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句子成分及基本句型【句子的成分】在英文中句子成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、表语、定语和状语、宾语补足语等。（一）主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁"。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如：（1）Lucyisabeautifulnurse.（名词作主语）（2）Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.（代词作主语）（3）Smokingisharmfultothehealth.（动名词作主语）（4）ToswiminKunmingLakeisagreatpleasure.（不定式作主语）（5）Whatweshoulddoisnotyetdecided.（主语从句作主语）（-）谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）♦须是动词|。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。如：Hisparentsareteachers.（系动词和表语一起作谓语）Westudyhard.（行为动词作谓语）Wedon'tfinishreadingthebook.（助动词和行为动词一起作谓语）HecanspeakEnglish.（情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）（三）宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后.Sheisdoingherhomeworknow.（名词作宾语）Shesays（that）sheisill.（宾语从句作动词宾语）Weoftenhelphim.（代词作宾语）Helikestoplaybasketball.（不定式作宾语）Weenjoylisteningtothemusic.我们喜欢听音乐。（动名词短语作宾语）说明1:宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物，宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词，称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外，动词不定式可作动词宾语;动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。说明2：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，直接宾语西画,间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人，间接宾语相囚。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如:give,show（给……看），bring,pass,buy等。如：（1）Ourteachertellsusastory.（2）Thesungivesuslight.注意：间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后,在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词|“to”或“for”间接宾语前加“to”的有：give,show,send,bring,read,pass,lend,leave,hand,tell,return,write,throw,promise（答应）,refuse（拒绝）等。间接宾语加“for”的有：
1make,buy,do,get,play,order（命令）,sing,pay等Igivehimabook.Igiveabooktohim.Hewillbuymesomebooks.Hewillbuysomebooksforme.（四）宾语补足语在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分,称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。如:Theymakeherhappy.（形容词）Iseeherdance.（不定式）We'HhelpyoutomaketheOlympicsasuccess.（名词）Pleaselethimin.（副词）Weheardhersingingasong.（分词短语）（五）表语表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。如：Iamateacher.（名词）Heisalwayshappy.（形容词）Theyareontheplaygroundnow.（介词短语）Itgetscold.（形容词）‘Be动词（am,is,are,was,were）系动词，表保持（keep,stay,remain）表改变（get,become,turn）感官动词（feel,sound（听起来），seem/look（看起来），taste（尝起来），smell（闻起来））如：Itsoundsinteresting.（sound为系动词，interesting为表语）Weshouldallremaincareful.Remain（为系动词，careful为表语）（六）定语定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。单个词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。如：Theblackbikeismine.（形容词）What'syourname?（代词）Theymakepaperflowers.（名词）说明1:当定语修饰不定代词:nothing,anything,everything,something等时，定语在不定代词后面。如：Itellhimsomethinginteresting.（形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语）Hehassomethingtodo.（todo为不定式作后置定语）说明2：|短语或从句|作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。
2如：TheboysintheroomareinClassFour.（intheroom是介词短语作theboys的后置定语。）（七）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。如:Hediditcarefully.（副词）Weoftenhelphim.（副词）HermothergoesouttodosomeshoppingonSunday.（介词短语）WhenIgrowup,Iamgoingtobeateacher.（从句作时间状语）Hesitsthere.（副词地点状语）【简单句的五种基本句型】A.主语+不及物动词（主谓）如：Thesunrises.太阳升起来。Thecarstopped.小汽车停下来了。rise和stop都是不及物动词，因此后边不必加宾语。B.主语+及物动词+宾语（主谓宾）如：Ilovemycountry.Hehelpsme.Ilikeactionmovies.Ibuyabook.C.主语+系动词+表语（主系表）如：Herbrotherisadriver.Wefeelhappy.（feel为系动词,表示感到）Itgetsdark.天黑了。（get为系动词，表示变得）Tomlooksill.Tom看上去病了。（look为系动词，表示看上去，看起来）D.主语+及物动词+双宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）（主谓+宜宾+间宾）如：HegivesTomapresenl.（双宾语）他给汤姆一件礼物。Mothermakeanewdressforme.（双宾语）妈妈为我做了一件衣服。E.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（主+谓+宾+宾补）如：TheycallherMary.（宾补）他们叫她Mary。Wemakeourclassroomcleanandtidy.（宾补）我们使我们的教室干净而整齐。Healwaysmakesuslaugh.（宾补）他总使我们笑。一、典型例题写出划线部分的句子成分。1.Lilyiscleaningthedesknow.2.Hergardenisthebestinourtown.
31.LiuMingisthirteenyearsold.2.Ilikethisbookverymuch.3.ThegirlonthebluebikeisJane'ssister.4.Shedidn'tcometomypartybecauseshewasill.5.WangPingdoeshishomeworkcarefully.6.WewillgototheChildren'sPalaceonceaweek.7.Theyareintheclassroom.8.Itsoundsgood.9.HjsnameisPaul.10.Wealwaysgotoschoolearly.二、课后练习（一）挑出下列句中的宾语①Mybrotherdoesn'tdohishomework.ABCD②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.ABCD（3）Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.ABCD④Howmanynewwordsdoyoulearn?ABCD⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?ABCD（二）挑出下列句中的表语①Theoldmanisfeelingverytired.ABCD②WhyisheworriedaboutJim?ABCD③Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.ABCD④SoonTheyallbecomeinterestedinihesubject.ABCD⑤Sheisthe-rsttolearnaboutit.ABCD（三）挑出下列句中的定语①TheyuseMr.Mrs.withthefamilyname.ABCD②Whalisyourgivenname?③OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.ABCD@Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.ABCD⑤Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.ABCD(四)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.ABCD②Heasksherlolake(heboyoulofschool.ABCD(3)Shefinditdifficulttodoihework.ABCD④TheycallmeLilysometimes.ABCD⑤IsawMr.Wanggelonthebus.ABCD(五)挑出下列句中的状语①Thereisabigsmileonherface.ABCD②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.
