初升高衔接英语讲解

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初升高衔接情态五、动词不定式：由to+动词原形构成，没有人称和数的变化，有时to可以省略。在句中除了不能做谓语外，能够作其他一切成分。还能拥有自己的宾语和状语，构成不定式短语。1、动词不定式的句法功能：*做主语。常用It+be+形容词+（of/forsb.）+todosth.结构。of:good,bad,polite,kind,nice,clever,right,careful等for:important,necessary,difficult,possible,dangerous等*做表语。常用在等连系动词后面，若主语很长而表语很短，可以将两者颠倒过来。Hisjobistosellthecomputers.Heseemstobeinterestedinthedetectivestories.*做状语。表目的：Shewasheretovisitherdaughter.表原因：I'msorrytotroubleyou.表结果：Theboxistooheavytocarry.表示程度：Thisroomisbigenoughtohold200people.*做定语。放在被修饰的名词或代词之后，若它与所修饰的名词有动宾关系，这个不定式应为及物的。如：Iwasthefirsttocome.Ihavenopenstowritewith.（动宾关系）*做宾语。常见的动词有：want,agree,choose,try,decide,hope,wish,learn,fail,wouldliketodosth.*做宾语补足语。1.）必须使用to的动词有：ask,tell,order,take,invite,want,wish,follow,waitfor,teach,wouldlike,allowsb.todosth.2.）不能使用to的动词有：have,make,let;see,watch,hear,noticesb.dosth注意：在主动语态中，to要省略；而在被动语态中，to必须加上3.）可以使用to,也可以不用的动词：help*疑问词（除why外）+动词不定式（what,when,how,where,which+todosth.）2,下列一些动词后面只能跟动名词（动词的-ing形式）作宾语：enjoy,finish,mind,excuse,practice,keep,miss,spend,can'thelpbebusy,beworth,keepon,carryon3.下列一些动词后面可以跟动词不定式也可以跟动名词。1.）意义相同或相近的有：begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,plan2.）意思不同的有：forget,remember,stop,see,hear,goon4.注意：hadbetter（not）dosth,wouldrather（not）dosth5.动词不定式的否定形式直接在不定式前面加to主谓一致一、就近原则:eitherorneithernornotonlybutalsoThere/Herebe+并列主语.二、意义一致原则：1.集体名词（class,family等）做主语时，可根据意义判断。Hisfamilyhasmovedintoanewhouse.Hisfamilywerehavingsupperthen.主语是数目、时间、金钱、距离时，动词用单数。2.主语+aswellas/with/togetherwith/like/but/except+动词单数。EveryoneexceptthetwinshasbeentotheGreatWall.Lilywithherfriendsisgoingtothezootomorrow.3.下列一些不定代词做主语，动词用单数。each,either,neither,something,anything,somebody,anybody等。4.The+形容词/过去分词+动词复数Thewoundedwerelookedafterwellinthehospital.Theweak,likethestrong,havemanyfriendsintheworld.5.glasses,trousers,shoes,scissors等单独做主语时，动词用复数，但当它们与apairof连用时，动词与pair的数保持,致。Thepairofglassesfitsyouwell.

1句子(一)根据句子的结构可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句一、简单句：只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。根据句子的结构，又可分为五种：1、S+V.主语+不及物动词。2、S+V+O.主语+及物动词+宾语。3、S+V+P,主语+连系动词+表语。4、S+V+IO+DO.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。可以转换成：主语+直接宾语+for或t。+间接宾语。常见的这类动词有：buy,bring,make,choose,getsth.forsb.teach,give,pass,hand(传递)，show,offer,sell,lend,take,sendsthtosb.1,S+V+O+C.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语。二、并列句：常由。r,but,and,sofor等词将两个简单句连接，表示转折，递进等关系。三、复合句：包括宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句等。1、宾语从句掌握以下内容：*引导宾语从句的引导词；*掌握宾语从句的语序；*掌握宾语从句的时态一致2,状语从句(1)时间状语从句的连词有：when,while,before,after,until(till),since,assoonas等。时间状语从句中通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。注意下列几个词的区别：when:*当……的时候指一点时间，表示短暂性动作*指一段时间，表示持续性的动作*什么时候引导宾语从句while:*表示持续性的动作或状态*具有对比的含义，意为“然而”as:表示从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生，一般与延续性动词连用.“一边…一边…”随着..Aswewalked,wetalked.Astimewentby,wekneweachotherbetterandbetter.(2)原因状语从句because(因为)，since(既然)，as(由于)，for(因为)(3)条件状语从句if(如果)unless(除非)在条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时.(4)结果状语从句so+形容词/副词+that+句子such+名词+that...*such+a(an)+形容词+名词=so+形容词+a(an)+名词(5)目的状语从句sothat,inorderthat,(inordertodosth.soastodosth)(6)比较状语从句as…as…than,notas/so...as...(7)让步状语从句though,although,eventhough...3、定语从句：修饰名词或代词的从句，放在名词或代词的后面.通常：名词(人)+who/whom/that+句子名词(物)+which/that+句子(1)引导非限制性定语从句时,必须用which指物，不用that.Ihavelostmybag,whichIlikeverymuch.(2)关系代词在从句中做主语时，从句动词的单复数形式和先行词保持一致.Doyouknowthemanwhoisstandingagainstthedoor?(3)下列几种情况只能用that引导宾语从句：*先行词是不定代词all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等，如：Allthatwehavetodoistopractisemore.ThereisnothingthatIcandoforyou.*先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，如：ThefirstletterthatIgotfromhimiskeptwell.

