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初升高衔接教材英目刖S第•讲英语字母的认识第一节字母的书写第二节字母的读音第二讲单词的读音第一节音标的认识第二节音节的认识第三节字母的发音规则第四节语法词缀的读音第三讲句子的朗读第一节意群与停顿第二节连读第三节不完全爆破第四节音的颗化第五节节奏第六节语调第四讲词汇类别第一节名词第二节代词第三节数词第四节动词第五节形容词
1第六节副词
2第七节介词第八节连词第九节冠词第十节助词第五讲句子成分第一节主语第二节谓语第三节表语第四节宾语第六节定语第七节状语第八节同位语第六讲简单句的基本句型第一节简单句的概念第二节简单句的几种基本句型第七讲句子的种类第一节陈述句第二节祈使句第三节感叹句第四节疑问句第八讲动词的时态和语态第一节动词时态第二节动词的语态第三节时态的呼应第九章课堂英语第一节学生用语第二节教师用语第十讲高中英语学习的方法
3第四讲词汇类别英语中,根据词汇在句子中的地位和作用,可将英语词汇分为十大类,即:名词、代词、数词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词、冠词、助动词等。其中,名词、代词、数词、动词、形容词、副词等六类词汇,不仅有本身的词义,而且还在句子中担任某一句子成分,于是被叫作实词;而介词、连词、冠词、助词等四类词汇,虽然有些词汇具有本身的词义,但是它们在句子中不充当任何句子成分,于是被叫作虚词。见下表:实词名词nounwater,milk,tea,air,idea,desk,pen,book,newspaper代词pronounyou,me,this,that,some,many,everyone,all,both,each数词numeralone,two,three,four,five;first,second,third,fourth,fifth动词verbread,see,write,teach,listen,speak,eat,have,make,take形容词adjectiveinteresting,interested,beautiful,wonderful,great,polite副词adverbhow,however,finally,therefore,carefully,hard虚词介词prepositionin,at,on,of,for,to,through,across,over冠词articlea/an,the连词conjunctiveand,but,or,for助词auxiliaryverbbe,do,have;can,may,must第一节名词名词指用来表示人、事物、活动的名称的词,可分为可数名词和不可数名词。其中,可数名词有单复数变化形式。单数可数名词前必须有冠词、指示代词、物主代词或不定代词修饰,而不可数名词前可以没有这些词。如:a/his/this/another/some/onebookThisiswater/apen.名词一般在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语,有时,也可作定语或状语。如:EnglishisnotdifficulttolearnatalL(主语)CanyouspeakChinese?(宾语)Mybrotherisasoldier.(表语)Mr.Li,ourmathteacher,isverykind.(同位语)Maryisastudentcadreinourclass.(定语)Ididn'tseeherthismorning.(状语)第二节代词代词指用来直接指代人、事物、活动的词,可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词等。代词一般在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。如:Heisill,sohecan'tcomehere.(主语)Thestudentsalllikehim.(宾语)Ifsme.俵语)Thisismyshirt.(定语)
4第三节数词数词是指表示人或事物的数量、或排列顺序的词。如:one,two,threefirst,second,third,...在句子中,数词一般作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。如:Sixcanbedividedbythree.(主语)Ifyoutakethreeoutoften,yougetseven.(宾语)Fiveandthreeiseight.(表语)IhavethreeEnglishbooks.(定语)第四节动词动词是指表示动作、行为的词。它可分为系动词和实义动词(行为动词)。实义动词又可分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi.)。及物动词意思还不够完整,必须带宾语;而及物动词意思完整,不要带宾语。在句子中,系动词必须与表语一起作谓语;而实义动词直接充当谓语。如:Helookedverypleased.(谓语)Marygaveatalkatthemeeting.(谓语)Igotoworkbybikeeveryday.(谓语)系动词可大致分为三类,BP:(1)表示心理、特征或存在的系动词,如be,appear,feel,look,seem,smell,sound,taste等;(2)表示状态延续的系动词,如:continue,keep,remain,stay,stand(3)表示状态变化的系动词,如become,come,fall,get,go,grow,run,turn等。曜此外,动词中还有情态动词和助动词两类,由于它们不能单独使用,也不充当句子成分,于是,把它归入助词类进行介绍。第五节形容词形容词是指用来描述、修饰、限制、说明人或事物、活动的词。如:nice,good,big,large,small,short,high,tall,empty,full等。形容词在句子中可作定语、表语,有些形容词可作状语,或者与定冠词连用相当于名词,作主语、宾语等。如:Thisisaninterestingstory(定语)Thecityisbeautiful.(表语)Hungryandcold、helefthispost.(状语)Thepoorneedhelp.(主语)Shelookedafterthewoundedinthewar.(宾语)第六节副词副词是指用来描述、说明事物发展程度、方式、状态的词。如:very,quite,rather,fast,slowly,carefully,wonderfully,helpfully等。副词在句子中一般作状语。但是,地点、方位副词也可作表语或定语。如:HewrotecarefuHy.(状语)However,hedidn'tlikeit.(状语)Heisthere.俵语)
5Theboysthereareveryinterestedinwhathesaid.(定语)第七节介词介词是指用来表示人或事物的位置、处所或相互关系的词。如:at,in,for,besides,except,despite,above,over,under,beneath等。介词不能单独使用、不能充当句子的任何成分,但是可接名词、代词、动名词、从句等构成介词短语。介词短语可作状语、定语、表语等。如:Thestudentsareplayingfootballontheplay2nHind.(状语)TheboyunderthetreeisLiMing'sbrother.(定语)Iwasathomelastnight.(表语)注意:(1)除了but,except外,其它介词一般不能接动词不定式。(2)除了in,but,except外,其它介词一般不能接that从句。第八节连词连词是指用来将词与词、短语、句子与句子连接起来的词,如:and,or,but等。连词在句子中只起连接作用,连接两个词性相同或相近、作用对等的部分,而不作任何句子成分。如:heandI(连接两个代词)heorMary(连接代词和名词)singanddance(连接两个动词)bigandclean(连接两个形容词)fastandwell(连接两个副词)inthesunornearafire(连接两个短语)Ilikereading,andhelikeswriting.(连接两个句子)第九节冠词冠词是英语中一种特有的词,可分为定冠词(the)、不定冠词(a/an)和零冠词(不用冠词)三类。英语中,名词前须用冠词,但不作任何句子成分。如:water(零冠词,表物质类别)thewater(定冠词,表特定的水)abook(不定冠词,泛指一本书)anapple(不定冠词,泛指一个苹果)第十节助词助词是指帮助句子表达某种意义的词,包括助动词和情态动词两类。1.助动词助动词有do,be,have,will,shall等,本身没有意义,也不作句子成分,主要与动词一起构成不同的时态、语态、语气;或使句子成为否定、疑问句;或对动作进行强调等。如:(1)“be+动词-ing”构成进行时Fmreadingastorynow.
6(1)“be+动词过去分词”构成被动语态Thetreewasplantedlastyear.(2)“have+动词过去分词”构成完成时Hehasfinishedhishomework.(3)"will/shall+动词原形”构成将来时Hewillcomeheresoon.Ishallgototherailwaystationtomeethim.(4)“do+动词原形”构成对动作的强调HedoeslikeEnglish.(5)“do/be/have/will/shall+not”构成否定Ihaven'tseenherthismorning.(6)udo/be/have/will/shall+主语”构成疑问句Willyoubefreethisafternoon?(7)“be+todo”表示希望、义务、可能、约定等。I'mtoseehimthisweekend.2.情态动词有can,could;may,might;must,haveto;need,dare,will,would,usedto;shall,should,oughtto;hadbetter;wouldrather等。情态动词属于助词的一种,它们虽然有本身的意义,表示义务、要求、请求、建议、推测、劝告、征求对方的意见等,但是不能单独作句子的成分,而只能与其它动词一起构成谓语。情态动词可以被提前到句首,使句子变成疑问句;也可在情态动词后面接否定词not,构成否定句。如:Icanswimintheriver.Canyouswimintheriver?Ican'tswimintheriver.注意:情态动词的用法将在模块四中详细学习。第五讲句子成分与汉语相比,英语的句子成分既有相似之处,也有一些较大的差异,它是构成英语语法的框架。要读懂复杂的句子、写出较有深度的句子,了解和掌握英语的句子成分是非常必要的。句子成分的定义:组成一个句子的各个部分,叫做句子成分。包括:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语以及同位语。主语和谓语构成句子的骨架,而定语和状语则是修饰骨架的血肉,是修饰语。句子成分主要由实词担任。实词包括:名词、动词、代词、形容词、副词和数词。虚词在句中只起连接、限定或表达喜怒哀乐感情等作用,不做句子成分。虚词包括:介词、连词、冠词和感叹词等。第一节主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:Henryhasdonehisbest.(名词)Ifeelfineaboutit.(代词)
7One-fifthofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(数词)Tofindyourwaycanbeaproblem.(不定式)Smokingcigarettescausestroubleinthelungs.(动名词)Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词)Wheneveryouarereadywillbefine.(主语从句)ggIt作形式主语,代替由不定式、动名词或从句等表示的真正主语。例如:Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage,(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)Itisnousepumpingadrywell,(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的动词・ing)Itisstrangethatnobodyknowsher.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的从句)第二节谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:一、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.二、复合谓语:(一)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.(二)山系动词加表语构成。如:Wearestudents.第三节表语表语用以说明主语的身份、年龄、性别、外部特征和心理状态等。它一般位于系动词(be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如:OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名词)Isityours?(代词)Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)Thespeechisexciting.(分词)Threetimessevenistwentyone.(数词)HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)HishobbyisplayingfbotbalL(动名词)Themachinemustbeoutoforder.(介词短语)Timeisup./Theclassisover.(副词)Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)第四节宾语宾语表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:Theysawamediaandtechnologyexhibitionyesterday.(名词)Wecouldn'taskfbranythingmore.(代词)Howmanyfriendsdoyouhave?Ihavefive.(数词)
8Theidleareforcedtowork.(名词化形容词)Thedisabledaretoreceivemoremoney.(名词化的过去分词)Tofindyourwaycanbeaproblem.(不定式短语)Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(动名词短语)Ithink(that)heisfitfbrhisoffice.(宾语从句)宾语种类:一、双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语):1.宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语,即直接宾语(directobject)与间接宾语(indirectobject)。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者,间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物(多指人),能带双宾语的动词常用的有:answer,bring,buy,do,find,get,give,hand,keep,leave,lend,make,offer,owe,pass,pay,play,promise,read,save,sell,send,show,sing,take等,间接宾语,•般须与直接宾语连用,通常放在直接宾语之前。例如:Lendmeyourdictionary,please.Ihavefoundhimaplace.2如果直接宾语是代词,则必须放在间接宾语之前,并且在二者之间加上介词to或fbr。例如:Giveittome,Lily.不能说Givemeit,Lily.Theretwopencilsonthedesk,passthemtome.不能说…passmethem.二、复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.第五节补足语补足语是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补足语,补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补足语.Theman,cruelbeyondbelief,didn'tlistentotheirpleadings.HisfathernamedhimJimmy.(名词)Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容词)Letthefreshairin.(副词)Youmustn'tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短语)Wesawherenteringtheroom.(现在分词)Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介词短语)Wcwillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(从句)句子的宾语是动词不定式、动词・ing形式或从句时,常用it作形式宾语,将真正的宾语提到宾语补足语之后。常见的动词有think,find,consider,judge,feel,make,take,suppose,believe等。例如:ThechairmanthoughtnecessarytoinviteProfessorSmithtospeakatthemeeting.(2005全国卷DAthatBitCthisDhim【解释】Bo此题考查考生对it的掌握和运用能力。此句式为:think/consider/feel/suppose/believeetc.+it+adj.+(forsb)todosomething.此句it作形式宾语,代替后面的不定式toinviteProfessorSmithtospeakatthemeetingo第六节定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语用来说明所修饰的名词或代词的品质
