitneedtotrusttheinformationotheruserspostonit.[B]Becausetheyareusedinbusinesscontexts.

98[A]Becausetheycanbeusedinawidevarietyofsituations.[B]Becauseonlytrustworthypeopleusethem.21.Whatkindofreaderisthearticleaimedat?[A]Computerspecialists.[B]Academicswhodon'tlikewikis.[C]Computersciencestudents.[D]Thegeneralreaderwithaninterestincomputing.Text2Whattodowiththejerkatwork,thepersonwhoissodislikedbytheircolleaguesthatnoonewantstoworkwiththem?Thetraditionalansweristotoleratethemiftheyareatleasthalfcompetent-onthegroundsthatcompetentjerkscanbetrainedtobeotherwise,whilemuchlovedbunglerscannot.Arecentstudysuggeststhatsuchanapproachseriouslyunderestimatesthevalueofbeingliked.Inastudyofover10,000workrelationshipsatfiveverydifferentorganisations,TizianaCasciaroandMiguelSousaLobo,academicsatHarvardBusinessSchoolandtheFuquaSchoolofBusinessrespectively,foundthat(giventhechoice)peopleconsistentlyandoverwhelminglyprefertoworkwithaulovablefool”thanwithacompetentjerk.Theauthorssuggestthataswellastrainingjerkstobemorecharming-although“sadlytherearepeoplewhoaredislikedbecausetheyaresociallyincompetent,andprobablyneverwillbetrulycharming”-companiesshouldalsouleveragethelikeable”.Amiablefolkshouldbeturnedintoaaffectivehubs”,peoplewhocanbridgegapsbetweendiversegroupsthatmightnototherwiseinteractw.Re-evaluatingjollytypeswhospendlonghourshangingroundwatercoolersiscurrentlyfashionable.RonaldBurt,asociologistattheUniversityofChicagoandaleadingproponentofusocialcapital—anexplanationof“howpeopledobetterbecausetheyaresomehowbetterconnectedwithotherpeople”—haswrittenabook(aBrokerageandClosurew

99)inwhichhedescribesthe"clusters"and“bridges”thataretypicaloforganisationsJinformalnetworks.MrBurtcallsthepeoplewhoformbridgesbetweenclusters“brokers”;theyresembleMsCasciaro,sandMrSousaLobo'saffectivehubs.Inpractice,MrBurthasfoundthatbrokersdobetterthanpeoplewithoutthesocialskillstocrossthespacesbetweenclusters.AbookpublishedinEnglishthisweek,butalreadyacausecelebreinFrance,portraysmostemployeesasfools-lovableorotherwise.CorinneMaier*suBonjourLaziness”isaworm,seyeviewofacorporateworldwhereonlythreecreaturesexist:sheep("weakandinoffensive”);pests(poisoningthegeneralatmosphere”);andloafers("theironlyaimistodoaslittleaspossible").IntheviewofMsMaier,apractisingpsychoanalyst,pests(ie,jerks)rulethecorporateworld.(Sodoesbeingajerkgiveyoutheskillsneededtogettothetop?AndonlyinFrance?)Therestcanonlyhopetolielowandawaittheirpension.But,assumingyouarelovable,farbetter,surely,tofollowtheBurtroute:headstraightforthewatercooler.21.Accordingtoparagraph1,whathasbeenthetraditionalattitudetojerksatwork?[A]Firethem,eveniftheyaregoodworkers.[B]Firethem,becausetheyarenotgoodworkers.[C]Acceptthem,iftheyaregoodworkers.[D]Acceptthem,becausetheyaregoodworkers.22.Accordingtothestudymentionedinparagraph2,whyisthisincorrect?[A]Beinglikedismoreimportantthanbeingcompetent.[B]Beinglikedandincompetentisworsethanbeingdislikedandcompetent.[C]Beingdislikedandcompetentisworsethanbeinglikedandincompetent.[D]Beinglikedandincompetentisbetterthanbeingdislikedandcompetent.

10021.Whatcouldincompetentjerksbeusedforincompanies?[A]Toenhancecommunicationbetweendifferentworkgroups.[B]Fortrainingpeopletobenice.[C]Formakingcompaniesappearcharming.[D]Tocharmpeoplewhoarenotparticularlyliked.29.Whichofthefollowingisthebestdefinitionof“socialcapitalw?[A]Theabilityusepeopletoyouradvantage.[B]Theabilitytoformsocialnetworks.Theabilitytodowellinlifebecauseyouhaveconnections.[D]Theabilitymakebusinessconnections.30.Accordingtothefinalparagraph,lovablejerkscanbeconsideredtobe[A]sheep.[B]pests.[C]loafers.[D]noneoftheabove.参考答案:21-25BDCAD26-30CDACD第二十二天:阅读模拟练习二今天的结束语是:Readingmakesafullman(阅读使人充实)。