2*先行词被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some等修饰时，如：Ihaveeatenupallthefoodthatyougaveme.（4）由when,where,why引导的定语从句Idon'tknowthereasonwhyhewaslate.ThisistheplacewhereIhavelivedforfiveyears.FilneverforgetthedaywhenImetMr.Lifbrthefirsttime.先行词是表示地点时，如果从句的动词是及物的，就用that（which）,如果动词不及物，就用where弓I导.Thisisthehousethathehaslivedinforfiveyears.Thisisthehousewherehehaslivedforfiveyears.句子（二）根据句子的功能，可以把句子分为四类：陈述句（肯定句和否定句）；疑问句（一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句）；祈使句和感叹句。一、陈述句：1、肯定句2、否定句：（1）加not构成的否定句（2）由no,hardly,never,nobody,nothing,little,few等构成的否定句两者的全部否定用neither或nor,部分否定用both+not;三者或三者以上的全部否定用none,nothing,nobody,noone等，部分否定用all,many,every加not构成。（3）否定前置，常见的动词有：think,believe,suppose二、疑问句1.•般疑问句：用yes或no回答2.特殊疑问句：用疑问词（what,who,whom,whose,which,where,when,how,why以及它们构成的一些短语）提问的句子。3.选择疑问句：一般疑问句+or+选择对象不能用yes或no回答4.反意疑问句：陈述句+简略的一般疑问句。陈述句部分和疑问句部分的肯定、否定形式相反。注意以下一些内容：（1）简略问句的主语和陈述部分保持•致，只能用人称代词（there除外），简略问句的动词也和陈述部分保持一致，如果是否定，要用缩写形式。如：Jinisn'tastudent,ishe?Therearesomebooksinit,aren'tthere?⑵陈述部分是I'm…结构，疑问部分一般用aren'tyou,如：Pmlate,aren'tI?（3）陈述部分有little,few,no,never,nothing,hardly,nobody等词表示否定时，疑问部分用肯定。（4）祈使句的反意疑问句：祈使句，willyou?Let飞…，shallwe?（5）宾语从句的反意疑问句常和主句保持一致，但如果主句是Ithink/believe/suppose时，疑问部分的主语应和从句保持一致。Idon'tthinkheknowsit,doeshe?三、祈使句：表示命令、请求或建议。肯定形式用动词原形.否定形式用“Don”Never+动词原形四、感叹句：常由what或how开头What+形容词+名词+主语+动词.Whatanicehouseitis!Whatfineweather!How+形容词4-主语+连系动词。Howhappytheylook!Howinterestingthestoryis!How+副词+主语+实义动词。Howhappytheyarelaughing!How+主语+动词HowIwishIcouldhearBeethovenhimselfplayit!英语总结（三）动词不定式不定式的构成：（1）肯定式：“to+动词原形”（2）否定式："notlo+动词原形”或“neverto+动词原形”

3不定式的基本用法：（1）做主语：Itisinterestingtogoboating.戈船很好玩。（it是形式主语,togoboating才是真正主语。动词不定式作真实主语时，常放在后面。（2）作宾语：Ihopetohaveaholidayonanisland.我希望在岛上度假。（3）作宾语补足语（复合宾语的第二部分）：IaskedhimtoshowmehisnewMP3.我叫他给我看看他的MP3.（4）作表语：Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。（5）作定语：Ihavealotofthingstodo.我有很多事情做。（6）作状语：Hecametoseemeyesterday.他昨天来看我了。注意：有些动词后要跟不定式，如：agree,arrange（安排），forget,refuse,decide,hope,plan等。有些动词后面的不定式不带to,如使役动词和感官动词make,let,have,hear,see,notice,feel,watch等。help后面的动词可以带t。，也可以不带t。。练习：1.学好英语很重要。ItisimportantEnglishwell.2.他是最后一个离开的。Heisthelast.3.一些学生没有通过考试。Somestudentsfailedthetest.4.他决定和我们去那儿。Hedecidedtherewithus.（四）动名词动名词的基本用法：（1）做主语：Playingfootballismyfavouritesport.踢足球是我最喜爱的运动。（2）作宾语：Sheisinterestedindancing.她对跳舞感兴趣。（3）作表语：Myfavouritesportisswimming.我最喜爱的运动是游泳。（4）作定语：Heisinthereadingroom.他在阅览室。注意：有些动词后要跟动名词，如：enjoy,finish,like,suggest,deny（否认），keep等。练习：1.看电视太多对■你的健康有害。toomuchisbadforyourhealth.2.我的工作是教英语。MyworkisEnglish.3.这是一根拐杖。Thisisastick.4.我很愿意和你们一起工作。1enjoywithyou.（五）形容词形容词的用法：形容词用于修饰、说明名词或不定代词，表示人或动物的性质、特征和状态。eg:l.Thisisabigroom.1.1haveagentlecat.3.Hehassomethingimportanttotellyou.4.Themountainis4000metreshigh.5.Theoldmanlookshappy.注意：形容词一般放在被它所修饰的词前（如1,2）,但当它修饰用some,any,every,no等构成的复合不定代词（如3）或修饰表示长度、宽度和厚度等量度单位（如4）时须后置。另外，连系动词后须加形容词（如5）。Exs：l.Themeatsmells.You'dbetterthrowitaway.A.bad,B.badly,C.wellD.good2.Lilyisagirl,shealwaysdoeswellinherhomework.A.care,B.carefulC.carefullyD.careless

43.1saw）inthepicture.A.somethinginteresting,B.interestingsomething,C.anythinginterestingD.interestinganything4.Samis1.62,heisgettingtallerandtaller.A.metrestall,B.tallmetres,C.metreshighD.highmetres5.Thereisn'tforallofus.A.enoughwaterB.waterenoughC.booksenoughD.enoughbooks6.Theroomisfbrustostayin.A.bigenoughB.enoughbigC.enoughgoodD.wellenough注意:enough作副词修饰形容词或副词时应后置。特殊形式的形容词：一般来说，名词加y变形容词，而以・ly结尾的是副词，只有以下一些单词例外：friendly,lovely,lively,lonely等都是形容词。eg：1.It'saday(sun,sunly,sunny)2.She'sawoman,(friend,friendy,friendly)注意：其比较级和最高级的变化为：friendlier,friendliesteg:Sheisthegirlofthefour,(love,lovely,loveliest)形容词不同等级的变化规则：构成法原级比较级最高级备注i般词尾加*er,-est以不发音的e结尾的单音节词加-r,-sttallnicetallernicertallestnicest以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节单音节词，双写结尾辅音字母，再加-er»-estbigbiggerbiggest类似词有：fatthinwethotred辅音字母+y结尾的词，改y为i,再加"er,-esteasyeasiereasiest多音节词在前面加more,mostinterestingmoreinterestingmostinteresting类似词有：carefulinterestingbeautifulimportantdelicious等不规则变化:原级比较级最高级goodbetterbestbad,illworseworstoldolderelder(更年长的)oldest,eldest（最年长的）many,muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther,furtherfarthest,furthest注意：比较级前面可加much,far,even,stilLalot,alittle,abit等修饰语eg：Heismuchtallerthanhisbrother.