9与特征,位置灵活,可以是前置,也可以后置。定语可由以下成分表示:Sheisanaturalmusician.(形容i司)Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分词)Therearethirtygirlstudentsinourclass.(名词)HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代词)Herpromisetowritewasforgotten.(不定式短语)Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(动名词)HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介词短语)Theworldtodayisquitedifferent.(副词)第七节状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。状语在句中可以表示:时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、比较、方向以及伴随等情况,位置灵活,可以在句首、句中或句末。可由以下形式表示:Hespeaksthelanguagebadlybutreadsitwell.(副词及副词性词组)Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介词短语)Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.(不定式短语)Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分词短语)Waitaminute.(名词)Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.(状语从句)状语种类如下:Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?(时间状语)Lastnightshedidn'tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.(原因状语)Ishallgothereifitdoesn'train.(条件状语)Mr.Smithlivesonthethirdfloor.(地点状语)Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式状语)Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.(伴随状语)Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.(目的状语)Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.(结果状语)Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.(让步状语)Iamtallerthanheis.(比较状语)第八节同位语当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分,前者就叫做后者的同位语。这两个句子成分多山名词(代词)担任,同位语通常放在其说明的名词(代词)之后。Wehavetwochildren,aboyandagirl.(名词)Theyallwantedtoseehim.(代词)Areyoutwoready?(数词)Theirlatestproposal,toconcentrateonprimaryeducation,hasmetwithsomeopposition.(不定式)Thefirstplan,attackingatnight,wasturneddown,(v-ing)theartofwriting(介词短语)Thenewsthatwearehavingaholidaytomorrowisnottrue.(从句)
10第六讲简单句的基本句型第一节简单句的概念简单句是指只由一个主谓结构(有时可能会有并列的主语或谓语)构成的句子。请看以下例句:1.1sawhimwalkingtotheofficethismorning.(句子中只有Isaw是主谓结构。saw是谓语动词;walking是非谓语动词,因此句子还是简单句。)2.WhiteandMikewerenearlykilledbyafallingtree.(由于WhiteandMike是and连接的两个名词作主语,而句子中也只有WhiteandMikewerenearlykilled一个主谓结构。waskilled是被动语态:cutting,filling是非谓语动词,因此句子还是简单句。)3.Youcaneitherstayhereorcomewithus.(由于主语是You,而动词stay,come是由or连接起来作谓语,句子还是一个主谓结构,can是情态动词,因此句子还是简单句。)第二节简单句的几种基本句型英语语言虽然千变万化,但是始终没有脱离英语的六个基本句型,因此掌握这些基本句型是学好英语的基础。句型一、“主一系一表”结构这个句型主要用来说明主语的身份、状态、特征、类属等。如:I'maseniorhighstudent.Heisverystrong.Whathesaidsoundsveryinteresting.Itisgettingwarm.常见用于这一句型的系动词有:(1)be,appear,feel,look,seem,smell,sound,taste等表示心理、特征或存在的状态:(2)continue,keep,remain,stay,stand等表示状态的延续;(3)become,come,fall,get,go,grow,run,tum等表示状态的变化。句型二、“主--谓”结构这个句型常用来表示主语的动作。谓语动词为不及物动词,后面不能接宾语,但是可以接副词、介词短语、不定式、分词或从句作状语。如:Heleft.Thesunrisesintheeast.Hecametogethisbookback.Hewillcomeherewhenhefinisheshishomework.句型三、“主-谓-宾”结构这个句型主要表示主语动作的内容,谓语由及物动词充当。如:IwantaChinese-Englishdictionary.HereadsChineseeverymorning.Marylikesplayingthepianoverymuch.句型四、“主_谓一宾一宾2”结构这个句型主要表示主语的动作涉及了人和事两个方面,其中宾语I指人,叫做间接宾语,而第二个宾语2指事情,叫做直接宾语。如:
11Mothergavemeawatchyesterday.Myauntboughtmeacompute匚这个句型也可改换为“主+谓+宾2+介词(to/fbr)+宾1”结构。如上面句子可改为:
12Mothergaveawatchtomeyesterday.Myauntboughtacomputerfbrme.上面句型转换时(1)下歹动词ask,bring,fetch,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,read,return,sell,send,show,teach,tell,write等后面用to,表示动作的方向,意为“给,对,向”等。⑵下歹恸词buy,call,choose,cook,draw,find,get,make,order,read,sing,save,spare等后面用for,意为“为:句型五、“主一谓••宾--补”结构这个句型主要表示主语要求宾语做某事或者使宾语怎么样。用于这个句型的动词后面如果不接宾语补足语,句子意思久还不完整。如:Heaskedmetohaveatalkwithhim.WeconsideritveryimportanttolearnEnglishwell.(1)常见用于这个句型的动词有:ask,consider,find,force,get,have,help,let,make以及感官动词feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch等。(2)have,help,let,make及感官动词feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch接不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式符号to须省略,但是将它们变为被动语态时,不定式必须带to。句型六、"Therebe”结构这个句型主要表示某时或某地存在着某东西。用于这个句型的动词除了be外,还有arrive,come,exist,lie,live,go,remain,stand等,常可译为“某时或某地有",或“某时或某地存在(发生、矗立着、躺着)如:Therewasatalltreeinfrontofthebuilding.Therelivedakingwholoveddrawingverymuch.(1)句型中动词的形式由它后面的名词的数及时间状语确定;(2)句型中动i司前可以有情态动词can,may,must,haveto,usedto等修饰,表示“可能有……,肯定有……,从前有……等意思;(3)句型中动词前可以有appearto,seemto,h叩pento等表示“似乎有",“碰巧有……”等意思。巩固练习标出下列句子划线部分的句子成分1.Mike'sfatherisanEnglishteacher.2.Jack'ssisterworksinthatfactoryoverthere.3.Hesattherealone,readingastory.4.Readinginbedisbadfbryoureyes.5.Therearesomechildrenplayingontheplayground.6.It'sveryimportanttogetonwellwiththeworkers.7.Whathetoldusthismorningprovedtrue.8.Wethinkitverynecessarytoteachthestudentshowtolive.9.1don'tknowifhecansparemeafewminutes.10.Hewillcometojoinuswhenhefinisheshiswork.
13第七讲句子的种类第一节陈述句(1)陈述句是用来陈述事实、事件或道理的句子,说明主语是什么,主语怎么样或者主语做什么等,英语中常用实心圆点结束其句子。如:Englishiswidelyusedallovertheworld.Wemustworkhardertogetthetaskfinishedontime.Mr.Blackwillcometogiveusatalkonscience.(2)陈述句的否定①助动词(系动词be、情态动词)+not,如:Idon*tlikesweets.Theseexercisesarenotdifficult.Ican'tfollowyou.Ihavenotsaidanythingtoanybodyaboutit.②助动词(系动词be、情态动词)+never,hardly,seldom,little,few如:Ihavenever/hardly(ever)/seldomspokentoMr.George.③no,none以及其它由no■构成的复合词(nothing,nobody,noone,nowhere等)。Ihavespokentonobody/nooneaboutit.Ihavesaidnothingtoanybodyaboutit.Ihavenomoney.Ihavenone.④neither和nor,主要在以下句式中:—-Ihaven'tspokentoMr.George.・一Neither/NorhaveI.当用作连词时,neither要在nor之前。如:NeitherBobnorIbrokethewindow.Weneitherwantnorneedanyhelpfromyou,thankyou.⑤利用否定词缀:dis-,il-,in-,-im,-ir,un-,-less如:Idislikegoingtothecinema.Heisveryunhappy.第二节祈使句祈使句是用来向对方发出命令、提出警告或要求的句子,主语为第二人称,但是常省略。如:Comehere!OpenyourbooksatPage46,please.Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.注意:(1)祈使句的否定式为在句首加Dont如:Don'tgooutatnight.Don'tbelateagain.(2)口语中,有时为了引起对方重视,采用直呼其名,并加上主语You的方式,如:Mary,youcleanthewindow,please.
14Jack,yougoandshutthedoor.(3)为了缓和语气,使说话显得委婉、客气一些,常在句末加please,或willyou?/won'tyou?构成反意疑问句。(详见反意疑问句)第三节感叹句感叹句是指用来表示赞美、厌恶等强烈感情的句子。它有两种形式:(1)What+(a/an+adj.)+n.+主语+动词!如:Whatacleverstudentsheis!Whatcleanwateritisinthisriver!口语中,有时将形容词及主谓结构全省略,如:Whataboy!Whatacity!(2)How+adj.+主语+系动词!或How+adv.+主语+行为动词!如:Howbeautifulthecityis!Howfastheisrunning!有时,口语中将形容词副词省略,如:HowIhopetomeetyou!HowIwishyoucoulddoitrightnow!(3)How+adj.+a/an+n.+主语+动词!如:Howlargearoomyouhave!Howgoodagirlsheis!除了上述两种形式之外,英语中也有其他方式表示感叹,如:(1)运用语气词:Ah,Wow(2)运用单词或短语:Great!Good!Beautiful!Veryinteresting!Asmartboy!(3)运用简短的句子:Heworksfast!Heisverycareful!(4)口语中,感叹句后面的“主语+系动词”或“主语+谓语”常省略。如:Whataninterestingstory!Howbig!第四节疑问句疑问句指用来询问情况、信息的句子,末尾常用问号表示。如:AreyoufromChina?DoyoulikeAmerica?Whatdoyouwant?根据疑问句的形式及回答要求,可将疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句及反意疑问句。(1)一般疑问句一般疑问句指需要用“Yes”或“No”来回答的疑问句。其形式为:助动词、情态动词或系动词be+主语+……?其回答为:Yes,主语+助动词、情态动词或系动词be,或No,主语+助动词、情态动词或系动词be的否定式。如:
15---AreyouMike?---Yes,Iam.---Doyoulikedancing?---Yes,Ido.■一CanyouspeakEnglish?-Yes,Ican.(2)特殊疑问句特殊疑问句是指用特殊疑问词构成的疑问句,其回答需根据具体情况作具体回答。特殊疑问词有:What,Which,Who,Whom,Whose,When,Where,Why,HowWhat+名词,Whose+名词,Which+名词How+形容词或副词,如:—一WhatcanIdoforyou,sir?■一I'dlikeacupofcoflfee,please.・・•Whenwillhecomehere?Tomorrow.Howwillhecomehere?・・・Byplane.下列特别的特殊疑问句一WhatisMary?…Sheisanactress.…WhatisMarylike?--Sheisaverykindgirl.一WhatdoesMarylooklike?■一Sheisverytallandthin.・-WhatdoyouthinkofMary?Sheisveryfriendly.一Whatdayistoday?一It'sSunday.一What'sthedatetoday?一IfsFebruary18,2011.・一What'stheprice/length/size/speedof...?・一Howdoyoudo?・・・Howareyou?Fine,thankyou.一HowdoyoulikeMary?…Sheisveryfriendly.-Howfarisit?■一It'sabouttenminutes'walk.・-Howlongisit?■一It'stwometers.・・・Howmuchisthebook?・-HowoftendoyouhaveaP.E.lesson?一一Twiceaweek.HowsoonwillMarycomehere?Inabouttenminutes.提示①当对句子主语进行提问时,句子仍然用陈述语序。如:…Whowillcomehere?…Mr.Smith.Whathappenedjustnow?Aglasswasbroken.②双重疑问句对于think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect等的句子进行提问时,形式上对主句提问,而意义上是对从句提问,如:Whatdoyouthinkhewilldotomorrow?你认为他明天会干什么?Whatdoyouthinkwillhappenifwecutthetreesonthehill?你认为如果我们把山上的树砍掉会发生什么事吗?(3)选择疑问句选择疑问句有两种形式:其一是山or连接的两个一般疑问句组成,or后面的疑问句常省略与其前面相同的部分;其二是由特殊疑问句外加or连接的两部分构成的疑问句。其回
16答时,都是从疑问句中选取一部分作答。如:…AreyouMaryor(areyou)Alice?一I'mMary.Doyoulikeplayingbasketballor(doyoulike)football?-Ilikefootball.・一CanyouspeakJapaneseordoyouwanttolearnit?-Iwanttolearnit.・・・Whichbagisyours,theblueoneortheredone?・・・Theredone.・--Whatdoyoulikebetter,chickenorduck?・・・duck.(4)反意疑问句反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句,它是在陈述句后面加上一个简短的一般疑问构成,表示对所说的话没有把握,或向对方征求意见,或提出质疑等。反意疑问句的一般形式:“肯定陈述,否定尾句?”或“否定陈述,肯定尾句?",其回答与对一般疑问句的回答方式一致。如:Hefinishedhishomeworklastnight,didn'the?Yes,hedid.(No,hedidn't)Marycan'tspeakChinese,canshe?Yes,shecan.(No,shecan't)丽)①尾句中的助动词(或系动词、情态动词等)及人称代词应与陈述部分中的语法动词及主语保持一致。如:Janeisyourcousin,isn'tshe?Thereisnodoubt,isthere?Weneedtoaskfirst,don'twe?Weneedn'taskfirst,needwe?②弄清楚陈述部分主语后面的缩写形式's或d的真实意义。如:He'snevermetyoubefore,hashe?(He's=Hehas)He^goingtotellyouthetruth,isn'the?(He,s=Heis)You*dbettergo,hadn*tyou?(you*d=youhad)Youyratherstay,wouldn*tyou?(you'd=youwould)③“否定陈述+肯定尾句”的回答必须前后一致,但Yes翻译为“不二N。翻译为“是的“,如。Youseldomgoswimminginthemorning,doyou?Yes,Ido.(不,我上午游泳)/No,Idem忙(是的,我上午很少游泳)特殊的反意疑问句:①Ithink/believe/suppose/imagine/expectthat-clause的反意疑问句,其肯否形式由主句确定,而其助动词和主语与从句保持一致。如:Ithinkthathewillcomeherethisafternoon,won'the?Idon'tbelievethathewillfail,willhe?这个句型中,主句的主语必须是第一人称,主句谓语动词必须是一般现在时,同时主句谓语动词没有任何副词修饰,否则按一般情况处理。②祈使句的反意疑问部分为willyou?或won'tyou?如:Passmethenewspaper,willyou/won'tyou?Remembertolockthedoor,willyou/won'tyou?但是,若祈使句为否定,翻译疑问部分只能用wontyou?如:Don'tbelatenexttime,willyou?③Lefs…的反意疑问部分为shallwe?或shan'twe?如:
17Let*sdoitbyourselves,shallwe?/shan'twe?但是,若Lcfsnot…后,只能用shallwe?而Letusdo…与祈使句的规则一致。如:Let'snotgothere,shallwe?Letusdoitbyourselves,willyou?④must,can、等表推测的反意疑问部分,结合时态及时间状语考虑,如:OurheadmastermusthavebeentoAmerica,hasn'the?Mikemusthavereadthestorylastnight,didn'the?⑤「m…的反意疑问部分为aren'tI?或ain't1?陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may+主语。如:I'mgrown-upnow,aren'tI?/ain'tI?Iwishtohaveawordwithyou,mayI?⑥Everybody/Everyone/anyone/somebody/Nobody/noone…的反意疑问部分为...they?如:Everybodyhasbeentoldwhattodo,haven'tthey?Nobodylikesthisidea,dothey?⑦NoneOfus/Someofus…的反意疑问部分为...we?如:Noneofusknewtheway,didwe?SomeofyouarelearningRussian,aren'tyou?⑧句子中含有seldom,hardly,rarely"ittle,few,scarcely等半否定词时,反意疑问部分用肯定形式,但是由词缀构成的否定句的反意疑问部分用否定形式。如:Fewpeopleknewtheanswer,didthey?JackdislikesEnglish,doesn'the?⑨当第一人称对第二人称说关于第二人称的某些事情,想询问对方以便证实时,往往用…you?如:Iheardyousingonthehillthismorning,didn'tyou?I'mtoldthatyouhavemadegreatprogress,haven'tyou?⑩感叹句的反意疑问部分与陈述句的反意疑问部分相同,如:Whataniceday(itis),isn'tit?Howfastheisrunning,isn'the?巩固练习一、根据括号中的要求转换句型1.Eachofushasanewbook.(否定句)2.Toseeonetimeisbetterthantohearonehundredtimes.(~•般疑问句)3.Theyhelpedtodothecleaningthismorning.(就划线部分提问)4.Theyinsistedonmystayingtherefordinner;(就划线部分提问)5.Thereissomeoneatthegatetoseeyou.(反意疑问句)1.1feltitmydutytoreportittotheheadmaster.(否定句)7.HewenttotheInternetbartoseehisfHend.(就划线部分提问)8.Didn'tyounoticehimleavethehouse?(肯定陈述句)9.Hegoestoschooleveryday.(就划线部分提问)1.11thinkthathewilllikethepresent.(反意疑问句)11.Hehasanexpensivecar.(感叹句)
1811.Sheworksverycarefully.(感叹句)12.TellMarynottomakenoisethere.(反意疑问句)13.Wewillcomebackinafbwminutes.(就划线部分提问)14.Sheboughtthecoatbecauseitfittedhimverywell.(就划线部分提问)二、根据句子语境,在空白处填上适当的词或词组,补全句子。1.—haveyoubeenawayfromhome?—Forfivemonths.2.writerisbetterknowninChina,CharlesDickensorMarkTwain?3.He'scomealready,?4.Shenevertellsalie,?5.It'safineday,lefsgofishing,?6.—Isn'tyouruncleanengineer?—,heisn't.7.carelessheis!8.Oh,John,yougaveup!9.Ifthiscoatisn'tyours,canitbe?10.—Didn'tanyonerecognizethepresident?—No,.11.Don'tsmokeinthemeetingroom,?12.Letmehavealook,?13.funitistohaveatalkwithyou!14.IwishIcouldhavemoretime!15.Hurry,youwont'makethetrain!第八讲动词的时态和语态第一节动词时态动词时态是用来表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态的重要形式。不同时间所发生的动作必须要用不同的时态来表示。英语的时态共有十六种,见下表:一般进行完成完成进行现在...+am/is/are...+am/is/are...+havedone...+havebeen…+do/does…+have/hasdoing…+hasdooedoing…+hasbeendoing过去…+was/did…+were/did…+wasdoing…+weredoing...+haddone…+hadbeendoing将来...+shall/willdo...+am/is/aregoingtodo...+am/is/aredoing...+am/is/aretodo…+am/is/areabouttodo…willbeingdoing...will/shallhavedone...will/shallhavebeendoing
19过去将来...+should/woulddo...+was/weregoingtodo...+was/weredoing…+was/weretodo...+was/wereaboutto…+wouldbedoing...wouldhavedone...wouldhavebeendoing其中《大纲》要求重点掌握表中的一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时等十种主要时态。一、i般现在时1.一般现在时的意义和作用(1)表示经常性或习惯性的动作、行为,常与everyday,never,always,often,usually等频度副词连用。如:Igotoschoolat8everymorning.Iusuallygotoworkatseveninthemorning.(2)表示客观真理、客观存在、科学事实。如:Theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.(3)用在格言或警句中。如:Pridegoesbeforea回1.骄者必败。Graspalbloseall.贪多必失。(4)表示现在时刻的状态、特性、性格、能力等。如:Isthereanythingwrongwithyou?Youlookpale.Idon'twantsomuch.Nowwatchme,Iswitchonthecurrentandstandback.【典例】Iping-pongquitewell,butIhaven'thadtimetoplaythisyear.[解析]play。题干后面的分句用了转折语气,并用了现在完成时,空格处是指含现在时间在内的广泛意义上的现在时间。(5)表示计划或安排中的动作。如:ThetrainleavesforBeijingat2:30p.m.(6)用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示一般将来时。如:IfIamfree,I'llcometoseeyou.2.--般现在时的形式(1)be动词:IamHe/She/It/Mary/...isWe/You/Theyare...(2)have/has:He/She/It/Mary/...hasI/We/You/Theyhave...(3)其它动词:当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;其他人称或复数名词作主语时谓语动词用原形。如:Helikessinging,whilewealllikedancing.
20【典例】—Whenwillyoucometoseeme,Dad?—Iwillgotoseeyouwhenyouthetrainingcourse.[解析]finisho在时间状语从句中,主句用将来时,从句用现在时。二、一般过去时1.一般过去式的形式的构成(1)规则变化①一般在动词后面加-ed,如:played,worked,walked②在以“辅音字母+e”结尾的动词后面直接加-d,$11:liked,loved,hated③以''辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,改y为I,再加-ed,如:studied④在以重读闭音节结尾,并且最后只有一个辅音字母的动词后,双写最后辅音字母,然后再加-ed,如:stopped,regretted(2)不规则动词(详见不规则动词变化表)2.一般过去时的意义(1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有:yesterday,anhourago,theotherday,lastweek,in1982等。如:Wheredidyougojustnow?HewenttoFrancelastyear.(2)表示在过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。如:WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedbasketballwithmyfriends.WhenevertheGreenscamehere,theyweregivenawarmwelcome.(3)用于常见句型。Itistimesb.didsth.”时间已迟了,早该了“。如:Itistimeyouwenttobed.你早该睡觉了。would(had)rathersb.didsth."宁愿某人做某事”。如:Fdratheryoucametomorrow.(4)表示先后一连串的动作。如:Theoldladywenttothemarket,boughtsomevegetablesandwenthome.(5)用于虚拟语气。如:Itistimewewenthome.Ifthevisitorsarrivedtomorrow,Iwouldgotomeetthemattheairport.三、一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作或状态,常与表示将来的时间状语thisafternoon,thisyear,tomorrow,nextyear等连用。1.will/shall+doo(1)表示预见、意图,或者用在疑问句中征询听话人的意见。如:Hewillbebacksoon.Ishall/willsendMr.ZhanganE-mailtomorrow.Willyougotothecinemawithme?【典例】Itlongbeforewefinishtheresultoftheexperiment.willnotbeo此题考查一般将来时在固定句型中的运用,即“ItwiHbe+时间段+before4
21■动词的一般现在时(2)表示现在的习惯、需要,预测现在某事可能会发生,或者现在对将来的事情作出决定。如:Fishwilldiewithoutwater.ShallIhelpyou?Itisteno'clock.Marywillbeinbedbynow.—Whichdressdoyouwant?-Filtaketheredone.1.begoingto+不定式,表示将来。(1)表示按计划、安排要发生的事。如:TheyaregoingtostudyEnglishnextmonth.(2)表示主语的意图,即将做某事。如:Whatareyougoingtodothedayaftertomorrow?(3)表示有迹象要发生的事。如:Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.2.be+todo,表将来,指按计划或正式安排将发生的事,或者表示命令、禁止,或者表示可能性等。如:WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.Wearetofinishtheworkbeforefivethisafternoon.3.be+doing,表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。如:IamleavingforLondontomorrow.4.beabouttodosth.即将做某事。如:HeisabouttoleavefbrShanghai.beaboutto不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。四、过去将来时1.过去将来时的意义表示相对于过去某一时间将要发生的动作或状态。如:Hewarnedusthatthejourneywouldbeverydangerous.2.过去将来时的形式(1)would/shoulddo表示过去某个时间的想法或打算,常用于宾语从句中和虚拟语气中。如:Hesaidhewouldspendhisweekendhelpinghisparentswiththeirwork.IfIwereyou,Iwouldnotdothat.(2)was/weregoingtodo与was/weretodo表示过去已经计划、安排要做的或者迹象表明要发生的事情;如:Hetoldmethathewasgoingtohaveameetingthatevening.(3)was/wereabouttodo表示过去即将要进行的事情,常与when时间状语从句连用,如:Iwasabouttoleavewhenhecametoseeme.五、现在进行时1.现在进行时的形式:bedoing
221.现在分词的构成①一般在动词后面加・ing,如:playing,learning,walking②“辅音字母+e”的动词,去e,再加・ing,in:loving,liking,hating③在以重读闭音节结尾,并且最后只有一个辅音字母的动词后,双写最后辅音字母,然后再加・ing,如:stopping,beginning④以・ie结尾的动词,改-ie为-y,再加・ing,$11:lying,dying,tying⑤在以-c结尾的动词后加-king,如:panicking,picnicking3.现在进行时的意义和用法(1)表示现在正在发生的事情。如:Wearewaitingfbryou.(2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的情况(说话时动作未必正在进行)。如:Mr.Browniswritinganothernovel.(说话时未必在写,指处于写作的状态)Selectingamobilephonefbrpersonaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnologyischangingsorapidly.(3)表示渐变的动词有:become,turn,get,go,grow,run,begin等。如:Theleavesareturningred.It*sgettingwarmerandwarmer.(4)与always,constantly,fbrever等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。如:Youarealwayschangingyourmind.【典例】Mydictionary,Ihavelookedforiteverywherebutstillhaven'tfoundit.(miss)[解析]ismissing。前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用现在进行时。六、过去进行时1.过去进行时的形式:was/weredoing2.过去进行时的意义和用法(1)表示过去某时正在进行的动作或状态。常用的时间状语有thismorning,alldayyesterday,thewholemorning,when,while等。如:Radioshadjustbeeninventedthen,andpeopleweretalkingaboutsendingpicturesbyelectricity.Iwasattendingameetingthistimeyesterday.Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.Itwasrainingwhentheyleftthestation.WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesunwasshining.(2)表示某段时间内一直在从事某项工作。如:Iwasdoingmyhomeworklastnight.【典例分析】Maryadresswhenshecutherfinger,(make)[解析]wasmakingowhen意为“玛丽在做衣服时”表示“割伤手指”时的背景,是已发生的事,因此用过去进行时。【典例分析】Asshethenewspaper,Grannyfellasleep,(read)[解析]wasreadingo句中的as=when,while,意为“当之时描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行时。
23七、将来进行时1.将来进行时的形式:willbedoing2.将来进行时的意义(1)表示将来某个时刻在进行的动作或状态,如:Iwillbeattendingameetingatninetomorrowmorning.(2)表示将来某段时间反复进行的动作,如:IwillbeclimbingthemountainnextSunday.(3)表示预测将会发生的事情,如:MotherwillbecookingwhenIgethome.(4)表示有礼貌地询问对方的计划、安排等,如:Willyoubereadinginthelibrarytomorrowevening?3.将来进行时常用的时间状语有soon,bythistime,intwodays,tomorrow,onSunday,thisevening,tomorrowevening等。如:ThistimeonSaturdayIshallbeflyingtoParis.She'llbecomingsoon.1111bemeetinghimsometimeinthefuture.4.将来进行时应注意事项。(1)表示事实状态的动词:have,belong,stay,possess(AW),obtain(获得),form,consistof,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,weigh,continue等。如:Ihavetwogoodfriends.Thisbikebelongstomybrother.(2)表示心理状态的动词:imagine,suppose,doubt,need,want,understand,know,realize,think,believe,recognize,remember,forget,prefer,mean,love,hate,refuse,forgive等。如:Ineedyourhelp.Helovesherverymuch.(3)瞬间动词:accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decidejefuse等。如:Iacceptyouradvice.(4)感官动词及系动词:seem,be,lie,remain,notice,look,taste,see,hear,smell,feel,become等。如:Youseemsobeautiful.八、现在完成时1.现在完成时的形式:have/has+动词过去分词2.动词过去分词的构成(1)规则变化同动词的过去分词(2)不规则变化详见不规则动词变化表3.现在完成时的意义用来表示已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果和现在有联系或一直影响到现在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。4.现在完成时的用法(1)表示发生在过去但对现在有影响的动作。如:IwonderwhyJennyhasn'twrittenusrecently.