101Eachyear,1,400high-schoolstudentsfrommorethan40countriesareinvitedtocompeteintheprestigiousIntelInternationalScienceandEngineeringFair(IntelISEF),theworldyslargestprecollegesciencecontest.Theselectgroupofyoungscientistsischosenfromtheseveralmillionstudentswhocompeteinlocalandregionalsciencefairsthroughouttheyear.Participantscompetefor$3millioninscholarshipsandprizes,presentingprojectsin15categorieslikemedicine,biochemistry,computerscienceandzoology.Earningtophonorsisn'ttheonlygoalforcontestants.Nineteenpercent(or274)ofthefinalistsatthe2005competitionheldlastmonthhavealreadybeguntheprocesstopatenttheirprojects.AmmemAbdulrasool,aseniorattheIllinoisJuniorAcademyofScience,wontophonorsatthisyear*sIntelISEFforhisproject,aPrototypeforAutonomy:PathwayfortheBlind."Hewalkedawaywith$70,000inprizemoneyandafreetriptoOctober*sNobelPrizeceremony.AbdulrasooldevelopedtechnologythatallowsvisuallyimpairedindividualstonavigatethemselvesfromonelocationtoanotherbyusingtheGlobalPositioningSystem.Individualswearahalf-kiloWalkman-sizedevice,abraceletoneacharmandapairofearphones.Afterenteringastartingandendinglocationintoapersonaldigitalassistant(PDA),theyareguidedwithverbalcommandsthattellthemwhenandinwhatdirectiontoturn.Simultaneously,abraceletvibratessignalingthecorrectdirection.Totesthisdevice,Abdulrasoolrecruited36blindadultsandaskedthemtovisitfivelandmarksinhisneighborhood.Thenavigationaltoolsavedpeopleanaverageof26minutesintraveltimeandreducedthenumberoferrors(wrongturnsandmissedlocations)."Lookingathowharditwasforthemtotravelandhowtheyweredependentoneveryoneelsemotivatedmetodosomething,“hesaid.Abdulrasoolhopesareapplyingforapatentandthenplantomarkettheproductcommercially.Inthefair*s56-yearhistory,anumberofprojectshavebeenimplementedforcommercialuse.MichaelNyberg,a2001competitor,hopedtoreducethenumberofWestNilevirusinfectionsthroughacoustics.Withabucketofmosquitolarvaeandasoundgenerator,Nybergdiscoveredthata24kHzfrequencyresonatedwiththenaturalfrequencyofmosquitoes'internalorgans:larvaethatabsorbedtheacousticenergywouldexplode.Hissound-emittingdevice,Larvasonic,isnowsoldonline(www.larvasonic,com).TiffanyClark,a1999competitor,foundevidencethatbacteriaproducedthemethanegasfoundinsidecoalseamsinWyoming,sPowderRiverBasin.Thissuggestedthatinjectingnutrientsintocoalseamsmightprovideanuniimitedsupplyofnaturalgas.ADenver-basedtechnologyfirmisnowcontinuingClark*shigh-schoolresearch.Andsomedaysoon,blindpeoplearoundtheworldmaybewearingbraceletsthatissueGPScommands.31.HowareyoungpeopleselectedtoparticipateinIntelISEF?

102[A]Theyarepre-universitystudents.[B]Theymustwinsciencecompetitionsintheirhomecountries.[C]Theymustpatentorbeabouttopatentaninvention.[D]Theyarechosenfromyoungpeoplewhotakepartinsciencecompetitions.31.WhichoftheseisNOTmentionedasanadvantageofAbdulrasool?sdevice?[A]ItenablesblindpeopletogetfromAtoBfaster.[B]Ithelpsthemavoidobstacles.[C]Itgivesinformationtoblindpeopleinmorethanoneway.[D]Itisextremelylight.32.HowareAbdulrasool*sinventionandthoseofMichaelNybergandTiffanyClarksimilar?[A]Theirinventionsallhaveorganiccomponents.[B]TheyallwontheIntelISEFcompetition,thoughindifferentyears.[C]Theyallhave,orcouldhave,profitableapplications.[D]Noneofthemhavepatentsyet.33.HowdoesTiffanyClark*sideawork?[A]Shefeedsundergroundbacteriaandtheyproducenaturalgas.[B]Bacteriaeatcoalandproducenaturalgas.[C]Bacteriaareinjectedwithcoalmoleculesandproducenaturalgas.[D]Bacteriaextractnaturalgasfromcoalandarethenharvested.

10331.WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheIntelISEFcompetitionistrue?[A]ItbeganintheI960*s.[B]Thebiggestprizethisyearwas$3million.[C]Thereare15prizesinavarietyofcategories.[D]Manyparticipantshavepatentedideasandinventions.Text4Tenyearsago,PierreOmidyar,asoftwareengineerworkinginCalifornia'sSiliconValley,beganthinkingabouthowtousetheinternetforatradingsysteminwhichbuyersandsellerscouldestablishagenuinemarketprice.Overalongholidayweekendhewrotethecomputercode.Atfirst,atrickleofusersarrivedathiswebsite—includinghisgirlfriend,whotradedPEZcandydispensers.Bytheendof1995,severalthousandauctionshadbeencompletedandinterestineBaywasgrowing.Anditgrewandgrew.Fromthismodestbeginning,eBayhasbecomeaglobalgiant,witharound150mregisteredusersworldwidewhoaresettobuyandsellgoodsworthmorethan$40billionthisyear.TheremarkabletaleofeBay'sgrowthpointstosomeimportantlessonsforanybusinesstryingtooperateonline—andtodaythatincludes,onewayoranother,mostfirms.Thecommercialopportunitiespresentedbyanexpandingglobalwebseemalmost1imitless.Butthepaceofchangeisrapid,andsoistheferocityofcompetition.Tosucceed,firmsneedagility,anopenmindandtheabilitytoreinventthemselvesrepeatedly.Mostofall,theyneedtolistencarefullytotheircustomers,payingcloseattentiontowhattheydoanddon'twant.Suchqualities,ofcourse,wouldbevaluableinanykindofbusiness.Yetforonlinefirmstheyarenotaluxury,butnecessaryformeresurvival.Thisistrueforavarietyofreasons.Theinternetisnotonlygrowing,butchangingrapidly—which,inturn,changestherulesofthegameforanybusinessrelyingonit.Thebarrierstoentryarestilllowcomparedwiththoseformostofflinebusinesses,whichmeansthatjustkeepingtrackofyourexistingrivalsisnotenough.Thesemaynotrepresentthegreatestcompetitivethreattomorroworthenextday.Thatcouldcomefromanumberofdirections-afirminadifferenttypeofonlinebusiness;onethatdoesnotyetexist;orevenfromoneofyourowncustomers.Ontopofallthis,thebehaviorofmanyconsumersisconstantlychangingaswell,asindividualsdiscovernewwaystoshopandinteractwitheachother