5Ourcountryismuchmorebeautifulthanbefore.原级：肯定形式：as+原级+as（像….一样）否定形式：not+so（as）+原级+as（不如….那样）eg:Mybrotherisastallasme.Pandasarenotasdangerousaslions.比较级：不同程度：比较级+than（比……）eg:Thisdressismorebeautifulthanthatone.程度加深：比较级+and+比较级（越来越…・.）the+比较级，the+比较级（越…就越.....）eg:Theweatherisgettinghotterandhotter.Themorehegets,themorehewants.最高级：the+最高级+of（+数量）/in（+地点范围）（最）eg:TheChangjiangRiveristhelongestriverinChina.Lilyisthebestgirlofthethree.Exs:1.Whichsubjectdoyoulike,math,ChineseorEnglish?A.betterB.bestC.wellD.verymuch2.GuangzhouisoneofinChina.A.biggestcityB.thebigcityC.thebiggestcitiesD.thebigcity3.Youaretoofat.Youshouldeatandtakeexercise.A.less,lessB.less,moreC.least,moreD.more,less4.••一Howistheweatheryesterday?---Itisterrible.Itisgetting.A.worst,worstB.better,betterC.good,goodD.worse,worse5.—Thisbookisinteresting.-Yes.ButIthinktheonewithapictureisofall.A.interestingB.moreinterestingC.themostinterestingD.theinteresting6.heeats,hegets.A.Themore,thefatterB.Themore,thefaterC.less,fatterD.theless,thefatter7.Theoldman'shairissnow.A.aswhiterasB.sowhiteasC.aswhitethanD.aswhiteas8.LessonOneisthanLessonTwo.A.muchdifficultB.muchmoredifficultC.moremuchdifficultD.asdifficult9.Whichis,thecatorthetiger?A.gentleB.gentlestC.gentlerD.mostgentle10.Thisisgoodboy,alltheteacherslikehim.A.aquiteB.quiteaC.atooD.soa（六）副词【副词】用来修饰动词、形容词，其他副词等。副词应放在动词后。形容词变副词（1）直接加ly（2）元音e结尾的，去e加ly（3）辅音y结尾的，改y为i加ly（4）以le结尾的,改e为y练习：

6()1.Thenewsmadeusvery.Allofusbegantalking.A.happy,happyB.happy,happilyC.happily,happilyD.happily,happier.()2.Thereisastrangesmellinyourroom.You'dbetterkeepthewindow.A.openB.openedC.closesD.closed()3.Jack'sbrotherdoesn'tworksoasJack.A.harderB.hardC.hardly()4.Youeversawcomptersyearsago,butnowtherareeverywhere.A.sometimesB.almostC.hardlyD.hard()5.Pleasestayhere.It*srainingoutside.A.hardB.hardlyC.heavy(七)介词和连词1.介词的功能介词是一种虚词，用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系，不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语。例如：TheboyoverthereisJohn'sbrother.(定语)Thegirlwillbebackintwohours.(状语)OurEnglishteacherisfromAustralia.(表语)Helpyourselftosomefish.(宾语补足语)2.常用介词的用法辨析(1)表时间的介词_at,inon表示时间点用ato例如:atsixo'clock,atnoon,atmidnighto表示在某个世纪，某年，某月,某个季节以及早晨,上午,下午,晚上时,用in。例如：intheninettenthcentury,in2002,inmay,inwinter,inthemorning,intheafternoon等。表示具体的某一天和某一天的上午，下午，晚上时，用on。例如：onMonday,onJuly1st,onSundaymorning等。_since,after.由since和after引导的词组都可表示从过去某一点开始的时段，但since词组表示的时段一直延续到说话的时刻，因而往往要与现在完成时连用。而after词组所表示的时段纯系过去，因而要与一般过去时连用。例如：_Ihaven'theardfromhimsincelastsummer..Afterfivedaystheboycameback._in,after_in与将来时态连用时，表示“过多长时间以后”的意思，后面跟表示一段时间的词语。After与将来时态连用时，后面只能跟表示时间点的词语。After与过去时态连用时，后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语。例如：_Hewillbebackintwomonths..Hewillarriveafterfouro'clock..Hereturnedafteramonth._(2)表示地点的介词.at,in,on_at一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如：一HearrivedinShanghaiyesterday..Theyarrivedatasmallvillagebeforedark._Thereisabigholeinthewall._Theteacherputupapictureonthewall._over,above,on.over,on和above都可表示“在……上面”，但具体含义不同。Over表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反义词是under。above也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反义词是below。On

7指两个物体表面接触，一个在另一的上面。例如：一Thereisabridgeovertheriver._Weflewabovetheclouds..Theyputsomeflowersontheteacher'sdesk..across,through,across和through均可表示“从这一边到另一边"，但用法不同。Across的含义与on有关，表示动作在某•物体的表面进行。Throgh的含义与in有关，表示动作是在三维空间进行。例如：_Thedogranacrossthegrass..Theboyswamacrosstheriver._Theywalkedthroughtheforest..Ipushedthroughthecrowds."infrontof,inthefrontofinfrontof表示“在某人或某物的前面”，在某个范围以外；inthefrontof表示“在……的前部”，在某个范围以内。例如：_Therearesometalltreesinfrontofthebuilding..Theteacherissittinginthefrontoftheclassroom..1.介词的固定搭配一介词往往同其他词类形成了固定搭配关系。记住这种固定搭配关系，才能正确使用介词(1)介词与动词的搭配.listento,laughat,getto,lookforwaitfor,hearfrom,turnon,turnoff,worryabout,thinkof,lookafter,spend...on...,等。一(2)介词与名词的搭配一ontime,intime,bybus,onfoot,withpleasure,onone'swayto,introuble,atbreakfast,attheendof,intheend等。.(3)介词与形容词的搭配_belatefor,beafraidof,begoodat,beinterestedin,beangrywith,befullof,besorryfor等。.2.连词的功能.用来连接词，短语，从句或句子的词叫连词。连词是一种虚词，在句中不能单独使用。连词可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。.3.并列连词.并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。常见的并列连词有：_(1)表并列关系的and,both...and,notonly...butalso,neither...nor等。_⑵表选择关系的or,either...or等。一(3)表转折关系的but,while等。.(4)表因果关系的for,so等。一4.从属连词.从属连词用来引导从句。常见的从属连词有：_(1)引导时间状语从句的after,before,when,while,as,until,till,since,assoonas等。(2)引导条件状语从句的if,unless等。.(3)引导原因状语从句的because,as,since等。.(4)引导目的状语从句的sothat,inorderthat等。.(5)引导让步状语从句的though,although,evenif等