24Mary'sdictionaryhasbeenlenttoagoodfriendofhers.(2)表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(可能还会继续下去)的动作,常用延续性动词,多和表示一段时间的状语如since,sofar,forayear,inrecentyears等连IT]。(3)表示现阶段反复进行的动作。如:Ihavejumpedonehundredtimes.CanIstoptohavearestnow?(4)用于“This/Itisthefirst/secondtimethat…”句型中,从句的谓语动词常用现在完成时。如:Thisisthethirdtimethattheyhaven'tcomefbrtherubbish.1.现在完成时的一些注意事项(1)延续性动词的完成时表示动作、行为的持续;瞬间动词的现在完成时表示行为的结果,不能与表时间段的状语连用。如:Hehascompletedthework.他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)I'veknownhimsincethen.我从那时起就认识他了。(表持续)瞬间动词go,come,leave,join,marry,buy,lend/borrow,die等需要分别用beaway/there/here/inbeamemberof;bemarried;have;keep;bedead等表示状态动词的完成时接时间段状语表示动作的持续时间。如:Hehasbeenherefbrabouttwohours.HehasbeenaLeaguemember/intheLeaguefbrtwoyears.22)havegoneto与havebeentohavegoneto表示目前已经去某地,强调现在不再这里;havebeento表示取过某地,如:OurheadmasterhasgonetoBeijing.Youcan'tseehimnow.HehasbeentoBeijing,soheknowsitverywell.【典例】Youdon'tneedtodescribeher.Iherseveraltimes.[解析]havemet。首先,本题后句强调对现在的影响,“我见过她好多次,你不用描述。”其次,severaltimes告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。第二节动词的语态被动语态:英语动词的语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,在被动语态的句子中,动作的执行者,一般由介词by引起的短语来表示,如:Weoftenhelpthem.(主动)我们常帮助他们。Theyareoftenhelpedbyus.(被动)他们常被我们帮助。1、被动语态各时态的形式是山助动词be的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成。2、被动语态八种时态的用法例句:被动语态常用的八种时态的基本用法和主动语态各时态的基本用法相同,只是句中的主语不是动作的执行者,而是动作的承受者,如:(1)一般现在时:NowEnglishistaughtinallmiddleschoolsinourcountry.(2)一般过去时:TheGreathallofthePeoplewasbuiltin1959.(3)一般将来时:Whenwilltheworkbefinished?(4)过去将来时:Hetoldusthattheworkwouldbefinishedthenextday.(5)现在进行时:Yourtractorisbeingrepairednow.(6)过去进行时:Thechildwasbeingexaminedbythedoctorwhentheycamein.
25(7)现在完成时:Theworkhasn'tbeenfinishedyet.⑻过去完成:Thenewplanhadbeencarriedoutbeforethesecondexperimentbegan.3、在下列情况下,一般使用被动语态:(1)当不知道动作执行者是谁或没有必要提到动作执行者时,PaperwasfirstmadeinChina.(2)当强调或突出动作承受者的作用时,如:Thenewmachinewasinventedbya20-year-oldyoungworker.4、由主动语态转换为被动语态的几种句型:(1)将一个句子由主动语态转换为被动语态时,可按下列步骤进行:①先将主动结构的宾语改为被动结构的主语;②再将主动语态动词改为被动语态动词;③最后在被动语态之后加介词by,并将主动结构的主语放在by之后(经常被省略),构成介词短语;④由主动语态动词改为被动语态动词时,要注意被动语态动词中助动词be的各种形式变化,因为被动语态动词的不同人称和数是由助动词be不同的形式来表示的,如:Treesarcplantedeveryspring.(2)如果主动语态动词后又有直接宾语,又有间接宾语,一般是将间接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语,将直接宾语保留在原处。如将直接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语,将间接宾语保留在原处时,一般要在间接宾语前加介词to或for,如:Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.—►Iwastoldaninterestingstorylastnight./Aninterestingstorywastoldtomelastnight.(3)主动语态中的宾语加带有宾语补足语时,改为被动语态时,就将宾语改为主语,将宾补保留在原处,而成为被动语态句中主语的补足语了。宾补可以有下列儿种情况:①宾补为动词不定式,如:Theyaskedhertosingasong.—>Shewasaskedtosingasong.在动词make,see,hear,watch,notice等之后,不定式的to在主动语态里可要省略,而被动语态里不能省,如:Tomwasseentocomeoutofthelab.②宾补为分词,如:Theyheardthemsingingatthetime.—Theywereheardsingingatthattime.③宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语,如:Shekeptmebusyallthemorning.—Iwaskeptbusyallthemorning.(4)如果主动语态中的谓语动词为短语动词,改为被动语态时,要注意不要遗漏短语中的介词或副词,以保持短语动词的完整性,如:Shealwaystakesgoodcareofthechildren.—>Thechildrenarealwaystakengoodcareof.(5)含有情态动词的动词改为被动语态时是将情态动词后面的动词原形改为被动语态,因其前有情态动词,所以构成被动语态的助动词be就要使用原形,如:TheymustfinishtheworkbeforeFriday.—TheworkmustbefinishedbeforeFriday.(6)begoingto,beto,usedto,haveto和hadbetter等结构,其作用相当于情态动词或助动词,在改为被动语态时,只需将后面的动词原形改为被动语态即可,如:Thearenotgoingtoputoffthefootballmatch.—>Thefootballmatchisnotgoingtobeputoff.第三节时态的呼应时态的呼应:在复合句,从句(主要是宾语从句)中的时态,常受主句谓语动词的影响,这就叫做时态的呼应,时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。1、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态,其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态,
26如:SheknowsyouhavebeeninBeijingforfiverears.2、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态,从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态,但要注意到下列情况:(1)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时,如:Shesaidshewasbusythen.(2)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前,从句中须用过去完成时,如:Ididn'tknowthatshehadbeentoLondontwice.(3)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后,从句须用过去将来时,如:Theydidn'tknowwhentheywouldhavearest.(4)如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象,虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时,如:WhenIwasalittlechild,myfathertoldmethattheearthisround.(5)如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语,虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前,从句仍用一般过去时,但如果该状语表示的时间不具体,则从句仍要用过去完成时,如:Tomesaidhewasbomin1975.动词的时态与语态练习1.WhenIsawMary,sheonthepiano.
27A.isplayingB.playsC.wasplayingD.played2.Shethedoorbeforeshegoesaway.A.hadlockedB.islockingC.haslocked.3.Ahunterisamanwhoanimals.D.waslocking.A.catchB.catches4.WhatifIdrinkthis?C.willcatchD.wascatchingA.happensB.ishappening5.1willvisityouifFatherme.A.letB.lets6.Lookout!Thattreefalldown.C.willhappenC.islettingD.ishappenedD.willletA.isgoingtoB.willbeC.shallD.would7.Myuncletoseeme.He'llbeheresoon.A.comesB.iscomingC.hadcomeD.came8.Theycan'tleaveuntiltheytheirwork.A.didB.aredoingC.havedoneD.hasdone9."Hasheseenthisfilm?"”Yes.Heitseveraldaysago.*'A.sawB.hasseenC.hadseenD.wasseeing10.NowMikeisn'there.HeMrGreen*s.Perhapshebackinafewminutes.A.wentto;iscomingB.hasgoneto;willcomeC.hasbeento;willbeD.isgoingto;hascome11.Thatdayhe.hisclothesbeforehecametoseeme.A.haswashedB.washedC.hadbeenwashingD.waswashed12.1haven*tfinishedmycomposition.Ifbrtwohoursandahalf.A.havewrittenitB.havebeenwritingitC.wroteitD.amwritingit13.1willtakemydaughterwithmewhenIShangHai,A.gotoB.willgotoC.havebeentoD.havegoneto14.Thisbrightgirlthetruthinfrontoftheenemy.A.didn'tsayB.couldn'tspeaktoC.saidD.didn'ttell15.Thebridgewhichlastyearlooksreallybeautiful.A.wasbuiltB.builtC.wassetupD.hadbeenbuilt16.**WhenschoolbeRin?”“NextMonday.**A.hasB.does17.IwillheretillyougivemesomeC.didmoney.D.isgoingtoA.leaveB.notleave18.1heresinceImovedhere.C.comeD.returnA.willworkB.workedC.work19.EverytimeIthere,Iwillbuyhimsomethingnice.A.wentB.willgoC.go20.Itwassaidthathisfather.D.havebeenworkingD.havegoneA.hasdiedB.died.21.Wewon'tgounlessyousoon.A.hadcomeB.cameC.hasbeendeadC.willcomeD.haddiedD.come22.sixyearssinceIbeganstudyingEnglish.