104viatheweb.Allthesefactorsmaketheinternetadangerousplacetodobusiness,aswellasonefullofpromise.eBay,shistorydemonstratesbothofthosethings.ItisprobablysafetosaythatnothinglikeeBaycouldhaveexistedwithouttheinternet-orcouldhavegrownsofast.Eventhoughtherehavebeensignsofthefirm'sblisteringpaceslowingabitinAmerica,itsmost“mature“market,thereremainvastopportunitiesoverseas,particularly,someargue,inChina.MegWhitman,eBay'schiefexecutive,believesthecompanyisstillonlyatthebeginningofwhatitcouldachieve.31.Whatisthepurposeofthefirstparagraph?[A]TointroducethefounderofeBayandhisgirlfriend.[B]TodemonstratehowcleverthefounderofeBayis.[C]ToshowhoweBaystartedandhasgrown.[D]TointroduceeBaytopeople.32.WhichofthefollowingbestsummarizesPierreOmidyar*sintentionwithregardtoeBay?[A]Tosetupaglobalinternetbusiness.[B]Toallowpeopletofreelybuyandsellontheinternetatacceptableprices.[C]Tosetupamechanismontheinternettoallowpeopletotradeattruemarketprices.[D]Toseupabusinessmechanismforhisgirlfriend.33.WhichoftheseisitNOTnecessaryforacompanysellingontheinternettodo?[A]Havethemostcompetitivepriceforeachoftheironlineproducts.[B]Beabletochangetosuittheprevailingmarketconditions.

105[A]Bepreparedtoconsideralloptionsandalternatives.[B]Haveagoodideaofwhattheircustomersdonotwant.31.Whatdoesubarrierstoentryarestilllowcomparedwiththoseformostofflinebusinesses“inparagraph3mean?[A]Itiseasiertosetupaninternetbusinessthanaconventionalone.[B]Internettradeisgrowingfasterthantraditionalbusinesssector.[C]Itischeapertosetupaninternetbusinessthanatraditionalone.[D]Companiesgenerallyprefertodobusinessonlineratherthanoffline.32.Whydoesthearticleconcludethattheinternet“isadangerousplacetodobusiness”?[A]Becausecompaniesthatsellonlinemaybeunreliable.[B]Becausetherearenocontrolsondoingbusinessontheinternet.[C]Becausedoingbusinessonlineisunpredictable.[D]BecauseevencompanieslikeeBayhaveproblemsdoingbusinessonline.参考答案:31-35DDCBD36-40CCAAC第二十三天:阅读模拟练习三今天的结束语是:Aimforthemoonandyouwilllandamongthestars(志在月亮,至少也能与星星为伍)。Text1

106“HowdoIgetintojournalism?isaquestionthatalmostanyonewhoworksinthistradewillhavebeenaskedbyfriends,godchildren,passingstudentsand,insomecases,theirparents.Theanswer,ofcourse,is:"withdifficulty.Abreezilywrittennewbookbythewriter,broadcasterandformereditoroftheIndependentonSunday,KimFletcher,recognisesthis.Itspurpose,broadly,istoanswerthequestionposedabove,andtooffersometipsonhowtostayinjournalismonceyougetthere.Tenacitymattersaboveall;andthere,sareasontobetenacious.Journalistsnowarearguablymoreprofessional,andcertainlymoresober,thaninthehotmetaldaysofoldFleetStreet,butbeingahackisstillmorefunthanabarrelofmonkeys.Yougettohaveadventuresandthenwriteaboutthem.AsFletchersays:"Youwoulddoiteveniftheydidn,tpayyou.”Landingthatjobisacatthatcanbeskinnedindozensofways.Intheolddays,you,dlearnthetradeasanindenturedapprenticeonaregionalnewspaper—workingyourwaythroughthenewsroomcoveringjam-makingcompetitionsandparishcouncilmeetingsand,occasionally,bracingyourselfforthegrimtaskofthe“death-knock”,whereyouinterviewthegrievingparentsofthatweek*sTragicTot,andtrouserasmanyoftheirfamilyphotographsasyoucan.Andthence,insomecases,toFleetStreet—thoughasMr.Fletcherpointsout,nationalsarenotthebe-allandend-allofjournalism,andmanyextremelygoodhacksprefertoremainonlocalpapers,orplytheirtradehappilyinmagazines.