8(6)引导结果状语从句的sothat,so...that,such...that等。.⑺引导比较状语从句的than,as…as等。.(8)引导名词从句的that,if,whether等。.1.常用连词的用法辨析_(1)while,when,as_这三个连词都可引导时间状语从句，但用法有所不同。.1)当某事正在进行的时候，又发生了另一件事。While,when,as都可用来引导表示“背景”的时间状语从句。例如：_As/When/WhileIwaswalkingdownthestreetInoticedapolicecar..2)当两个长动作同时进行的时候，最常用的是while。例如：_Whilemotherwascookinglunch,Iwasdoingmyhomework.,3)当两个动作都表示发展变化的情况时，最常用的是as。例如：.Aschildrengetolder,theybecomemoreandmoreinterestedinthingsaroundthem._4)当两个短动作同时发生时，或表示“一边…一边…”时，最常用as。例如：.Justashecaughtthefly,hegavealoudcry._Shelookedbehindfromtimetotimeasshewent.5)当从句的动作先于主句的动作时，通常用when。例如：_Whenhefinishedhiswork,hetookashortrest._6)当从句是瞬间动作，主句是延续性动作时，通常用when。例如：.WhenJohnarrivedIwascookinglunch..(2)as,because,since,for这四个词都可表原因，但用法有区别。.1)如果原因构成句子的最主要部分，一般用because。因此，because引导的从句往往放在句末。例如：.Istayedathomebecauseitrained..--Whyaren'tyougoing?,-BecauseIdon'twantto._2)如果原因已被人们所知，或不如句子的其它部分重要，就用as或since。Since比as稍微正式一点。As和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如：_Ashewasn'tready,weleftwithouthim._Since1havenomoney,1can'tbuyanyfood._3)for用来补充说明一种理由，因此，for引导的从句几乎可以放在括号里。For引导的句子不放在句子的开头。例如：Idecidedtostopandhavelunch——forIwasfeelingquitehungry.(3)if,whetherif和whether都可作“是否”讲，在引导宾与从句是一•般可互换。例如：Iwonderwhether(if)youstillstudyinthatschool.Idon'tknowwhether(if)helikesthatfilm.在下列情况下，只能用whether,不能用if：1)引导主语从句时。例如：Whetherhewillcometothepartyisunknown.2)引导表语从句时。例如：ThequestioniswhetherIcanpasstheexam.3)在不定式前。例如：

9Ihaven'tmadeupmymindwhethertogothereornot.(1)so...that,such...that1)so...that中的so是个副词，其后只能跟形容词或副词，而such...that中的such是个形容词，后接名词或名词短语。例如：I'msotiredthatIcan'twalkanyfarther.Itwassuchawarmdaythathewentswimming.2)如果在名词之前有many,much,little,few时，用so,不用such。例如：Hehassolittleeducationthatheisunabletogetajob.Ihavehadsomanyfallsthat1amblackandblueallover.(2)either...or...,neither...nor,notonly...butalso...这三个连词词组都可连接两个并列成分。当它们连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词要随相邻的主语变化。例如：Eitheryouorheiswrong.Neitherhenorhischildrenlikefish.Notonlytheteacherbutalsothestudentswanttobuythebook.(3)although,but这两个连词不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说"Althoughheisoversixty,butheworksashardasothers.''这个句子应改为：Althoughheisoversixty,heworksashardasothers.或Heisoversixty,butheworksashardasothers.(4)because,so这两个连词同样不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说“BecauseJohnwasill,soItookhimtothedoctor.”这个句子应改为BecauseJohnwasill,Itookhimtothedoctor.或Johnwasill,soItookhimtothedoctor.(八)反意疑问句①肯，否？②否，肯？③对反意疑问句的回答，若事实是肯定的，就用yes回答；若事实是否定的,就用no回答。例如:Mikedoesn'tstudyhard,doeshe?Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn^.练习：1•你想要回你的电视机，是吗？YouwanttogetyourTVsetback,?2上匕尔学习很努力，是吗？Billstudiesveryhard,?3.你母亲是医生，是吗？Yourmotherisadoctor,?4•吉姆英语讲得很好，是吗？JimcanspeakEnglishverywell,?5.教室里没有学生，对吗？Thereisn'tanystudentintheclassroom,?6.李雷没有去过美国，对吗？LiLeihasneverbeentoAmerica,?7.汤姆的父母不讲德语，对吗？Tom'sparentsdon'tspeakGerman,?(九)宾语从句宾语从句的种类一宾语从句是•种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或形容词的宾语。根据引

10导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。.1.由that引导的宾语从句。That只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。例如：.Hesaid(that)hewantedtostayathome..Shedoesn'tknow(that)sheisseriouslyill..Iamsure(that)hewillsucceed.,2.由连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which和连接副词when,where,why,how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如：.Doyouknowwho(whom)theyarewaitingfoe?.Heaskedwhosehandwritingwasthebest..CanyoutellmewheretheNo.3busstopis?.Idon'tknowwhythetrainislate._3.由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否"。例如：_Iwanttoknowif(whether)helivesthere..Heaskedmewhether(if)Icouldhelphim..二.宾语从句的语序一宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如：一Ihear(that)physicsisn'teasy._Ithink(that)youwilllikethisschoolsoon._CanyoutellmehowIcangettozoo?.Pleasetellmewhenwe'llhavethemeeting.,三.宾语从句的时态一1.如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。如：.Idon'tthink(that)youareright..Pleasetelluswhereheis._CanyoutellmehowIcangettotherailwaystation?,2.如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态(一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时)。例如：一Heaskedwhattimeitwas..Hetoldmethathewaspreparingforthesportsmeet._HeaskedifyouhadwrittentoPeter._HesaidthathewouldgobacktotheU.S.soon._3.如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用一般现在时。例如：一OurteachersaidthatJanuaryisthefirstmonthoftheyea匚一Scientistshaveprovedthattheearthturnsaroundthesun.1.Doyouknowduringthecomingsummerholiday?.A.whatwillTomdoB.whatdidTomdo_C.whatTomwilldoD.whatTomdid_2.1wanttoknowA.whatishisnameB.what'shisname.C.thathisnameisD.whathisnameis.3.DoyouknowIcouldpasstheexam?_A.thatB.whetherC.whatD.which,

113.Jimdoesn'tunderstandA.whichisthewaytothemuseum.B.whyhiswifealwaysgoesshopping,C.whatisthewaytothemuseum.D.whydoesshealwaysgoshopping.5.---Couldyoutellmesheislookingfor?_A.thatB.whoseC.whoD.which.6.Mr.Kingdidn'lknowyesterdayevening."A.whendoeshissoncomehome.B.whenhissoncomeshome_C.whendidhissoncomehome.D.whenhissoncamehome.7.Couldyoutellmethebikethismorning?.A.howdoeshemendB.howhemends_C.howhemendedD.howdidhemend8.一一I'mwaitingforthemail.Doyouknowitwillarrive?一Usuallyitcomesby4:00.A.howB.whereC.whenD.what9.—Excuseme,wouldyoupleasetellme?■一Certainly.Gostraightalonghere.It