28A.TheyhavebeenB.itisC.ItwasD.Thereare23.TheytheSummerPalacethreetimes.A.havegonetoB.havebeentoC.havebeeninD.havegoneinto24."Howlonghaven'tweseeneachother?**“Well,itnearlytwoyearssincewelast."A.is/havemetB.was/hadmetC.is/metD.hasbeen/hadmet25."Haveyouseentheartexhibition?**HNo,there.**A.itwasnotbeingheldB.theydidn'tholdC.ithadnotheldD.theywereholdingit26.Don'tgetoffthebusuntilit.A.stopB.willstopC.stoppedD.hasstopped27."Wheretherecorder?Ican'tseeitanywhere.**“Iitrighthere.Butnowit*sgone.MA.didyouput/haveputB.haveyouput/putC.hadyouput/wasputtingD.wereyouputting/haveput28.Theyaskedmetohaveadrinkwiththem.Isaidthatitwas10yearssinceIagooddrink.A.hadenjoyedB.wasenjoyingC.enjoyedD.hadbeenenjoying29.Don'tcometonight.Iwouldratheryoutomorrow.A.comeB.cameC.willcomeD.coming30.you?A.Do/marryB.Have/marriedC.Have/beenmarriedD.Are/married31.Whenheallthenewspapers,he*llgohome.A.sellsB.hassoldC.willhavesoldD.willbesold32."Thisclothwellandlong.M"Ok.Tiltakeit.”A.washes/lastsB.iswashed/lastedC.washes/islastedD.iswashing/lasting33."Hurryup,youonthephone.**HOh,I'mcoming.Thankyou.**A.arewantedB.arebeingwantedC.wantD.arewanting1.11seeyou,butIdidn*t,forIhadnotime.A.hadwantedtoB.haswantedtoC.wantedD.waswanted1.21inGuangZhoufbrsixyearsbythisOctober.A.havelivedB.waslivingC.willbelivingD.shallhavelived36.Bythistimenextyearhefromthecollege.A.willbegraduatingB.shouldbegraduatingC.willhavegraduatedD.isgraduatingfromwesttoeast.A.turnsB.turnC.hasturnedD.hadturned37.Ourteachertoldusthattheearth38.Mybrotherwhilehehisbicycleandhurthimself.A.fell/wasridingB.fell/wereridingC.hadfallen/rodeD.hadfallen/wasriding39.Billsaidhetwenty-onethenextyear.A.wasgoingtobeB.wasabouttobeC.couldbeD.wastobe40.Itishightimeyouinbednow.A.areB.wereC.willbeD.wouldbe
2941.Afterawhileanagreement.A.wasarrivedatB.wasarrivedinC.wasarrivedD.hasbeenarrived42.TheairlinerfromBeijingat3:00p.m.A.isabouttoarriveB.hasarrivedC.arrivesD.isgoingtoarrive43.,thatstepisnotsafe!A.LookaroundB.LookupC.LookoutD.Lookdown44.MHaveyouhimtogiveupsmoking?**"No.Ibuthewouldn*tlisten.**A.pcrsuaded/triedB.tried/persuadcdC.tried/triedD.persuaded/persuaded45.Theresearchlaboratoryisgoingtothenewtypeofcomputertouse.A.takeB.makeC.putD.send46.1don'tknowwhenhe,butwhenhe,111letyouknow.A.willcome/comesB.comes/willcomeC.comes/comesD.willcome/willcome47.Howmuchdoyouthinkthatvase?A.iscostB.usedC.waspaidforD.cost48.1thathewouldbeabletoleavetomorrow,butit*sbeginningtolookdifficult.A.hopeB.hadhopedC.hopedD.amhoping49.“Comeon,Peter,Iwanttoshowyousomething.^^“Oh,howniceofyou,IyoutobringmeaA.neverthink/aregoingB.neverthought/weregoingC.didn'tthink/aregoingD.hadn'tthought/weregoing50.It'saniceflat,butitaproperbathroom.A.haven'tgotB.hasn'tgotC.wouldn'tgetD.doesn'thavegot51.Shehadashockwhensheheardthenews,?A.hadn'tsheB.didn'tsheC.wouldn'tsheD.won'tshe52.Thisliquidthesaltatroomtemperature.A.becamemixedwithB.wasmixedbyC.mixeswithD.hasbeenmixingby53.Anexhibitionofpaintingsatthemuseumnextweek.A.aretobeheldB.istobeheldC.areholdingD.willhold54.I'msorry,sir.Yourrecorderisn*treadyyet.Itinthefactory.A.isbeingrepairedB.isrepairedC.hasbeenrepairedD.hasn'trepaired55.Everypossiblemeans,butnoneprovesuccessful.A.hastriedB.hasbeentriedC.isbeingtriedD.tried56.thattheycanpassthewrittenexamthistime.A.ThatishopedB.ItishopedC.ThathopesD.Ithopes57.Mylittlesisterhasbrokenmywatch.--一Mywatchbymylittlesister.A.isbrokenB.hasbrokenC.havebeenbrokenD.hasbeenbroken58.HewascleaninghisroomwhenIenteredthehouse.--HisroombyhimwhenIenteredtheroom.A.wasbeingcleanedB.wascleanedC.wasbeingcleaningD.hasbeencleaned59.1shallhaveFinishedreadingthenovelbydinnertime.
30-——ThisnovelA.willhavefinishedreading(byme)bydinnertime..B.willhasbeenfinishedC.willhavebeingfinished60.Yououghttokeepthesethreeroomsclean.A.areoughtedtokeepcleanC.oughttobekeptcleanD.willhavebeenfinished——Thesethreerooms(byyou).B.oughttokeptcleanD.oughttohavebeenkeptclean61.Youareabouttowriteapoem,aren*tyou?--一Apoem(byyou),A.isabouttobewritten,aren*tyouC.isabouttobewriting,aren*tyou62.Shehadbetterleaveanotetohim.-•—AnoteA.hadbetterleftB.hadbebetterleftB.isabouttobewriting,isn'titD.isabouttobewritten,isn'tittohim(byher).C.hadbetterbeleftD.hadbetterbeenleft63.Hedoesn*tdohishomeworkeveryday.——HishomeworkA.doesn*tbedoneB.aren*tdoneC.don*tbedonebyhimeveryday.D.isn'tdone64.Wemusttakecareofourparentswhentheyareold.-・・・Ourparentswhentheyareold.A.mustbetakencareB.mustbetookcarsC.musttakecareofD.mustbetakencareof65.Peoplelookdownuponhimbecauseheisaliar.——Hebecauseheisaliar.A.islookeddown66.Fatherwillgivemea<--一AdictionaryA.shallbegivento67.Weelectedherleader.B.islookeddownuponC.looksdownuponD.looksdowndictionaryonmybirthday.mebyFatheronmybirthday.B.willgive--SheC.shallgivetobyus.D.willbegivingtoA.iselectedleaderB.wasleaderelectedC.waselectedleaderD.leaderwaselected68.-・・・Peoplewholivealongthisroadreceivetheirmailintheseboxes.-WhyarealloftheA.greypaintedmailboxesC.mailboxespaintedgrey69.Isawhimentertheroom.B.mailboxesgreypaintedD.paintedgreymailboxestheroom.A.isseenenterB.isseentoenterC.wasseentoenterD.wasseenenter70.ThequestionaskedbyhimishardA.toanswerB.tobeansweredC.tobeansweringD.foranswer71.HowsweetthemusicA.soundstobeB.issoundedC.issoundedtobeD.sounds72.InwarmweatherfruitandmeatA.don'tkeepB.cannotbekeptC.arenotkeptD.arenotkeeping73.Hereceivedatelegram"MotherSick."A.writtenB.saidC.readingD.writing74.TheclassroomA.measures30feetlong.B.ismeasuredC.hasD.haslength75.DoyourememberA.howitisdoneB.ithowtobedoneC.HowisitdonebyD.how
31todo76.tohavebeenrich.A.TheysayB.ItissaidC.HeissaidD.Thatwassaid77.Mathematicsisdifficult.A.tolearnB.forlearningC.tobelearnedD.oflearning78.MyhairissolongthatImustgotoabarber'sshopand.A.havetocutitB.haveitcutC.getittobecutD.tocutit79.Thepencilwell.A.writesB.iswrittenC.waswrittenD.writing80.--1can'tseetheblackboardverywell.--Perhapsyouneed.A.toexamineyoureyesB.tohaveyoureyesexaminedC.tohaveexaminedyoureyesD.tobeexaminedyoureyes81.——Whereisthecoffeetable?——Tomjusthaditaway.A.moveB.movingC.movedD.moves82.Goodmedicinetothemouth.A.tastesbitterB.tastesbitterlybitterly83.Whichgirlwontheprize?A.Bywhichgirlistheprizewon?C.Bywhichgirldidshewintheprize?84.・・・Wheredidyougetthathandsomepicture?A.givenforusB.agifttous85.Ayounghenisachicken.A.namedB.known86.-■-HowdoesAlmalikehernewwork?・・・C.istastedbitterD.istastedB.Whichgirlwastheprizewon?D.Bywhichgirlwastheprizewon?——Itwasbymyfather.C.giventousD.agiftforusC.spelledD.calledShewiththehour.A.can*tsatisfyB.isn*tsatisfiedC.doesn*tsatisfyD.hasn'tsatisfied87.---WhydoyoucallyoursonMouse?-■-Hewantsbythename.A.tocallB.tobecalledC.tobecallingD.beingcalled88.Hisidea,thoughgood,needsout.A.beingtriedB.totryC.triedD.tobetried89.Themanlivinginthenextdoorisknownthepolice.A.withB.toC.byD.of90.Cottonisfirstmadethreadandthenitwaswovencloth.A.upof,upofB.into,into91.herelastnight.A.SomethingstrangewashappenedC.SomethingstrangehappenedC.ofD.from,fromB.StrangesomethingwashappenedD.Strangesomethinghappened92.--Edliketobuythatcoat.A.itwassoldC.it*sbeensold--Pmsorry,.B.ifssellingD.ithadbeensold93.Gunpowderwasdiscoveredinthetwelfthcentury,but.A.mandidnotputittouseinwartwohundredyearsliterB.untiltwocenturiesmoreitwasusedinwarC.notusedinwaruntiltwohundredyearslater
32A.inwardidnotuseittwohundredyearsafterwards93.Thefive-year-oldgirlbyherparents.A.islookedB.haslookedforC.isbeinglookedforD.hasbeenlooked95.■-leaveattheendofthismonth.…Idon'tthinkyoushoulddothatuntilanotherjob.(北京)A.Pmgoingto;you'dfoundB.Tmgoingto;you'vefoundC.Fil;you'llfindD.Til;you'dfind96.——Yourjobopenforyourreturn.一Thanks.(北京)A.willbekeptB.willkeepC.hadkeptD.hadbeenkept97.一Wheredidyouputthecarkeys?(北京)••-Oh,IIputthemonthechairbecausethephonerangasIin.A.remembered;comeB.remembered;wascomingC.remember;comeD.remember;wascoming98.Thehousebelongstomyauntbutshehereanymore.(全国1)A.hasn'tlivedB.didn*tliveC.hadn*tlivedD.doesn'tlive99.—Youlookverytiredatalllastnight?—No,notreally.Tmtiredoutnow.(全国2)A.DoyousleepC.DidyousleeplOO.TheconstructionofthetwonewA.hascompletedC.havebeencompletedB.WereyousleepingD.Hadyousleptrailwaylinesbynow.(全国2)B.havecompletedD.hasbeencompleted第九章课堂英语第一节学生用语Goodmorning/afternoon/evening,Mr..../Miss...!早上好(下午好)MayIcomein,Sir/Madam?报告!我可以进来吗?I'msorrytocomelate,butmybikebrokedownonmywayhere.很抱歉,迟到了。在路上,我的单车坏了。Weareallhere,Sir.Oh,Jackisnothere.Hesaidhewasillandaskedforadayofftoday.老师,我们都来了。哦,杰克说他身体不好,今天请一天的假。Whatdoestheword/sentencemean,please?/Whafsthemeaningoftheword/thesentence,please?/Whatdoyoumeanbysayingtheword/sentence,please?请问,这个单词(句子)是什么意思?Could/Wouldyoupleaseexplainitoncemore?请再解释一遍,好吗?Sorry.Icouldn'tcatchwhatyousay.Would/Couldyoupleasespeakalittleslower?对不起,我听不懂您的话,请讲慢一点,好吗?