107Youcanstartwritingfeaturesorreportsforsomeofthemanytradeandspecialistmagazines.Oryoucansneakstraightontoanationalasajuniorgossipcolumnist.Othersgetstartedbysubmittingideasandarticlesonafreelancebasis.AsFletcherpointsout,theeditororsectioneditortowhomyouwriteis-mostofthetime—itchingtothrowyourletteraway;askingyouinforaninterview,orreadingyourcuttings,isatime-consumingandprobablyboringtaskhewouldratheravoid.Misspellinghisname,ormistakinghisjobtitle,isagiftofanexcusetoslam-dunkyourletterinthecylindricalfilingcabinet.Reportersaresupposedtobegoodatfindingthingsout.Ifyoucan'tevenfindoutthenameofthepersonyouareaskingforajob,youaren*tgoingtobeagoodreporter.21.Whatisthemostimportantqualityapersonneedsforgettingintojournalism?[A]familyconnections[C]perseverance[B]knowledge[D]professionalism22.Inthepast,whatwastheusualroutetobecomingasuccessfuljournalist?[A]Coveringstoriesthatinvolvedthedeathofchildren.[B]Familyconnections.[C]Workingforfree.[D]Covering(usually)boringeventsforalocalnewspaper.23.Wheredothebestjournalistswork?[A]FleetStreet.[B]Forthenationalnewspapers.[D]Inavarietyofplaces.[C]Anywherethatacceptsfeatureswriters.

10821.WhichofthefollowingisNOTgivenasacommonwaytostartinjournalism?[B]Writingfortrade[D]Writing[A]Havingfamilyconnections,magazines.[C]Writingarticlesfreelance,aboutcelebrities.22.Whatisthe^cylindricalfilingcabinetnmentionedinthefinalparagraph?[A]Astorageplaceforuselessjobapplications.[B]Awastebasket.[C]Afilingcabinetforpersonnelfiles.[D]Aplaceforkeepingarticlesthatarenotimmediatelyneeded,butmightbeneededinthefuture.Text2"3M"comesfrom"MinnesotaMining&Manufacturing,nbutthosethreeM'smightbetterstandforMistake=Magic=Money.Throughoutits101AMearhistory,manyof3MJsbreakthroughproductshavefollowedasimilararc:A3Mcustomeridentifiesaproblem,anda3Mengineerexpressesconfidenceinbeingabletosolveit.Hebangshisheadagainstthewallforyears,facingrepeatedsetbacks,untilmanagementfinallytellshimtostopwastingtimeandmoney.Undeterred,theengineerstumblesontoasolutionandturnsadeadendintoaringingsuccess.AlthoughWilliamMcKnight,themanresponsiblefor3M'sentrepreneurialculture,wasnot,infact,acompanyfounder,hedoesdeservethecreditforwhatmade3Msuccessfulduringhis59yearsatthecompanyandbeyond.SaysNoaStaryk,chairoftheMcKnightFoundation,whichMcKnightfoundedin1953:uTherearetwovaluesthatresonatefrommygreat-grandfather:innovationandrisktaking.”Histenurestarted-naturally-withamistake.Justasthecompanyshowedaprofit,withsalesatabout$22,000amonth,angryclientssuddenlybeganreturning3Msandpaper.Itturnedoutthatseveralcasksofoliveoilhadspilledontoashipmentof3Mabrasivesintransit,andtheoil-tainted“sand"failedtoretainitsadhesiontothebackingpaper.Andnoonehadnoticedtheproblem.AfterthatdebacleMcKnightestablishedaresearch

109labtotestmaterialsateverystageofproduction.McKnight*smovetocenterthebusinessonresearchendeduphavingthedualeffectofnotonlytestingideasbutalsogeneratingthem.Hesetthetonewithhisphilosophyof“Listentoanybodywithanidea."Whenhereceivedaletterin1920fromaninkmanufacturerrequestingbulkmineralsamples(notoneof3M'sbusinesses),McKnightwantedtoknowwhatthecorrespondentwoulddowiththeminerals.APhiladelphiainventornamedFrancisOkiehadsentthenote,andhewantedtodevelophisinventionofwaterproofsandpaper.McKnightrealizedthatOkie,sideawouldrapidlybeacceptedbecauseitproducedlessfrictionthandrysandpaperanddidn,tgeneratehazardousdustwhenusedwet.HeboughttherightstotheideaandhiredOkie,andby1921,3MhadreleasedWetordrysandpaper,itsfirstbreakthroughproduct.AsRichardCarlton,3M'sdirectorofmanufacturingandauthorofitsfirsttestingmanual,wrote,“Everyideashouldhaveachancetoproveitsworth,andthisistruefortworeasons:(1)Ifitisgood,wewantit;(2)ifitisnotgood,wewillhavepurchasedpeaceofmindwhenwehaveproveditimpractical.”26.Howcanmanyof3M'sbreakthroughsbedescribedbest?[A]Theresultofmistakes.[B]Theresultofluck.[C]Theresultofconfidenceinitsemployees*abilities.[D]Theresultofskill.asusedinparagraph3?27.Whichofthefollowingmeans"debacle”[A]surprise[B]trial[C]incident[D]disaster28.WhatwastheresultofMcKnight*sfocusonresearch?[A]Moreideasandmoretesting.[B]Moretestingofexistingideas.