12exttoahospital.A.howwecangettothepostofficeB.howcanwegettothepostofficeC.howgettothepostofficeD.howcouldwegettothepostoffice10.…CanIhelpyou?一Yes.TdlikeatickettoMountEmei.Canyoutellmetaketogetthere?A.howsoonwillitB.howsoonitwillC.howlongitwillD.howlongwillit11.Hewantedtoknow.A.whetherhespeaksatthemeetingB.whenthemeetingwouldstartC.whathe'sgoingtodoatthemeetingD.wherewouldthemeetingbeheld12.—CouldyoutellmetheBambooGarden?-Thedayaftertomorrow,Ithink.A.whenwillyouvisitB.whenyouwillvisitC.whenwouldyouvisitD.whenyouwouldvisit13.Wouldyoupleasetellmenext,MrWang?A.whatshouldwedoB.weshoulddowhatC.whatweshoulddoD.shouldwedowhat14.Youcan'timaginewhentheyreceivedtheseniceChristmaspresents.A.howtheywereexcitedB.howexcitedtheywereC.howexcitedweretheyD.theywerehowexcited15.1wanttoknowyouwillcomebackat8:00tomorrow.A.thatB.whenC.whereD.whether16.•一Couldyoutellme?■一Sorry,Idon'tknow.Iwasnotatthemeeting.A.whatdoeshesayatthemeeting

13A.whatdidhesayatthemeetingB.whathesaysatthemeetingC.whathesaidatthemeeting17.■-Couldyoutellmelastnight?--Er,IwaswatchingEuro2004athome.A.whatyouweredoingB.whatwereyoudoingC.whatyouaredoingD.whatareyoudoing18.Theteacheraskedthestudents.A.iftheywereinterestedindinosaursB.whenwasAlbertEinsteinbornC.whattheywilldowiththecomputersD.howmanytreestheyhaveplanted19.Everymorningthepatientsareaskediftheirtemperaturetaken.A.theyhadhadB.havetheyhadC.theyhavehadD.hadtheyhad20.It'suptoyoutodecideyou'llgothere,byairorbyroad.A.howB.whyC.thatD.when(十)状语从句状语从句用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。1.时间状语从句(1)时间状语从句常用when,as,while,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas等连词来引导。例如：.Itwasraininghardwhengottoschoolyesterday..Whilehewasdoinghishomework,thetelephonerang._Ashewalkedalongthelake,hesanghappily..HehadlearnedalittleChinesebeforehecametoChina._Afterhefinishedmiddleschool,hewenttoworkinafactory.,⑵在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：.rilringyouupassoonasIgettoNewYork..Iwilltellhimeverythingwhenhecomesback..Hewon'tbelieveituntilheseesitwithhisowneyes._(3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是，一直到……时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到……才……”，”在……以前不……”，谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如：_Theyoungmanreadtillthelightwentout..Let'swaituntiltherainstops..Wewon'tstartuntilBobcomes..Don'tgetoffuntilthebusstops..2.条件状语从句.(1)条件状语从句通常由if,unless引导。例如：_Whatshallwedoifitsnowstomorrow?.Don'tleavethebuildingunlessItellyouto._⑵在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：.rilhelpyouwithyourEnglishifamfreetomorrow..

14Hewon'tbelateunlessheisill._(3)“祈使句+and(or)+陈述句”在意思上相当于•个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如：_Hurryup,oryou'llbelate..=Ifyoudon'thurryup,you'llbelate..Studyhardandyouwillpasstheexam._=Ifyoustudyhard,youwillpasstheexam..1.原因状语从句.(1)原因状语从句通常由because,since,as引导。例如：_Hedidn'tcometoschoolbecausehewasill..Asitisraining,weshallnotgothezoo._Sinceyoucan'tanswerthequestion,Tilasksomeoneelse.,(2)because表示直接原因，语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例如：_Whyaren'tgoingthere?.BecauseIdon'twantto._Ashehasnocar,hecan'tgetthereeasily..Sincewehavenomoney,wecan'tbuyit.(3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。.2.结果状语从句.(1)结果状语从句由so…that,such…that,sothat引导。例如：_Heissopoorthathecan'tbuyabikeforhisson._Sheissuchagoodteacherthateverybodylikesher._Mypencilfellunderthedesk,sothatIcouldn'tseeit._(2)so…that语such...that可以互换。例如：_在由$o...that引导的结果状语从句中，so是副词，与形容词连用。其结构是："...so+形容词(副词)+that+从句例如：_Hewassogladthathecouldn'tsayaword._Thehallissobigthatitcanhold2,000people..Motherlivessofarawaythatwehardlyeverseeher._在由such…that引导的结果状语从句中，such是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不带。如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an。例如：.Itwassuchahotdaythatnobodywantedtodoanything..Hehadsuchlongarmsthathecouldalmosttouchtheceiling..Hemadesuchrapidprogressthathedidverywellinthemid-term..有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。例如：_Itwassuchawonderfulfilmthatallofuswantedtoseeitagain._=Thefilmwassowonderfulthatallofuswantedtoseeitagain..Itissuchanimportantmatchthatnobodywantstomissit._=Thematchissoimportantthatnobodywantstomissit._⑶如果名词前由many,much,little,few等词修饰时，只能用so,不用such。例如：_Soonthereweresomanydeerthattheyateupallthewildroses..Hehassolittletimethathecan'tgotothecinemawithyou..3.比较状语从句.

15比较状语从句通常由as…as,比较级+than…等连词引导。例如：.TomrunsfasterthanJohndoes._Thisclassroomisasbigasthatone..1.目的状语从句_(1)目的状语从句通常由sothat,inorderthat引导。例如：_Westartedearlysothatwecouldcatchthefirsttrain..Hestudieshardsothathecouldworkbetterinthefuture..Weusedthecomputerinorderthatwemightsavetime._⑵sothat既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个：1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can,could,may,might等。2)从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如：_Speakclearlysothattheymayunderstandyou.(目的状语从句).Jackisbadlyillsothathehastorest.(结果状语从句)_2.让步状语从句.(1)让步状语从句通常由although,though等连词引导。例如：_Thoughheisyoung,heknowsalot._AlthoughIamtired,Imustgoonworking.,(2)although(though)不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说：Thoughitwasraininghard,buthestillwentout..应该说：Thoughitwasraininghard,hestillwentout.或Itwasraininghard,buthestillwentout._3.地点状语从句.地点状语从句常常由where来引导。例如：.Gowhereyoulike._Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.1.he'sold,hecanstillcarrythisheavybag.A.ThoughB.SinceC.ForD.So2.…Doyouknowifhetoplaybasketballwithus?3一Ithinkhewillcomeifhefreetomorrow.A.comes;isB.comes;willbeC.willcome;isD.willcome;willbe3.Inthezooifachildintothewaterandcan'tswim,thedolphinsmaycomeuphim.A.willfall;tohelpB.falls;tohelpC.willfall;helpD.falls;helping1.1don'trememberheworkedinthatcitywhenhewasyoung.A.whatB.whichC.whereD.who5.Wewillstayathomeifmyaunttovisitustomorrow.A.comesB.comeC.willcomeD.iscoming6.Thepoliceaskedthechildrencrossthestreetthetrafficlightsturnedgreen.A.not;beforeB.don't;whenC.notto;untilD.not;after1.1waslateforclassyesterdaytherewassomethingwrongwithmybike.A.whenB.thatC.untilD.because8.TilgoswimmingwithyouifIfreetomorrow.A.willbeB.shallbeC.amD.was9.Intheexam,theyouare,themistakesyouwillmake.A.careful;littleB.morecareful;fewest