33Whatshallwedoafterclass,sir?老师,我们课后做什么?What'sourassignmentafterclass?我们的课后作业是什么?Whenshallwehandinourassignment?我们什么时候交作业?Mustwerecitethispassage,Mr....IMiss...?老师,这篇短文一定得背诵吗?Howmanytimesshouldwecopythenewwords?老师,我应该抄写生词多少遍?第二节教师用语Hello,everyone!/Boysandgirls!大家好!(孩子们好!)Iseveryoneheretoday?都到齐了吗?What'sthematter/wrongwithyou/him/her?你(他,她)怎么啦?It'stimeforclass.Let'sbegin,please!该上课了,我们开始吧。Classbegins.上课。WestudiedthefirstpartofUnitOneyesterday.Haveyouallunderstoodit?我们昨天学习了第一单元的第一部分,大家都明白了吗?OK.Couldyouretellitwithyourownwords?好!能用自己的话把它复述一遍吗?Well,wearegoingtotakethesecondpartofUnitOnethisperiod.NowopenyourbooksatPageThree,please.我们今天讲第一单元第二部分,现在打开书第三页。Lookatthetitle,andcanyouguesswhatitisabout?看着标题,你能猜一猜它讲什么内容吗?NowreaditfastandtryyourbesttoanswerthequestionsonPageFive,please?现在快速阅读文章,回答第五页的问题。Ifyouhaveanyquestion,discussitwithyourpartnerorothergroupmembers,please.如果有问题,与你的伙伴讨论一下。OK.Whocananswerthequestion,please?那个同学能够回答这个问题?Bebold.Don'tbeshy.胆大一些,不要害羞。
34Nowtakeoutsomepaperandpens,please.Lefshaveadictationofthenewwordswelearntinthisunit.现在请拿出纸和笔来,我们听写这个单元所学习的生词。Don'tdozeoffinclass,oryouwillcatchcold.在教室不要打瞌睡,否则会感冒的。Ifyoudon'tfeelwell,Goandseeadoctor,please.如果觉得不舒服,请去看医生啊。Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?/What'sthemainideaofthepassage?这篇文章主要讲什么呢?Canyoureadthesecondparagraphaloudtotheclass,please?请把第二段给同学们大声朗读一遍,好吗?Canyouexplainthesentencewithyouownwords,please?请用自己的话解释一下这个句子,好吗?Canyoumakesomesentenceswiththewordsorphrases,please?请用这些单词或短语造句,好吗?Welldone./Youdidagoodjob.Thankyou!Sitdown,please.做得好(答得好)。谢谢!请坐下。Wouldyoupleasecometothefrontoftheblackboardandwriteyouransweronit?请到黑板前来,把答案写到黑板匕Takeitdownonyournotebook,please.请把它记到你的笔记本上。Isitclearnow?Ifnot,raiseyourquestion,please.现在清楚了吗?如果有问题,请提出来,好吗?Hurryup!thereareonlyfiveminutesleftinthisperiod.快一点,这节课只还有五分钟。Ifanythingisnotcleartoyou,putitforward,please!要是有什么问题不清楚,请提出来。Cometomyofficeafterclass,ifyoudon'tunderstandit.如果你不懂,课后来我办公室把。0K.Somuchforthisperiod.Ihopeyouwillwriteashortpassageafterclassaboutyourtoday'sactivities.好了。今天这节讲到这里,我希望同学们课后写一篇记叙今天活动的短文。Classisover.Seeyoutomorrow.下课,再见。第十讲高中英语学习的方法一般说来,初中属于知识型学习;而高中属于应用型学习。因此,在初中,同学们只要熟记了课本中的单词、掌握了语法的条条框框,考试中就能得高分,甚至满分。然而,高中英语就不一样,哪怕你熟记了所有的单词、短语和语法规则,但是考试中不一定能得高分。因此,同学们在高中必须改进英语学习方法,那么究竟该怎样学习呢?在此提出一些建议供大家参考:
35一、背诵是学好英语的基础要学好一门语言,背诵是必须的。同学们不仅要背诵英语词汇、短语及语法规则,而且还要背诵大量的英语句子、短文。只有掌握了一定的英语词汇、短语及语法规则,熟读了大量的英语文章,才有可能学好英语,否则,很难学好,或者根本学不好英语。1.记忆单词、短语高中单词多、长而复杂,并且有些单词远离我们的生活,如果按照初中记忆方法,就会行不通。因此,同学们可以采用下列一些记忆方法:(1)读音记忆法同学们掌握了音标的发音规则,那么只要记住读音,就会写出单词。如当你听到/口口1四的〃马上就会写出单词predict;当你听到/马上就写出duke等。(2)音节记忆法对于长单词,很难记忆。但是,我们首先把它分为若干音节,再结合音节的读音或意义,就很容易记下来。如单词telecommunicationablitiy,看起很长,不易记住。但是,把它分解为tele(遥远的,如电话telephone)+communication(通讯,交流)+ability(能力),那么这个单词就很容易记忆了。(3)联想记忆法从意义上来看,单词、短语有近义(suggest,advise,recommend;see,watch,look,observe)和反义(wrong,right;right,left;beautiful,ugly);从形式来看,单词、短语有近形(cloth,clothe,clothes;adopt,adept,adapt);从类别来看,单词、短语有相关联的类别(classroom:blackboard,desk,chair,TV,window,door,wall,ceiling);从读音来看,有同音词(dear,deer;sale,sail;buy,by):从结构来看,单词派生(able:disabled,unable,ability,disability;like:unlike,dislike,likely,alike,likeable,likely)、合成(chair:chairman,chairwoman,chairperson;sale:salesboy,salesgirl,salesman,saleswoman,salesperson)等。(4)多接触法文章如果是社会,单词就是社会中的人。我们如果经常接触,自然就会记住;如果接触的少,也就会记不住。因此,我们多读文章,就好像进入社会,经常与单词打交道,单词自然很容易记,至于那些只见过一二面的单词,说明与我们的关系不大,犹如街上的陌生人,没有必要去了解和记忆。2.语法记忆学习语法时,首先应该记住语法项目的定义,其次记住它的形式,再次记住他的用法规则;最后记住一些特例情况。如:现在完成时定义:(1)过去发生的事情对现在的影响或结果;(2)过去发生的事情•直延续到现在,可能还要继续下去。形式:have/has+动词的过去分词特例:(1)go,come,leave,die,buy,borrow,join等完成时;(2)havegoneto/havebeento二、理解是学好英语的关键英语跟汉语一样,单词、短语有一词多义的现象:也有多词同义或近义的现象。语法规则也是灵活多变的,如果只是生搬硬套语法规则,无疑是错误的,因此,高中英语学习关键在于理解。1.同义词的理解英语中,许多同义词,如say,speak,tell,talk,但是意义、用法会有细微的差别,同学们在阅读、单选、写作中就得推敲究竟该用那个词。如在句子“她说她会说英语,于是我们要求她用英语说了一个故事。”中有三个“说”,同学们就得认真考虑用词了。2.一词多义的理解
36对于同一个单词,在不同的语境中可能会有不同的意思,同学们切不可理解为同一种意思,结果造成误解。如在句子"Heissick,butheisn'tasickboy”中,两个sick究竟是什么意思?第一个sick是“生病的,病的";第二个sick是“坏的,变态的,残酷的“,同学们不可误解。1.文化理解由于中英文语言的文化背景不同,同一样事物所代表的感情不一样,如dog在中国是用来骂人的话,而在英语言国家,指忠实的朋友。再如,在英语中meat意思是“肉”,horsemeat指马肉,但是dogmeat是否指“狗肉”呢?答案是否定的,dogmeat指用来喂狗的食物。2.语法结构理解语法结构理解非常复杂,这需要在今后的学习中慢慢积累和体会,而不应该是死板教条的运用语法。如对于句子Idon'tsupporthimbecauseheismybrother.如果理解为“我不支持他,因为他是我哥哥。”那么就大错特错了,正确的理解应该是“我支持他,并不因为他是我哥哥”。再如在下列试题:(1)Hesaidhewoulddowhathecouldus.A.helpB.helpedC.tohelpD.helping(2)Whoisthemanyouallowedawayjustnow?A.leaveB.leavesC.toleaveD.leaving如果同学根据老师所讲的语法或词汇用法规则,不假思索选取答案(1)A,(2)D,结果造成了“理直气壮”的错误。因此,同学们在高中的英语学习中,必须从理解的角度入手,解决问题。三、应用是学好英语的途径应用既是学好语言的途径,也是学习语言的目的。同学们务必积极主动的运用英语。1.广泛阅读阅读是英语语言输入的重要方式,《新课标》要求高中学生英语八级阅读量不得少于30万词,因此,除了课文外,同学们必须阅读报纸、杂志或书籍等。2.听力训练听力的形成和提高是一个长期的过程。班上英语课代表必须坚持每天晚上播放英语磁带,带领同学们进行听力训练;此外,同学们自己可利用自身的条件,饭后、睡觉前,多听英语磁带或英语广播,不断提高听力水平。3.英语写作写作是语言输出的重要方式,也是促进语言学习的重要手段。同学们应该积极主动地用英语造句、写文章、写日记、写信,从而提高英语表达能力。4.口语训练英语口语虽然不是高考要求,但是随着社会的发展,口语显得越来越重要,同学们必须重视口语的学习。一方面多读、背诵、复述文章;另一方面,课内、课外尽量用英语表达自己的思想。在日常生活中,可以用英语跟朋友进行英语口头交流等,提高口头表达能力。后记编者:刘松长沙县实验中学英语组
37、八、一刖S由于当前初、高中采用不同出版社的英语教材,从而造成了英语知识体系的脱节和断裂;同时,初中英语教学受中考的影响,有些知识在初中没有得到足够的重视,或者甚至遭到忽视。结果,这种状况严重影响了初中升入高中学生的英语学习。为了帮助初中升入我校的高中一年级学生尽快适应高中英语的学习,我们经过一个暑假的努力,编写了这本《初升高衔接教材英语》。这本教材共分十讲,从英语字母入手,涵盖了英语中单词的读音、句子的朗读、词汇类别、句子成分、句子的基本句型、句子类型、动
38词的时态和语态、课堂英语及高中英语的学习方法等内容。在编写过程中,根据往届高中入学新生的英语情况,从基础入手,循序渐进,力求帮助学生扎实掌握高中英语学习所需要的知识,解决学生英语学习的根本问题。如在单词的读音一讲中,不但介绍了音标的认识,更重要的是介绍了音节的认识,这对学生学习单词的读音规则及单词记忆非常重要;在句子的朗读一讲中,介绍了意群和停顿、连读、不完全爆破、颗化、节奏、语调等。这样帮助学生学会了学习,为学生自主学习奠定了基础。由于时间仓促,加上编者的水平有限,本材料中,肯定还存在着许许多多的问题,希望在使用过程中能够得到老师、学生们的指正。长沙县实验中学刘松第一讲英语字母的认识英语句子由单词构成:而英语单词由字母构成。英语字母共26个,比汉语拼音中多一个字母V。第一节字母的书写英语字母分为大写和小写两种形式。大写字母一律占上面两行;而小写字母中的书写规则如下:1.占中间一行的有:a,c,e,m,n,o,r,s,u,v,w,x,z等13个字母;
391.占上面两行的有:b,d,h,k,l等5个字母;2.占中间一行及上面1/3行的有:i,t等两个字母;3.占下面两行的有:g,q,y等三个字母;4.占下面两行及上面1/3行的;有:j,p。5.占三行的有:fo第二节字母的读音1.字母的读音类别英语中,将a,e,i,o,u等五个字母称为元音字母;而将w,y称为半元音字母。其余的字母称为辅音字母。2.字母的读音方式(1)只含元音的字母有:a,e,i,o,r等5个;(2)以原音开头的字母有:f,h,l,m,n,s,x等7个;(3)以辅音开头的字母有:b,c,d,g,j,k,p,q,t,u,v,w,y,z等14个。第二讲单词的读音第一节音标的认识英语中,音标分为元音和辅音两大类。一、元音音标的认识元音指在发音过程中,气流在口腔中不受堵塞而形成的音。一般说来,元音分为单元音、双元音和三元音三类,其中单元音又可分为长元音和短元音两种。-£元音5个、短元音7个,双元音8个,三元音2个,共计22个元音音标。单元音长元音/缸:/;/心且/;/流:/;/N国/;/♦且/短元音/#/;/D/;/©/;/I/;/©/;/>/;///双元音/si/;/^i/;/nti/;/s©/;/€>©/;/nt®/;/i®/;/©©/三元音叵6/;回。初有的语音书将/er曹旦/及/er。©/也列入原因之列,采取整体认读。二、辅音音标的认识辅音指在发音过程中,气流在口腔中的某部位所受到堵塞而形成的音。辅音大致可分为清辅音、浊辅音和鼻音等几类。清辅音指在发音过程中声带不震动的辅音;而浊辅音指在发音过程中声带振动的辅音。辅音音标共有28个,具体情况如下:
40清辅音/□/;/♦/;/纪/;/?/;/♦/;/b/;/♦«/;/个/;/♦□/;/♦♦/;//ZW1/