110[A]Moreideastotest.[B]Testingbeforeandduringproduction.27.WhydidMcKnightsay“Everyideashouldhaveachancetoproveitsworth”?[A]Becausehiswholebusinessdependsonnewideas.[B]Becausehelikeshearingnewideas.[C]Becauseevenifanewideadoesn,twork,itwillbeonelesscompetingideatoworryabout.[D]Becauseyouneverknowwhichideasaregoodandwhicharenot.28.Whatisthefocusofthearticle?[A]WilliamMcKnight[B]3M[C]Gettingnewideas.[D]Sellingnewideas.参考答案:21-25CDDAB26-30BDACA第二十四天:完型模拟练习今天的结束语是:吃一堑,长一智(Afallintothepit,againinyourwit)o

111Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Alcoholuseisthenumberonedrugproblemamongyoungpeople.It'seasytounderstandwhy.Foradults,alcoholislegal,widely_1_inAmericancultureandeasily_2_.Manykidscangetadrinkrightintheirownhomes.3aredrinkingyoungerandmorefrequentlythan_4_,oftenbeginningaroundage13,accordingtostudies.Theaveragenumberofalcoholicdrinksamongcollegestudentsisfiveonasingle_5_,accordingtoarecentsurvey.Amongthoseyounger21,itis5.5drinks,andamong_6_21andolder,itis4.2drinks.Youngpeoplealmostalwaysbegindrinkingbecauseof_7_pressure,inanattempttobeacceptedand8inthegroup.AccordingtotheU.S.SurgeonGeneral,morethanhalfofjuniorandseniorhighschoolstudentsdrinkalcoholic_9_.Morethan40percentofthosewhodrinkadmittodrinkingwhenupset,31percentadmittodrinking_10_,25percentadmittodrinkingwhen_11_and25percentadmittodrinkingtoget“」2_.”Thisisa_13_,seriousproblem14collegecampusestoday.In1997HarvardUniversity*sSchoolofPublicHealthsurveyedstudentsat130collegesforacollege_15_studyandfoundabouttwoofeveryfivecollegestudents_16_inbingedrinking._17_bingedrinkersatcollegewere22timesmore_18_thannon-bingedrinkerstohaveproblems,_19_missedclasses,fallingbehindinschoolwork,gettingintroubleorhurtandengagingin_20_sexualactivity.1.[A]received2.[A]accountable3.[A]Teenagers[B]accepted[B]achievable[B]Grown-ups[C]acknowledged[C]accessible[C]Children[D]admitted[D]agreeable[D]Adults4.[A]predominantly[B]preferentially[C]previously[D]precisely

1125.[A]occasion[B]event[C]situation[D]gathering6.[A]these[B]those[C]which[D]whom7.[A]pear[B]peel[C]peer[D]pool8.[A]improved[B]included[C]inspired[D]instructed9.[A]beers[B]whiskies[C]beverages[D]wines10.[A]alone[B]along[C]aloud[D]aloof1LEA]bored[B]boring[C]excited[D]exciting12.[A]low[B]high[C]cool[D]warm13.[A]dead[B]death[C]deadening[D]deadly14.[A]of[B]in[C]on[D]about15.[A]alcohol[B]alcoholic[C]alcoholism[D]alcoholization16.[A]endeavor[B]engage[C]insist[D]practise17.[A]Consequent[B]Subsequent[C]Incident[D]Frequent18.[A]possible[B]lively[C]likely[D]feasible19.[A]knownas[B]rememberedas[C]muchas[D]suchas20.[A]unperceived[B]unplaced[C]unplanned[D]undiscovered参考答案:BCACABCBCAABDCABDCDC第二十五天:英译汉模拟练习今天的结束语是:Translatorsaretraitors(意大利谚语:翻译即叛徒)。老子言:“信言不美,美言不信”。翻译,难!得分,不是太难!Directions:

113ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Apairoftwinsisborn,andbothinfantsbegintodevelopnormally.Bytheirfirstbirthday,however,themalesiblinghasbeguntodivergefromhissister,showinglesseyecontactandaffection.Heoftenwearsaspaced眠utexpressionrandfixatesoncertainpuzzlesandpatterns.(46)Byagethree,hismountingsymptomsleadtoadiagnosisthathasbocom。disturbinglyroutineinrocontyoars:autism.Whatcausesthedisease,whichnowstrikes1inevery166children,andwhydoesitaffectfourtimesasmanyboysasgirls?GeneticistsattheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngelesareclosinginontheanswers.Thisspringtheyannouncedthattheyhadpinneddownthelikelylocationofanautismgeneonchromosome17.Theevidencewasfoundonlyinfamilieswithautisticmales,indicatingahereditarybasisforthedisease,sgenderbias.(47)ReportingthediscoveryintheAmericanJournalofHumanGenetics,thescientistswillnexttrytofindtheactualgeneamongthe50orsoclusterednearby,apainstakingprocessthatcouldtakeanotheryear.“Ifwe*relucky,wsaysco晶uthorRitaCantor,aprofessorofgeneticsattheuniversity*sDavidGeffenSchoolofMedicine,"we'11beabletoexplain10percentofautism.”(48)T。complicalomattors,rosoarchcrsboliovothat,thogonoisprobablyjuslonoofdozenslinkedtoautism,manyofwhichmaytriggerthediseaseonlyifageneticpredispositionisactivatedbysomeexternalfactor.Sowheredoesenvironmentcomeintothepicture?Althoughwehavedecodedourgenome,our<

114GeneticsandtheEnvironment)toscrutinizeeverythingfromgenestomercuryexposure."Thehopeisthatwe'11findpatterns,“saystoxicologistIsaacPessah,whoisdirectoroftheschool,sCenterforChildren'sEnvironmentalHealth."We'renotlookingforthemagicbulletthatcausesautism.”参考答案:46.到3岁时,他的症状越来越严重,最后被诊断为得了一种近年来令人不安的常见疾病:孤独症。47.这些科学家在《美国人类遗传学杂志》上报告了这个发现,他们接下来会想办法从集中在附近的50来个基因中找出那个真正的致病基因,这个过程不会轻松,可能还需要一年的时间。48.令事情更为复杂的是,研究者们相信基因可能只是与孤独症有关的众多原因之、只要某种外部因素激活了一种基因倾向,其中许多原因就有可能引发这种疾病。49.为了解密envirome在这种疾病中所起的作用,JohnsHopkins大学Bloomberg公共卫生学院的精神病学家WilliamEaton最近帮助进行了一项大规模的调查,调查对象涉及近700名丹麦儿童。50.位于戴维斯的加利福尼亚大学的研究者们比丹麦调查撒的网甚至还要大,他们在做一项名为CHARGE(遗传学和环境给儿童带来的孤独症风险)的研究,对各项指标作详细检查,从基因到汞接触。第二十六天:新题型模拟练习一今天的结束语是:Honorgoestothosewhomakeinnovations(荣誉属于创新者)。Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofnumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Researchershavefoundthatgenesplayalargeroleinshapingachild,semotionalmakeup,