16C.morecareful;fewerD.morecareful;less8.Youshouldfinishyourlessonsyougoouttopaly.A.beforeB.afterC.whenD.while9.1hurriedIwouldn'tbelateforclass.A.sinceB.sothatC.asifD.unless12.Whenyoureadthebook,you'dbettermakeamarkyouhaveanyquestions.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.though13.Theteacherraisedhisvoiceallthestudentscouldhearhim.A.forB.sothatC.becauseD.inorder14.Hetookoffhiscoathefelthot.A.becauseB.asC.ifD.since15.Itisthatwe'dliketogooutforawalk.A.alovelydayB.toolovelyadayC.solovelyadayD.suchlovelyaday16.Maryhadmuchworktodothatshestayedatherofficeallday.A.suchB.soC.tooD.very1.1Ifieltverytired,Itriedtofinishthework.A.AlthoughB.BecauseC.AsD.Asif18.thedaywenton,theweathergotworse.A.WithB.SinceC.WhileD.As19.wellyoucandrive,youmustdrivecarefully.A.SolongasB.InorderthatC.NomatterhowD.Themoment20.WritetomeassoonasyoutoBeijing.A.willgetB.getC.gettingD.got(H—)定语从句定语从句的功用和结构.在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如：.Thisisthepresentthathegavemeformybirthday..Doyouknoweverybodywhocametotheparty?.IstillrememberthenightwhenIfirstcametothevillage?.ThisistheplacewhereChairmanMaooncelived.二.关系代词和关系副词的功用一关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系待客做主语，宾语，定语，关系副词可作状语。一1.作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如：Idon'tlikepeoplewhotalkmuchbutdolittle..ThecarswhichareproducedinHubeiProvincesellverywell..2.作宾语：一SheisthepersonthatImetattheschoolgateyesterday..Thebookthatmygrandmothergavemeiscalled'TheGreatEscape”、3.作定语_关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如：_What'sthenameoftheyoungmanwhosesisterisadoctor?.

17Thegirlwhosefatherisateacherstudiesveryhard._1.作状语一IIIneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing._ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn..三,各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法.1.who指人，在定语从句中作主语。例如：_Thepersonwhobrokethewindowmustpayforit._Theboywhoiswearingtheblackjacketisveryclever._2.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如：_Doyouknowtheyoungman(whom)wemetatthegate?_MrLee(whom)youwanttoseehascome..3.whose指人，在定语从句中作定语。例如：_Thegirlwhosemotherisillisstayingathometoday.,1knowtheboywhosefatherisaprofessor.,4.which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如：一Adictionaryisabookwhichgivesthemeaningofwords..Hereisthebook(which)theteachermentionedyesterday..5.that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：_I'vereadthenewspaperthat(which)carriestheimportantnews._Whoisthepersonthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?_6.when指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如：_Illneverforgetthetimewhenweworkedonthefarm._HearrivedinBeijingonthedaywhenIleft..7.where指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如：_Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear..Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisintheeastofthecity._四.关系代词whom,which在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将whom与which与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，如：Thatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfbrtenyears.=Thatwastheroom_whichwehadlivedinfortenyears._五.具体使用时还要注意下列问题：.1.只能使用that,不用which的情况：一(1)先行词是all,few,little,nothing,everything,anything等不定代词时。例如：_Allthathesaidistrue..(2)先行词被only,no,any,all,等词修饰时。例如：_Heistheonlyforeignerthathasbeentothatplace._(3)先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如：.Hewasthesecond(person)thattoldmethesecret..(4)先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词Thisisthebestbook(that)Ihavereadthisyear..(5)先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如：_Hetalkedaboutthepeopleandthethingsheremembered..2.只能用which,不用that的情况：.（1）在非限制性定语从中。例如：一

18Themeetingwasputoff,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted..（2）定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。例如：一Thethingaboutwhichheistalkingisofgreatimportance.1.--WhoisthemanwastalkingtoourEnglishteacher?.Oh!It'sMrBaker,ourmathsteacher..A.heB.thatC.whomD.which2.1hatethepeopledon'thelpotherswhentheyareintrouble.A.whoB.whichC.theyD.where3.TheforeignervisitedourschoolisfromCanada.A.whichB.whenC.whoD.whom4.GeorgeMallorywasanEnglishschoolteacherlovedclimbing.A.whoB.whomC.heD.which5.ThisistheplaceIhaveevervisited.A.thereB.whenC.whereD.which6.Nobodyknowsthereasonshedidn'tcometothemeeting.A.thatB.whichC.whyD.when7.Themoonisaworldthereisnolife.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.why8.Hehasforgottenthedayhearrived.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.which9.Hestillremembersthedayshespentwithyourfamily.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.onwhich10.Mr.White,carhadbeenstolen,cametothepoliceman.A.whoB.thatC.whoseD.which11.Hegottothevillagehisfamilyoncelivedbeforeliberation.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where12.ThisisthehouseIwanttobuy.A.inwhichB.thatC.whoseD.where13.ThisisthehouseourbelovedPremierZhouoncelivedandworked.A.whichB.thatC.whenD.where14.Hedidn'ttellmetheplacehewasborn.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where15.Helivedinasmallvillage,wasalongwayfromtherailwaystation.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when（十二）直接引语与间接引语直接引述别人的原话，叫直接引语。用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。如：MrBlacksaid,，Tmbusy.”布莱克先生说：“我很忙。”（直接引语）MrBlacksaidthathewasbusy.布莱克先生说他很忙。（间接引语）1.直接引语变为间接引语主要有以下几种情况：1）直接引语是陈述句直接引语是陈述句，间接引语应改为由连词that引导（that在口语中常省略）的宾语从句。如:*1likewatchingTV."shesaid.她说：“我喜欢看电视—Shesaid（that）shelikedwatchingTV,她说她喜欢看电视。Hesaid,"I'mwaitingforher."他说：“我在等她。"