41浊辅音/必;/◎/;/%/;/0/;/瑞;/$/;/◎$/;/第/;/◎口/;/◎沏;/♦/鼻音/O/;/■/;/臭/[【它./•/;/□/;/er//图町m/知尼设S&jYMa令&三、朗读下列音标/司(QlTt或i<^/(Q♦⑥口®O1^3/巡82Oi“©・/周及者•©■♦&/勖&j♦&■♦⑥/能划♦任石■♦⑥/曲&rfb・百//◎口rv⑥⑥尼4S4任令&/同见几1助0口1/0臼电/&同4□金国a出/©切骷几口♦啰福*华*口|⑥。♦方NQ。//©agoss4留口⑦⑥/©3O严―①■芭日fe?:—(^■•♦<^9/©◎何♦:♦剧。■♦<^i/©a用小久白■♦任令⑥/©gnu•ca&ssi邦班/©麻:,口口*0®°词mj®=■w9/眦△♦:♦©♦公映©/。同为DNQOC■♦知/©目口电//图111_2口6电H/0◎息。叱■♦«=配套口①6酰口—OW布/B^HXJoer♦HO®«♦/©百口BI♦:♦•啰/同贰£;♦【♦♦<^?/图夕中・NQ♦⑥/©^♦几。口♦⑥/©身♦口留切♦心啰/oH*sfnnti*er^B€9也/&曰口仲。&为生5⑥ZS屈口♦]&•&/©同口nb・3⑥/©同♦♦u»b&/曲♦♦□©■3国♦啰/0曰.用<^<^^/©冏♦几・a&/酬金♦4♦国a⑥/SOH^iCB*母福8♦:♦■=♦国&唱8♦:♦0口1昼&珀/ScQi^i/用”施显■慎&/同4口91叱//目改58&1且曹(^/图&j照O®□©⑥用华8■♦•&/回切ntQmp・<^福&j8CJQ♦⑥&目♦Wannij♦&/同狐“…口国/图a8Qia令说他“□今辔©&/胧口♦■珀/殳;&冏3叱1€9/咫©同■Ria4■组他叱口1♦•⑥用&口0国a&5缸国♦♦⑥他切80•⑥/念也找S5i■&/同*旦为0⑥/同几昼令♦切/图&j2国口|♦⑥//氧星目♦♦白■珀&&jQQ3€&&冏.叱・♦口Q•⑥&田♦由国♦容。aw*&&图♦我8・1-9:曲&&/◎福•]♦:♦©6/^i05€Sie&/2也♦:♦叱・心口。0-♦&/泰国/佃mR比♦⑥他ntac♦&
42/遥&福NQOHlj•百/1・用切+口代行&/I■同&曾。产a•&/鱼叱■©田后&叱断&5&/1丫图♦密♦虔⑥&同几年心♦西潴〜/鱼n&j”司又严■&/1物》口几比.€9/1&5m♦口@口产小出/才几1个<^i/;?®eOi®i®'^^第二节音节的认识一、音节音节就是指由一个元音字母或元音字母组合与若干个辅音字母连接在一起所形成的结构整体,如:map,lead,break,chair等。特别提醒:①当元音字母e在音节末尾时,只构成开音节,而不单独与辅音字母构成音节,如lake,cake,date等都是单音节单词。②有些辅音字母,如1,m,n等也可与其它辅音字母构成音节。如table,capable英语单词都是由一个或多个音节构成。如a,I,at,cat,chat,catch,stamp等都是单音节单词;study,country,ready,headache,message等都是双音节单词:medicine,university,donnitory,international等都是多音节单词。二、音节的分类1.开音节开音节指以元音或以辅音字母加不发音的元音字母e结尾的音节。前者叫作绝对开音节,如:he.she,meter,water等;而后者叫作相对开音节,如:hate,make,site,cute等。2.闭音节闭音节指以辅音字母结尾的音节,如:hat,cat,catch,damp等。3.i"音节r音节指以字母r或re结尾的音节,如:car,her,later,doctor等三、重、轻读音节1.概念对于两个或两个以上音节的单词,其中有一个音节的读音比其他音节的读音要重,那么,需要重读的音节叫作重读音节,在音节的左上角用一个重音符号(')表示;而不重读的音节叫作请读音节。此外,在多音节单词中,可能会有一个音节的读音比重读音节轻,但是比轻读音节重,于是这个音节叫作次重读音节,常在次音节的左下角用符号(,)表示。2.位置一般说来,单词重读有其自身的位置,二门务必查词典弄清楚,但是,可注意下列一些情况:(1)单词中若有-tion,那么,重读音节一般在它前面的那个音节;而次重读音节一般在它前面的第三个音节,如attention,pro,nunci,ation,,international«(2)有些双音节单词既可作动词,又可作形容词或名词,那么,作动词时重读在第二个音节;而作形容词或名词时重音在第一个音节。如:pre'sentv.;(presentn./adj.;absentv.'absentadj.;ab'stractv.'abstractn./adj.第三节字母的发音规则、元音字母及元音字母组合的读音规则
43a重读开音节/nti/ate,make,sale,date(除have,water外)在st,sk,ss,th前/氧Q/last,past,pass,path,father,glass,class重读闭音节/«/bag,pat,bat,cat,dad,hat,map,taxw/wh后的重读闭音节中/初wash,watch,what,have重读音节后面的轻读音节/i/damage,manage,comrade,palace重读音节前面的轻读音节/©/ago,agree,above,along,aloneany中/几/any,anything,anyone,anybody,many特殊情况watere重读开音节/HH/me,he,shi,meter,delete重读闭音节/n/get,bet,let,pen,set,test,text重读音节后面的轻读音节/©/kindness,careless,business重读音节前面的轻读音节/I/describe,between,becausei重读开音节/Si/like,bike,site,nice,pile,kite/KQ/police,machine,magazine
44重读闭音节/1/hit,it,his,him,pick,bit,fit,sit轻读音节/0/possible,beautiful,horrible0重读开音节/©©/no,nose,go,tone,hopeold结构中cold,told,sold,hold,most,host,post在1,r等后面的重读开音节中/♦国/lose,who,whose,tomb,prove,improve,do重读闭音节中/初dog,hot,not,lost,cost,spot,comb,rock在m,n,th,v前/+/month,front,other,brother,mother,love,above,another轻读音节中/0/professor,progress,program,proceedu重读开音节/er曹皿use,introduce,duty,tune,amusement重读开音节r,1之后/中国/rule,ruler,June,blue,flu,flute重读闭音节中/+/bus,but,cut,luck,such,sun,duck,hut重读闭音节中/©/put,push,bull,bush,full,pull少数单词中/i/busy,business,minute轻读首节中/-/useful,beautiful,helpful,handfuly重读开音节中/密/my,by,sky,why,style,recycle
45轻读音节或闭音节中/I/study,country,county,gym,bicycle,tidy,fully,muudy,windy音节开头/er/yes,you,yeah,year,you,yorkai,ay/n1/paid,rain,straight,laid,maid,train,lay,say,pay,day,sail/山again,said,says/I/birthday,Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,Friday,Saturday,Sunday,weekday,certain,curtain,captainal2国all,tall,talk,walk/心且•/already,always,alright,almost,salt/♦•/hospital,capital陶口/half,palm,balmar屣国/art,arm,bar,bark,car,cart,card,chart,large,park,dark/&旦/war,warm,warn,quarteraw/心昌/dawn,draw,law,lawyer,raw,hawkea/H3Zmeat,eat,cheap,leaf,lead,weak,team,tea,cheat,dream/几/heavy,bread,weather,leather,dead,death/几1/great,steak/【0/idea,real,reallyei/nti/height,weigh,weight/HQ/receive,ceilinger/&:/her,term,person,certain,certainly/©/worker,teacher,driver,diver,speaker,singer,dancer
46ee/HB/bee,beef,need,feed,geese,deed,meet,feet,feel,teetheo/HQ/people/r2/geographyew/er中国/new,news,dew,few/中Q/drew,flewia/I®/immediate,immediately,Indian,media/Si®/diaryie/Si©/quiet,science/HB/field,thief,believe,belief/nufriend/Si/lie,die,tie,pieio/Si®/lion/sr和biologyir/8昌/bird,birth,dirty,sir,third,thirteen,thirtyoa/©©/boat,coat,Joan,soapoe/中国/shoe/©©/hoe,toe00/曹昌/boot,food,cool,choose,too,root,soon,fool,pool,loose,moon,tool,shoot/©/good,look,book,took,shook,wood,foot/4/blood,floodOU/S©/about,house,aloud,shout,south,county,amount
47/+/country,enough,touch,tough,youngow/公。/cow,how,now,down,crowded,town,flower,nowadays/©©/follow,yellow,window,low,flow,showoror,bom,short,horse,torch,comer,story,lord,dormitory/©/doctor,actor,visitor,inventorui/I/build,guilt/Si/guide,guidance/♦!/quit,quiz,quilt/wSi/quite,quietur/8昌/turn,curly,nurse,bumair/1TL©/air,hair,chair,pairare/1TL®/bare,square,care,hare/氧Q/areear/nt®/bear,dare,pear,tear,wear/I®/dear,beard,tear,hear,near/前旦/learn,heard,searcheer/I®/beer,volunteer,engineer,pioneer,deerere/I®/here/1TL®/there,whereire/Si®/fire,tiredoor/^H/floor,door/©€/poor
48ore/4>a/bore,before,more,woreour/s©®/our,hour,flourure/er心国&/sure,pure/0/picture,lecture,mixture,literature二、辅音字母和辅音字母组合的读音规则b/必book,best,box,bike,black,block,break,bliss/苴/comb,tomb,climb,debt,doubtc/&j/cake,card,cap,cat,clock,car,care,cure/♦/nice,nice,city,cycle,circle,certain/®7musician,deliciousd任/desk,date,duck,head,made,card/♦/liked,stopped,facedf//1/five,four,fix,fog,fox,fit,feel,fear,far,farm,off/♦:♦/ofg/%/get,give,got,dog,god,glare,bag,fog,pig,hug任守/cage,large,huge,stage,age,page,wageh//VAA//head,hear,his,hot,heard,hospital,home,house,horsej任台/jar,jet,just,judge,subject,object,project,jacket,jeepk/&j/kite,kiss,kick,luck,like,bike,seek,look/苴/knock,know,knee,kneel,knife1/•/lock,like,laugh,lose,loose,little,letter
49/•/all,ball,able,pencil,musclem/O/mother,map,mouth,mouse,mice,meet,meat,teamn/■/nice,nurse,now,new,neat,lean,learn/如think,thank,sink,tank/SC/autumnp/□/people,speak,stop,pill,paper,pigqu/&j♦/quite,quiet,require,request,quit,squarer/0/raw,real,risk,remember,refuses/♦/bus,sky,street,steak,student,study,speak,less,miss/对/his,this,those,whose,Chinese,Japanese/计/Asian,sure,surely/守/usual,usually,unusual,casually,decisiont/♦/ticket,take,team,took,bit,hit,sit,date,put,meet/»/attention,pronunciation,mention,information/2/question,picture,lecture,mixture,literature/-/listenV/♦:♦/very,vest,vase,five,live,dive,drive,movew/♦/work,weak,week,water,wear,wore,war,ware,weed/苴/write,wrong,wrote,wristX/纪♦/excuse,excite,expect,export,expert/%我/exact,exist,exit,exam,examinech/2/check,chat,chair,chest,lunch,reach,teach,beach
50/&j/school,chemistry,Christmas,headache,toothache/*7che£machineck/&j/lock,dock,knock,sock,pick,ticketdg/乌曹/bridgejudgedr/◎口/drive,drum,dream,drop,draw,drewds/乌时/heads,hands,leadsgh//1/enough,laugh,tough,cough也/though,thought,bought,brought,daughter,foughtph/川photo,physics,elephantsh/»/fish,finish,shop,she,sheep,ship,push,bushth/个/thought,thick,think,thing,thank,cloth,throw,through/米/this,these,those,though,clothes,clothingtr/♦□/tree,trick,treat,truck,true,truth/♦/metre,theatretch/2/watch,catch,pitch,patchwh/♦/what,where,wheat,wheel/烈/who,whole,whose,whom巩固练习写出下列单词的音标,并朗读、熟记enjoyableachievementrespectliteraturepaintingsplendidassemblyindependentencouragementprofessorextrainformsatisfactionpreparationgraduationexperiencedonatefluentdevoteacademicdessertexchangeformerbroadcastcompositionapproveaverageselectchallengingdynastystrugglegenerationpoetliterarysculpturefondkindnessoutingSpanishrecent