115butachild*spersonalitytraitsarealsoprofoundlyaffectedbyhisorherenvironment.Geneticandenvironmentalfactorscombineincomplexwaystoshapeachild,spsychologicaldevelopment.Thewizardsofgeneticskeepclosinginonthebiologicalrootsofpersonality.It'snotyourimaginationthatonebabyseemsborncheerfulandanothermorose.Butthat'snotthecompletepicture.(41).Inthelastfewyearsscientistshaveidentifiedgenesthatappeartopredictallsortsofemotionalbehavior,fromhappinesstoaggressivenesstorisk-taking.(42).Buttheanswermaynotbesosimpleafterall.ScientistsarebeginningtodiscoverthatgeneticsandenvironmentworktogethertodeterminepersonalityasintricatelyasAstaireandRogersdanced.Natureaffectsnurtureaffectsnatureandbackandforth.Eachstepinfluencesthenext.(43).Anaggressivetoddler,underthetightcircumstances,canessentiallyberewiredtochannelhisenergymoreconstructively.Achildcanovercomehershyness-forever.Nochildneedbeheldcaptivetohergeneticblueprint.Theimplicationsforchildrearing—andsocialpolicy—areprofound.WhileGregorMendelJspeaplantsdidwonderstoexplainhowhumansinheritblueeyesorabaldspot,theyturnouttobeaninferiormodelforanalyzingsomethingascomplexasthebrain.(44).Genescontrolthebrain,sneurotransmittersandreceptors,whichdeliverandacceptmentalmessageslikesomanycarsheadedfortheirassignedparkingspaces.Buttherearebillionsofroadstoeachparkinglot,andthosepathsarehighlysusceptibletoenvironmentalfactors.(45).Childrenconceivedduringathree-monthfamineintheNetherlandsduringaNaziblockadein1945werelaterfoundtohavetwicetherateofschizophreniaasdidDutchchildrenborntoparentswhoweresparedthetraumaoffamine.aTwentyyearsago,youcouldn*tgetyourresearchfundedifyouwerelookingforageneticbasisforschizophrenia,becauseeveryoneknewitwaswhatyourmotherdidtoyouinthefirstfewyearsoflife,asFreudsaid,“saysRobertPlomin,ageneticistatLondon*sInstituteofPsychiatry."Nowyoucan,tgetfundedunlessyou'relookingforageneticbasis.Neitherextremeisright,andthedatashowwhy.There*sonlya50percentconcordancebetweengeneticsandthedevelopmentofschizophrenia.”

116[A]Manyscientistsnowbelievethatsomeexperiencescanactuallyalterthestructureofthebrain.[B]Meanwhile,geneticclaimsarebeingmadeforahostofordinaryandabnormalbehaviors,fromaddictiontoshynessandeventopoliticalviewsanddivorce.Ifwhoweareisdeterminedfromconception,thenoureffortstochangeortoinfluenceourchildrenmaybefutile.Theremayalsobenobasisforinsistingthatpeoplebehavethemselvesandconformtolaws.Thus,therevolutioninthinkingaboutgeneshasmonumentalconsequencesforhowweviewourselvesashumanbeings.[C]DNAisnotdestiny;experienceplaysapowerfulrole,too.[D]Ageneisonlyaprobabilityforagiventrait,notaguarantee.Forthattraittobeexpressed,ageneoftenmustbeaturnedon”byanoutsideforcebeforeitdoesitsjob.Highlevelsofstressapparentlyactivateavarietyofgenes,includingthosesuspectedofbeinginvolvedinfear,shynessandsomementalillnesses.[E]Thehumanbodycontainsabout100,000genes,ofwhich50,000to70,000areinvolvedinbrainfunction.[F]Theinextricableinterplaybetweengenesandenvironmentisevidentindisorderslikealcoholism,anorexia,orovereatingthatarecharacterizedbyabnormalbehaviors.Scientistsspiritedlydebatewhethersuchsyndromesaremoreorlessbiologicallydriven.Iftheyaremainlybiological-ratherthanpsychological,social,andcultural—thentheremaybeageneticbasisforthem.[G]Theage-oldquestionofwhethernatureornurturedeterminestemperamentseemsfinallytohavebeendecidedinfavorofMotherNatureandherever-deepeninggenepool.参考答案:41C42G43A44E45D第二十七天:新题型模拟练习二今天的结束语是:“性相近,习相远"("Manissimilarbynature,butbecomesdifferentbynurture")°

117Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutwhatworkersarecomplainingabout.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA-Gthatbestfitsthemeaningofeachnumbered.Therearetwoextraheadingsthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)A.CompaniescanchangehowtheirworkersfeelB.WorkersaremorewillingtoreportstressthanbeforeC.WorkerstalkaboutincreasedstressD.StressisahottopicinmanydevelopedcountriesE.ComplaintofstressisbetterthanhavingarealdiseaseF.StresshasattractedtheattentionofthegovernmentG.CompaniescandefeatworkersbystressWorkersNowComplainofStressWithoutatleastatouchofstress,ajobmayberatherboring.Yetanincreasingnumberofworkersfindstressnotawelcomebuzzbutanoffenceperpetratedbytheiremployers.InBritain,dayslosttostress,depressionandanxietyincreasedfrom6.5min1995to13.4min2001-02.Inthepastyearalone,overhalfofallemployerssawincreasedabsenteeismduetostress,accordingtotheCharteredInstituteofPersonnelandDevelopment.41.InFrance,anewbestsellercalledBonjourparesse("Hellolaziness")providesoneresponse:keepactivitytoaminimumandlielow.That*samusing,butnotgreatforproductivity.Preventingpeoplefrombecomingstressedmeansprovidingexpensivehelplinesandhiringevenmoreexpensivecounsellors.That,sbadenough.Makingstressedworkersturnuptoworkisdifficulttoo.Andiftheycanbecoaxedorcajoledintoworktheymaysueiftheyfeeltheiremployerhasn,ttakentheirailmentseriouslyenough.42.

118Beforehesetoffonholiday,TonyBlairchairedadiscussioninhisDowningStreetofficesonbalancingworkandlifeoutsideit.TheHealthandSafetyExecutive(USE),whichhasdoneagoodjobofmakingsurepeopledonotgetmangledbymachinesatwork(seechart),isnowtryingoutguidelinestosaveworkersfromthehorrorsofstress.TheywillbeissuedtocompaniesinNovember.41.Worryingaboutworkispreferabletobeingphysicallyendangeredbyit.Inthisrespect,morestressisgoodnews.EricTeasdale,chiefmedicalofficeratAstraZeneca,saysthatwhenhestartedoutinoccupationalmedicinein1976,workplaceillnessmeantnastydiseasescausedbyasbestos,deafnessfromnoisymachineryandskinproblemscausedbyspiltchemicals.Thoseproblemshavemostlybeenreplacedbymorecerebralcomplaints.42.Whathaschangedisthereadinessofworkerstosaytheyarestressed.That,sself-reinforcing:informationontheprevalenceofstressiscollectedthroughsurveys.Butthemorepeopleareaskedwhethertheyarestressed,themorewillingtheyaretosayyes.PhilipHodson,oftheBritishAssociationforCounsellingandPsychotherapy,reckonsthisispartofanaturalprocess:aspeoplegetricher,theirsenseofentitlementtohappinessincreasesandtheirthresholdforworryoftenbecomeslower.Stress,uniike,say,inadequacy,alsohasfewnegativeconnotations,makingitpainlesstoacknowledge."Stresscanalmostbecomeabadgeofhonour,“saysMrTeasdale.43.Sowhatshouldcompaniesdotobeatit?TheHSE'sstressguidelinesareprobablynotthebeststartingpoint.Thelatestdraftincludessomerumnotions:65%oftheworkforce,forexample,shouldfeelthattheiremployeraengagesthemfrequentlywinorganisationalchange.Infact,manycompaniesalreadyknowthatkeepingworkershappycansavemoney.AstraZeneca,whichrunsvariousprogrammestoincreasethewellbeingofitsworkforce,reckonsitsaves£210,000($380,000)annuallyinlowerinsurancepremiums.Theadvantagesofhavinghappyandproductiveworkersarelikelytopushothercompaniesthesameway.Giventhevagariesofstress,preventingitbyregulationisasimpracticalastryingtolegislateagainsttirednessor,forthatmatter,boredom.参考答案:

11941.D42.F43.E44.B45.A在英语的听说读写四种能力中,阅读能力占有重要的地位,因为无论是参加考试、工作或是留学都对阅读能力有较高的要求。笔者去年来英国剑桥大学学习,更是体会到阅读能力的市:要。每次课前都有大量的阅读任务,如果不能按时保质完成,那么上课讨论时就会感觉尴尬,甚至内疚。回答老师提问时如果总以一声简单的“sorry”应对,那无异于混臼子。鉴于英语阅读能力如此重要,笔者想结合自己的阅读经验和教学经验,根据全球英语教学研究中证明行之有效的阅读学习策略(learningstrategies),给各位读者的英语阅读学习提供一些参考意见。为了方便阅读,本文采取问答形式:一共分为七个部分,也就是从七个方面讨论如何提高英语阅读能力,其中前两个部分是总的介绍,后面五个部分是具体的阅读策略。希望本文对大家的英语阅读学习有所裨益.一、什么是英语阅读?这是一个看似简单的问题,但容易被人误解。我们通常所说的阅读能力,主要是指学术性阅读的能力。西方专家将阅读方式分为四种:掠读(skimming,旨在寻找主题),浏览(scanning,旨在定位细节),细读(intensivereading,旨在获取信息),泛读(extensivereading,旨在自得其乐)。西方人看报常用前两种方法,学术性阅读通常使用细读法,而小说一般使用泛读法。当然,即使是学术性阅读,有时也用到另外三种方法,但细读是主要方法。细读的内容主要包括:核心词汇、重要句子、话语标志、段落大意、全文内容、文章结构、修辞手段、作者态度等。对于上述内容,下文择耍介绍其中一些方面。二、阅读需要策略吗?对于阅读策略,坊间常和阅读应试技巧混为一谈。广义的阅读策略包含阅读技巧,但阅读技巧只是阅读策略的一部分。阅读策略适合所有的阅读,而阅读应试技巧可能仅适用于某一门或几门考试。但是,各类阅读技巧作为阅读策略的一部分,具有一些共性,不妨讨论一下。对于阅读技巧,坊间有两种看法,其中种是:我的英语阅读不行,那是因为技巧掌握不好,学好阅读技巧就行了;另一种是:我的英语阅读不行,完全是语言水平不够,阅读技巧对我没帮助。我还是多背单词和分析难句吧。全球英语学习策略的实证研究表明,阅读学习策略是有效的。但是,有效不等于万灵。所以,如果英语水平中等偏下,重点应该是语言能力的提高,辅之以•些简单实用的学习策略,这样英语阅读进步就快。例如,可以练习如何寻找段落大意和文章主题。对于中等以及以上水平的同学,在继续加强语言水平的同时,应该积极地学习和运用证明行之有效的阅读学习策略,使自己的阅读水平不断地提高,最终实现质的飞跃。例如,可以练习寻找文章中的话语标志(如转折等)和图示文章结构。与此相关还有一个问题,就是运用技巧的能力存在反复。学习技巧时有这么一个