19—Hesaid（that）hewaswaitingforher.他说他在等她。如果引述动词是saytosb.,则通常改为tellsb.sth.结构。例如：Hesaidtome,**Yourbikeisbroken/*她对我说：“你的自行车坏了。一Hetoldmethatmybikewasbroken.他对我说我的自行车坏了。2）直接引语是一般疑问句直接引语是一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句。（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。如：Hesaid,“Canyouswim,John?^^他问：“约翰，你会游泳吗？”—HeaskedJohnifhecouldswim,他问约翰是否会游泳。“Doyougotoschoolbybus?”heaskedme.他问我：“你坐公交车上学吗？”fHeaskedmeif1wenttoschoolbybus.他问我是否坐公交车上学。3）直接引语是特殊疑问句她问我：“他们什么时候吃晚饭？”她问我他们什么时候吃晚饭。他问我：“你什么时候去重庆呢？”他问我什么时候去重庆。直接引语是特殊疑问句，间接引语应改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句。（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）如：Sheaskedme,“Whendotheyhavetheirdinner?”fSheaskedmewhentheyhadtheirdinner.“WhenwillyougotoChongqing?'heaskedme.fHeaskedmewhenIwouldgotoChongqing.4)直接引语是祈使句她对孩子说：“不要吵」她告诉（命令）孩子们不要吵。她对他说：“请拿杯茶给我。”她请他拿杯茶给她。直接引语是祈使句，变间接引语时须将祈使句的谓语动词变成不定式，作宾语补足语。原主句谓语动词say须改为ask,tell,order等含有祈使意义的及物动词,构成“teH（ask,order,beg等）sb.（not）todosth.”句型。如：“Don'tmakeanynoise."shesaidtothechildren.fShetold(order)thechildrennottomakeanynoise.“Bringmeacupoftea,please.Mshesaidtohim.—Sheaskedhimtobringheracupoftea.注意：直接引语如果是以“let's”开头的祈使句，变间接引语时，通常用“suggest+动名词（或从句）如:Hesaid,"Let'sgotothefilm"他说："我们一起去看电影吧。“—Hesuggestedgoingtothefilm.=HesuggestedthatweshouldgotoseetheHim.他建议我们去看电影。1.宜接引语变间接引语要注意以下几种情况：直接引语变间接引语，要变成用相应连词引导的宾语从句。句中的时态、人称、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要做相应的变化。1）变人称：直接引语变间接引语时，人称要做相应的变化。请记熟这句顺口溜：”一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新」“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句或宾语的人称变化。如：Shesaid,“Mybrotherwantstogowithme."她说："我的弟弟想跟我一起去。”fShesaidherbrotherwantedtogowithme.她说她弟弟想跟她一起去。“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人称所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称。如:Hesaidtokate.**Howisyoursisternow?”他对Kate说：''你的妹妹现在怎么样？”—HeaskesKatehowhersisterwasthen.他问Kate她的妹妹那时怎么样。“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人

20称所修饰，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。如：MrSmithsaid,“Jackisagoodboy.”史密斯先生说:“Jack是个好工人fMrSmithsaidJackwasagoodworks.史密斯先生说Jack是个好工人。2）变时态：直接引语在改为间接引语时，如果主句是过去时态，从句的时态一般需要做相应的变化。见下表:直接引语间接引语现在时一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时过去时一般过去时过去完成时过去进行时过去完成进行时（或不变）过去完成时过去完成时（不变）将来时一般将来时过去将来时如：Hesaid,Tmwaitingforher"他说:“我在等她。”fHesaidthathewaswaitingforher.他说他在等她。“Itwillrainsoon/'hesaid.他说:“很快就会下雨。”一Hesaidthatitwouldrainsoon.他说很快就会下雨。在以下几种情况下，直接引语变间接引语时，时态一般不变化。①主句中谓语动词的失态如果是现在或将来时，则间接引语和原直接引语的时态一样，不作变化。如:Shesays,“Iwillgotovisitmyfriend.”她说：“我要去探望我的朋友。”fShesaysshewillgotovisitherfriend.她说她要去探望她的朋友。②直接引语所转述的是现在的习惯动作、科学真理、格言等，时态不变。如:'Theearthmovesaroundthesun."theteachertoldus.老师告诉我们，“地球绕着太阳转。—Theteachertoldustheearthmovesaroundthesun.老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。Mymothersaid,“Practicemakesperfect.'*我妈妈说：“熟能生巧。”fMymothersaid（that）practicemakesperfect.我妈妈说熟能生巧。Hesaid,“Igetupathalfpastsixeverymorning/*他说：“我每天早上六点半起床。—Hesaidhegetsupathalfpastsixeverymorning.他说他每天早上六点半起床。③直接引语表示有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语时，时态不变。如：Hesaid,joinedthePartyin1985.”他说：“我是1985年入的党。”—HesaidthathejoinedthePartyin1985.他说他是1985年入的党。XiaoLisaid,wasbornonApril17,1985"小李说：“我是1985年4月17日出生的fXiaoLisaidhewasbornonApril17,1985小李说他是1985年4月17日出生的。④有些情态动词，如must,need,oughtlo等，无过去时，变间接引语时，时态不变。如:Johnsaid,“Youmustcomeheretoday."John说：“你必须今天来这里-JohnsaidImustgotherethatday.Hesaid,“Ineedsomewater/*-*Hesaidthatheneedsomewater.John说我必须那天去那里。他说：“我需要一些水」他说他需要一些水。3）变状语：直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规律，如：now变为then；yesterday变为thedaybefore；ago变为before等，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（如this改为that）。如：Mikesaid,'Thesebooksaremine.”Mike说：“这些书是我的。”-*Mikesaidthosebookswerehis.Mike说那些书是他的。“Willyougoshoppingwithmetomorrow?”mymotheraskedme.我妈妈问我：“明天你和我一起去购

21物吗？“fMymotheraskedmeifIwouldgoshoppingwithherthenextday.我妈妈问我第二天是否和她一起去购物。指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及方向性动词的变化具体见下表：直接引语间接引语指示代词thisthatthesethosenowthentodaythatdaythismorningthatmorning时tonightthatnight问agobefore状tomorrowthenext/followingday语yesterdaythedaybeforelastnightthenightbeforethedaybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbeforethreedaysagothreedaysbeforenextweektheweekafter地点状语herethere方向性动词bringtakecomego注意：表中的这些变化，要根据具体情况而定，不可机械照搬。如果就在当地转述，here就不必改为there,come也不必改为go：如果就在当天转述，yesterdayortomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。练习：1.“Inevereatmeat.Mheexplained.2.Hesaidtome,“Ihaveleftmybookinyourroom.”3.**Itookthedictionaryhomewithme."hesaid.4.“HaveyoubeenhereforagesT'sheasked.5.Heasked,44Areyousureyourmotherwillcome?”6.“WillyoubeheretomorrowT'heaskedme.7.Hesaidtome,“Pleasecomeagaintomorrow.^^8.Hesaidtome,"Don'tdothatagain.”9.“WholivesnextdoorT'sheasked.10.“Whatareyoudoinghere?,,sheasked.11.klwillgotoAmericanextyear,“hesaidtome.12.'ThisismyfirsttimethatIhavecometoChina/'hesaid.