51headmasterchargegraduatehostcookingschoolmatecourtyardearntitleeventcurtainsoccerfrightenedstarvebendcashfaultteenagerupsetemergencydeserveexplanationclinicbehaviourtoleratesinkgarbageadultscenedefendmisunderstanddistantannoyedforbidhardrudebicyclehandlesigherrorinsistguidancecafechatfoolishfreedomargumentworriedselfishharmpatienceadolescencenormalconfusedphysicaltendpsychologicalopportunitywisdomlimitbalanceindependencechallengeslimfigureashamedpillkilogramrecoverenergeticfailurecontainchemicaltreatmentpainfuldamageattractiveembarrassedoverweightpreferwaistdietsufferathleteaffectachievementincludingpostbranchdowntownfreewayequipmentmarathonexpertcomfort第四节语法词缀的读音英语语法中,有名词、动词后面加-s/es构成复数形式或动词第三人称单数形式;动词后面加-edging等分别构成动词过去式、过去分词和现在分词;动词后面加-er构成名词;形容词、副词的-er/-est等构成比较级、最高级形式。其读音规则如下:一、名词、动词后面加-s/-es的读音1.在清辅音后面读清辅音/由♦/1)如:desk-desksbike—bikes/皿西&^/;speak-speaks/*口*口助〃;like-likes/*stop—stops2.在浊辅音后面读浊辅音/由洸/。如:bed—beds/4几久我/;bag—bags/&留治3€/;pen—pens/口几■用/;room—rooms/□♦BO3€/;swim—swims/♦♦RO3€/;drive—drives/◎口公i♦:♦箕/3.在元音后面读浊辅音/m就/。如:worker—workers/'♦&星邦/;reader~~readers/'□兴国找/;stay—stays/♦♦叱点/;lie—lies/*©13€/4.在/£©♦/,/-3€/,/-«=/,1-^1等读音之后读作/41状/。如:bus—buses/'u3€/;fish一fishes/'myi3€/;watch一watches/'♦□♦叱点/;bridge—bridges/'◎口卫1!)■映/二、动词后面-ed的读音1.在清辅音后面读清辅音/⑥〃。如:like_4iked/・S5i猊♦/;stop—stopped/♦♦□□♦/;watch一watched/♦□♦▼♦/2.在浊辅音后面读浊辅音/由晶/。如:love—loved/•4♦:♦△/;starve—starved/♦♦筮[♦:♦◎/;climb-climbed/切•公Qa/3.在元音后面读浊辅音如:
52play—played/□•Hl.i—/;stay—stayed/♦♦虱1◎/1.在匝♦/,/・◎/等读音之后读作/西任/。如:plant—planted/'口♦氧显■♦住/;want-wanted…■♦四;head-headed/仁吐史/三、动词后面-ing的读音在动词后面,・ing的读音为/0DiS/o如:going/y)o®©iS/;coming/'&j+Oi更/;thinking/夕虎具/;singingA1S1S/但是,当动词以・r/・re结尾时,力[Ping后,读音应该为/由口阂。如:tear—tearing/'♦几0口1具/;stare一staring/'♦♦RGDi具/;war—warring/'♦4□□虎/四、动词后面加・er及形容词、副词后面加・er/・est的读音动词、形容词或副词后面加©/・!•时,其读音一般为/mQ/。如:readerspeaker/,♦□HRwriterdriver/'◎口密/但是,下列单词加-er后读音有区别:younger/'"今具49/;stronger/'♦♦□□■%©/;longer/',d且”>0/。但是singer的读音为/r*iS®/o当动词、形容词或副词以・r/・re结尾时,加・er/・r后,读音应该为/由口9/。如:tear—tearer/'♦几&口&/;stare—starrer/'♦♦TTt®®/第三讲句子的朗读第一节意群与停顿一、意群在一个句子中,按照意思和语法关系可以将这个句子分成若干部分,每一部分就称为一个意群。如:I/wenthome/atfive/yesterdayafternoon.MaryandPeter/arestudying/inChina.Theboyunderthetree/is/LiMing'sbrother.Thegirlsinred/aresinginganddancing/ontheplayground.上面各句子中斜线隔开的就是意群。二、停顿英语中,每个意群的语法意义相对完整,同一个意群中各个词之间联系紧密,而应该一口气说完或读完,使整个意群的意思不受损害。因此,在朗读的过程中,原则上不停顿,更不能一个词一个词地读,或随意换气、停顿。然而,不论是日常生活中的说话、交际,还是读书、看报、作报告,经常会遇到句子较长而复杂,非停不可。于是,人们往往根据需要,在句子中有稍微的停顿。在这种情况下,人们也必须在意群与意群之间进行。否则,就会造成误解或闹出笑话。如将TheboyunderthetreeisLiMing'sbrother.可读为:Theboyunderthetree/isLiMing'sbrother.;若读为:Theboyunder/thetreeisLiMing'sbrother.结果可想而知。第二节连读连读就是指:在同一个意群中,若前后两个紧相连的单词之间,前一个单词的词尾和后一个单词的词首有时可连起来读的这一现象。根据连读的分析可分为两种情况:1.辅音+元音
53在同一个意群中,前一个单词以辅音结尾,而后一个单词以元音开头时,前面单词的辅音可与后面单词的元音连在一起朗读。如:agoodideaanhonestactornotatallPHcomeoutinanhour.SheisanAmericanactress.What_areyoudoingthere?1.r/re+元音在同一个意群中,前一个单词以r/re结尾,而后一个单词以原音开头时,前面单词词尾r/re可读为/r/,再与后面单词的元音连在一起朗读。如:foramomentherjdeaThereareeightstudentsinthereading-roomnow.注意:连读是语言交际,尤其是加快说话时的语速时,自然发生的一种现象。第三节不完全爆破不完群爆破有三种情况,即:爆破音与爆破音在一起;爆破音与摩擦音或破擦音在一起;爆破音与鼻音或舌侧音在一起。1.指在单词或意群中,当/口/,/&/,/♦/,/◎/,///,/%/这些爆破音中任何两个紧连在一起时,前面的爆破音只按照发音部位作出发音状,但不发生爆破,稍停即发出后面的爆破音的这一现象。如:coul(d)getupnex(t)toagirlea(t)porridgesto(p)beatingthechildfbo(t)ballDo(c)torBlacktha(t)bi(g)cakear(t)class2.爆破音/口/,/&/,/♦/,/◎/,/&j/,/4/在/♦/,庚/,/b/,/守/,///,/♦:♦/,/个/,/*/,/♦0/,/△口/,/.b/,/◎分/等摩擦音或破擦音的前面时,虽然有爆破,但很轻微,随即发出后面的摩擦音或破擦音。的这一现象。如:a(t)tha(t)schoolplaye(d)footballDon'(t(si(t)theredon'(t)li(ke)themdon'(t)thin(k)sor(d)li(ke)tocoo(k)fbo(d)forsupper.3.爆破音/口/,/4/,/♦/,/g/,/&j/,/%/在/O/,/■/或舌侧音/•/的前面时,则形成鼻腔爆破或舌侧爆破的这一现象。如:fel(t)lucky
54tha(t)smar(t)mouseIdon9(t)knowrigh(t)nowHedidn'(t)fallaslec(p)tha(t)night.Idon'⑴li(ke)tha(t)monkey.第四节音的颗化在单词或语句中,当爆破音/♦/,/◎/在/er/前面时,/♦/,/◎/受/纾/的影响,而分别读为/♦«-/和俊令/。如:Didyouseehimthismorning?/,aNa&iS)/Don'tyouwanttoplaybasketball?第五节节奏英语,与汉语一样,也是一种节奏性强、韵味优美的语言。由于单词中有重读音节和非重读音节,元音又有长元音、短元音、双元音和三元音之分;而句子中又有重读和不重读的变化,因此英语听起来就有轻重、起伏,抑扬、顿挫。英语中的这种变化就是英语的节奏。英语中,每一个句子都有节奏。一般说来,句子中,每个重音之间的时间间隔大致相同,而不受句子中非重读音节多少的影响。如:I'missed'Chinese'fooda'lotat'lunch.Iwasveryluckytoexperiencethis'differentwayoflife.从上面句子中可以看出,句子单词重读音节几乎是均匀地出现在句子中。特别值得注意的是:一个句子中的单词重读并不是固定不变的。究竟那个单词需要重读,而那个单词又不必重读,这必须根据上下文的语境、说话者的意图而发生变化。如:rIdidn'tseeherthismorning.暗含:可能别人今天早晨见过她。I'didn'tseeherthismorning.表示对事实的否定。Ididn't'seeherthismorning.暗含Ididn'tsee'herthismorning.暗含Ididn'tseeher'thismorning.暗含Ididn'tseeherthis^morning.暗含我只听说了她。我看见的是别人。我是其它某早晨见过她我是今天下午或晚上见过她。第六节语调英语的语调比较复杂,主要有降调(\)、升调(/)、降升调(、/)、升降调(/、)和平调(--)等。一般说来,句子语调如下:一、陈述句的语调陈述句常用来陈述某一件事情,一般用降调(\)。如:Iwenttodrift\yesterday.ImetLilei,myoldfriend,last\Sunday.但是当表示怀疑或疑问时,也可用升调(/)。如:Youwanttogothere/now?Hedoesn'tlike/it?二、疑问句的语调1.一般疑问句的语调一般疑问句常用来表示怀疑、不确定或疑问,用升调(/)。如:Doyoulike/English?Areyougoingtohavea/meeting?Willyoucomeherethis/weekend?2.特殊疑问句的语调
55当特殊疑问句表示询问情况时,一般用降调(、)。如:Whodoyouwantto\talkwith?Whatdidyoudolast
56ight?Whendidthey、leave?但是,当特殊疑问句表示没有听清楚某向特定的信息,希望对方重复时,可以用升调(/)。如:A:Tdliketohaveaswimthisafternoon.B:/What?A:HaveaswimB用升调说“What”,表示没有听清楚对方谈话中的某一部分,要求对方再重复那一部分。1.反意疑问句的语调反意疑问句用来表示不确定而询问情况时,陈述部分用降调(、):而疑问部分一般用升调(/)。如:YouwatchedTVlastnight,didn't/you?HecanunderstandEnglish,can't/he?然而,当反意疑问句用来表示强调、提醒、责备或者反问时,陈述部分用降调(\);而疑问部分也用降调(\)。如:Youareastudent,aren't\you?此句用降调,表示提醒对方不要做出与学生身份不符的事情;或者对方已经做了与自己身份不符的事情,而对其表示责备。2.选择疑问句的语调选择疑问句分两种情况。•是由一般疑问句加连词or构成;二是由which引起、含有连词。r连接的特殊疑问句。不论哪种情况,其语调都用升降调,即连词or之前用升调(/),而连词or之后用降调(\)。如:Doyoulikeplaying/footballorXswimming?Areyoua/studentora\worker?WillyougotoZBeijingorXShanghai?Whichdoyoulikebetter,/singingor\dancing?Whichschooldidyoustudyin,this/oneorthat\one?三、祈使句的语调祈使句的语调,可用升调,也可用降调,主要由其语境决定。1.当祈使句用来表达命令、要求时,用降调(、)。如:Hurry\up!Lookatthe\blackboard!Don'topenthe\door!2.当祈使句用来表达鼓励、请求,或使语气委婉一些,让人容易接受,通常用升调(/)。如I:Comehere,/please!Don'tgooutatnight,/please!Workharder,/please!四、感叹句的语调感叹句表达强烈的感情,一般用降调(\)。如:WhatahotXdayit\is!
57HowXbeautifulitXis!How\fasthe\ran!五、并列部分的语调1.数数、列举事物或列举一连串的动作时,除最后那个并列成分用降调(\)外,前面所有的并列成分都要用升调(/)。如:/One,/two,/three,/four,Xfive.,Oh,wehave\fivechildrenhere.Heatean/egg,twopiecesof/bread,a/hamburgerand'two'cakesthismorning.2.在并列句中,并列连词and,but,or等的前后两上分句都用降调(、)。如:Werideto\schoolandhedrives\there.She'likes、singing,buthersister'likesXdancing.六、其他情况的语调当作状语的介词短语、副词或非谓语动词短语置于句首时,这些部分一般用升调(/),而句子用降调(、)。如:Inthe/morning,hereads\English.Inthe/evening,hedoeshisXhomework.
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