120过程:刚学会时运用顺利,阅读理解正确率大幅上升,过一段时间所学技巧运用不上,阅读理解正确率与未学技巧时相比持平或偶尔低于原来水平。这种情况是存在的。但是,第一,不要将技巧绝对化和简单化,只依赖技巧而不注意相应的语言水平的提高是不行的;第二,由于对技巧理解不够正确或运用不够熟练,也会造成这种情况。所以,如果所学的技巧是有根据的,而且反复运用,经过一段时间的练习后,能帮助自己超越原有的阅读水平。三、单词不过关行吗?上面两个部分是对英语阅读以及学习策略的一个简单介绍。从这一部分开始,从阅读策略的几个方面作具体论述。苜先是词汇问题。很多人将自己的英语阅读水平不高归咎于单词不过关,这种说法有一定道理。阅读能力当然还涉及其他因素,但对单词掌握的广度和深度在一定程度上决定了阅读水平。关于广度方面,可以参考这样一个标准:如果认知词汇(recognitionvocabulary,也叫sightvocabulary)看见就认识、但未必会使用的词汇——低于六级水平(基本词汇为5,500,不涉及派生词),阅读水平就会受限;如果低于四级水平(基本词汇为4,500,不涉及派生词),受限程度更高。所以,不管是否参加相关考试,大学期间的英语词汇量至少要争取达到六级水平。当然,如果所学专业将来根本用不着英语,那就另当别论了。要想顺利阅读英语外刊,如Economist,Newsweek,Time等,要求更高•些:词汇量应达到雅思或托福等考试所涉及的范围(7000以上)。至于深度方面,主要问题是对于常见词的意思应掌握多少。常见词一般有多个意义,确切的意思需要根据上下文判断。好在这类常见词汇的意思也不是多得无法应付。它们常有两三个意思,由于中国人学习英语的习惯,其中一个意思我们最熟悉,其他意思就不甚了了。由于这类词不多,阅读中碰到了就要记下来,然后进行处理。另外,这种较生僻的意义一般都是由其最常见意义引申而来,所以可以结合后者进行记忆。此外,在文章中碰到难词时,如果不妨碍大意的理解,就不应纠缠。也可以根据该词所在的前后判断其大意。四、难句不懂怎么办?阅读时碰到的难句,很多是其中一个关键词或词组看不懂。也有部分情况是句子结构复杂。由于英汉两种语言特点不一样,所以中国人理解有些英语句子结构有特别的困难。这样的句子结构有:分隔定语、虚拟语气、省略句、强调句等。阅读时可以把不懂的句子摘抄下来,并进行分类,找出它们的中心,读多了就能把握它们的特点了。五、话语标志有哪些?话语标志(discourseindicator)主要指表明句子之间关系的连词。常见的有表示转折的,如but,however,yet等:表示因果的,如because,for等:表示举例的,如forexample

121等。只有阅读时关注这类话语标志,才能弄清句子之间的关系,才能把握作者的论述逻辑。不过,要做到这一点不容易,原因是汉语的句子讲究意合(parataxis),句子之间的关系需要根据意思判断,有时并不借助连词表达。而英语讲究形合(hypotaxis),特别强调以连词表达句子之间的关系。六、文章结构重要吗?与上一部分一样,这个方面也是英语阅读学习的难点。同样,由于文化和思维的差异,英语文章的行文逻辑和结构(organization)与汉语不同,具有自己固定的套路,需要认真研究。所以,如果阅读时不能把握文章的结构,就难于从总体上把握全文。英语文章之所以有一些固定的结构,也是为了方便读者,使读者对全文内容有一个可靠的期待。例如,很多英语文章运用这么一些结构:文章开始举一个例子(进行类比);文章开始讲点奇闻轶事(大多是陈年往事);文章开始给出中心意思。不同的开头会导致不同的下文,所以只要熟悉了其中的模式,对文章整体把握的准确度就会大大提高。七、作者态度如何看?英语阅读中的难点之一就是作者态度的判断。其实,一位高明的读者不仅要学会区分文中阐述的事实(facts)和作者表达的意见(opinions),而且要学会区分作者的意见和其他人的意见。区分事实和意见不难做到:凡是含有赞同(approval)或不赞同(disapproval)等态度的部分就是意见表述,反之一般为事实陈述。把握作者态度同样要关注作者表示意见的部分,根据其中表示意见的词汇判断态度的褒贬。

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