221.“HaveyouinvitedhertodinnertonightTTomsaidtome.2.Myfathersaidtomysister,"Canyouhelpmewashthecar?'3.“Howmuchmoneydidyoupayforthedriver?,,Marysaidtohim.4.“Whatareyoulookingfor?'Isaidtoher.5."Pleasesitdownandhavearest."shesaidtous.6.Shesaidtohim,“Goaway.”19.Heaskedme,“WhenwillyougotoTianjin?*20.Maryaskedme,“DoseHelencomefromtheUSA?”接动名词与不定式意义不同1)stoptodo停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stopdoing停止做某事。2)forgettodo忘记要去做某事。(未做)forgetdoing忘记做过某事。(己做)3)remembertodo记得去做某事(未做)rememberdoing记得做过某事(己做)4)trytodo努力，企图做某事。trydoing试验，试着做某事。5)goontodo做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。goondoing继续做原来做的事。6)meantodo打算、想meandoing意味着容易混淆的常用动词的辨析(1)say,speak,talk,tell的用法。1)say表示讲话，作为及物动词使用，后跟宾语或宾语从句。Hesaidhewouldgothere.It*stimetoleave.Wehavetosaygoodbyetoyou.2)speak表示“讲话”，一般作为不及物动词使用，而有时作为及物动词后面跟上各种语言作为宾语。DoyouspeakEnglish?MayIspeaktoMrPope,please?3)talk表示“谈话”，是不及物动词，与to,about,wilh等连用，才可以接宾语。Whatareyoutalkingabout?MrJacksonistalkingwithmyfatherintheofficenow.4)tell表示“告诉，讲述”是及物动词，可以带双宾语或复合宾语。Shetoldusaninterestingstoryyesterday.MyteachertoldmethatwewouldhaveanEnglishexamthenextmonth.⑵look,see,watch和watch的用法。1)look强调“看”这个动作，是不及物动词，常与at连用，然后接宾语。

23Look!Thegirlisswimminginthelake.Lookatthepicturecarefully.Canyoufindsomethingunusual?1)see指“看见”某物，强调的是结果。Theycan'tseethewordsontheblackboard.DoesLilyoftengotoseeafilmonSunday?2)watch指的是“观看”，“注视”之意。ThetwinsarewatchingTVnow.Hewillgotowatchavolleyballmatch.3)read指“看书”、“看报”、“阅读”之意。Don'treadinthesun.IliketoreadnewspaperswhenIamfree.(3)borrow,lend和keep的区别。1)borrow意思为“借入”，常常与from连用，是非延续性动词，表示瞬间即能完成的动作。Meimeiborrowedabookfromthelibraryjustnow.MayIborrowyourdictionary?2)lend是“借出”之意，常常与to连用，同borrow一样，是非延续性动词，只表示瞬间即能完成的动作。UncleWanyhaslenthiscartoMrLi.Couldyoulendusyourradio,please?3)keep是“保存”的意思，动作可以延续。Howlongcantherecorderbekept?Thefarmerkeptthepatfbrtwoweeks.(4)bring,take,carry和get的用法。1)bring意思为“拿来”、“带来”。指将某物或某人从别处“带来”。Bringmethebook,please.MayIbringJimtoseeyounextSaturday?2)take意思是“拿走”，“带走”，把某物或某人从这里“带来”或“拿到”某处之意。Itlookslikerain.Takearaincoatwithyou.Mothertookthelittlegirltothenextroom.3)carry是“带着、搬运、携带”的意思，指随身携带，有背着、扛着、抱着、提着的含义，不表明来去的方向。Doyoualwayscarryahandbag?Theboxisheavy.Canyoucarryit?4)get是去某处将某物拿回来。Pleasegotomyofficetogetsomechalk.Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Whynotgetsome?⑸wear,puton和dress的区别1)wear是“穿着”“戴着”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首饰等，强调“穿着”的状态。Tomalwayswearsblackshoes.Hewearsaraincoatevenwhenitisfine.Shedoesn'tliketoweararedflowersinherhair.2)puton是“穿上”“戴上”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。着重于穿戴的动作。It'scold.You'dbetterputonyourcoat.

24Heputonhishatandwentoutoftheroom.3)dress可以作及物动词和不及物动词，有“穿着”“打扮”的意思。作“穿着”解时，只用于穿衣服，不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作为及物动词用时，它的宾语是人，不是衣服。dresssb.(给某人穿衣服)，而wear作''穿着"用时，也是及物动词，但它的宾语是物，不是人，即wearsth.(穿着衣物)。Shealwaysdresseswell.Getupanddressquickly.Maryisdressingherchild.(6)take,spend和use的用法。1)take指做某事用多少时间，句型是:Ittakes/took/willtake+sb.+sometime+todosth.Ittookmethreedaystofinishthework.Itwilltakeyouawhileweektotravelthoughttheforest.IttakesonlyonehourtoflytoShanghai.2)spend指某人在某事(物)上花费时间或钱。句型是：Someonespends+money/time+onsomething(in)doingsth.Shespentmorethan500yuanonthatcoat.Hedidn'tspendmuchtimeonhislessons.Hespentmuchtime(in)correctingstudents*exercises.Motherspentherevenings(in)washingclothes.3)use表示使用工具、手段等。Doyouknowhowtousethecomputer?Shallweuseyourcar?(7)reach,get和arrive的区别。1)reach是及物动词，后面要直接跟表示地点的名词作宾语。Afterthetrainhadleft,theyreachedthestationWereachedthetopofthemountainatlast.2)get是不及动词，常与to连用，再接名词，后面接表示地点的副词时，不用to,getto常用于口语中。Whenthestudentsgottothecinema,thefilmhadbegun.Mysisterwascookingwhenmothergothome.3)arrive是不及物动词，表示到达一个小地方时，用arriveat,到达一个大地方时用arriveinoThesoldiersarrivedatasmallvillageTheforeignerswillarriveinShanghaitomorrow.