4ABCD(3)HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.ABCD④Themanonthemotorbikeistravelingtofast.ABCD⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm.MissLihurriedoff.ABCD(六)划出句中的直接宾语()和间接宾语()®Pleasetellusastory.⑥Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.⑦Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.⑧Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.⑨Doesheleaveanymessageforme?主语从句subjectclause一、主语从句的连词分三类(1)从属连词引导的主语从句(that/whether)that引导的主语从句:引导词that无含义/在句中不做成分/不可以省。That引导主语从句通常用it作形式主语。例如：你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。Thatshesurvivedtheaccidentisamiracle.(改为it形式主语)她在事故中幸免于难简直是奇迹。whether引导的主语从句:whether有含义（是否）/在句中不做成分/不可以省。我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定。Whethersheiscomingornotdoesn'tmattertoomuch.她来或者不来无关紧要。（2）用连接代词引导的主语从句在由连接代词who,whose,whom,which,what,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever引导的名词性从句中，其连接代词在句中起名词性作用，担当一定成分.例如：你所需要的是更多的训练。Whateverwedoistoservethepeople.我们无论做什么都是为人民服务。注：whatever/whoever的功用whatever,whoever在主语从句中不含疑问意义。它引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。whatever=anythingthat;whoever=anyonewho。要注意和whatever,whoever弓I导的让步状语从句的区另h如：Whoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished.Whoeverbreaksthelaw,heshouldbepunished.（3）用连接副词when,where,why,how引导的名词性从句（其连接副词有含义，在句中作状语。）例如：Whereweshouldleaveitisaproblem.
5Whentheywillcomehasn'tbeenmadepublic.二、it作形式主语的主语从句有时为了考虑句子平衡，通常在主语从句处使用形式主语it,而将真正的主语从句移至句末。这分四种情况：（1）对于以连词that引导的主语从句，通常用形式主语it替代主语从句：Itis+名词+从句Itisafactthat...事实是；Itisgoodnewsthat是好消息；Itisaquestionthat是个问题；discommonknowledgethat是常识类似的名词还有：apity；awonder；agoodthing；nowonder；surprise等。鲸不是鱼是一个常识。ItisnosurprisethatBobshouldhavewonthegame.（不奇怪）Itis+形容词+从句Itisnecessarythat...有必要；Itisclearthat...很清楚；Itislikelythat...很可能；Itisimportantthat...重要的是类似的形容词还有：strange;natural;obvious;true;good;wonderful;possible;unlikely;quite;unusual;certain;evident;worth-while;surprising;interesting;astonishing,etc.Itseemsobviousthatwecannotgoonlikethis.（明显的是我们不能再这样继续下去）你有必要掌握电脑
6（3）对关系代词型whal引导的主语从句，通常直接将主语从句放在句首。如：Whatweneedismoney.我们需要的是钱。WhatIwanttoknowisthis.我想知道的就是这一点。有时也可将助用形式主语。如：Itisclearenoughwhalhemeanl.他是什么意思很清楚。（4）如果句子是疑问句，则必须用带形式主语it的结构：Isittruethatheisthegirl'sfather?他是那女孩的父亲,是真的吗?Howisitthatyouarelateagain?你怎么又迟到了?四、连词that的省略问题引导主语从句的连词that有时可省，有时不能省，其原则是：若that引导的主语从句直接位于句首，则that不能省略;若that引导的主语从句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主语it,则that可以省略：Thatyoudidn^gotothetalkwasapity.很遗憾你没去听报告。（that可省/不可省）Itwasapity（that）youdidn'tgotothetalk.很遗憾你没去听报告。（that可省/不可省）巩固提升1.makesmistakesmustcorrectthem.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhoeverD.Whatever2.Itworriedherabitherhairwasturninggrey.A.whileB.thatC.ifD.for3.Whenandwhyhecamehereyet.A.isnotknownB.arenotknownC.hasnotknownD.havenotknown4.isnoreasonfordismissingher.A.BecauseshewasafewminuteslateB.OwingtoafewminuteslateC.ThefactthatshewasafewminuteslateD.Beingafewminuteslate5.Tomlikedtoeatwasdifferentfrom.A.That...thatyouhadexpectedB.What...thatyouhadexpectedC.That...whatyouhadexpectedD.What...whatyouhadexpected6.wegoswimmingeverydayusalotofgood.A.If...doB.That...doC.If...doesD.That...does7.1tBobdrivesbadly.A.thinksthatB.isthoughtwhatC.thoughtthatD.isthoughtthat8.1t'suncertaintheexperimentisworthdoing.A.ifB.thatC.whetherD.how9.theboydidn'ttakemedicinemadehismotherangry.A.ThatB.WhatC.HowD.Which10.wecan'tgelseemsbetterthanwehave.A.What,whatB.What,thatC.That,thatD.That,what11.youdon*tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.WhoC.ThatD.Whether12.1.e'llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.A.IfB.WhetherC.ThatD.Where13.isgoingtodothejobwillbedecidedbythePartycommittee.
7A.ThatB.WhyC.HowD.Who14.wellfinishtranslatingthebookdependsonthetime.A.WhenB.WhyC.WhatD.That15.hewon*tgothereiscleartoallofus.A.HowB.WhatC.WhyD.This16.thehousewillbebuiltwillbediscussedattomorrow'smeeting.A.IfB.WhereC.ThatD.What17.1.oucomeornotisuptoyou.A.WhatB.IfC.WhyD.Whether18.1.akesmistakesmustcorrectthem.A.WhoB.AnyoneC.WhoeverD.Anybody19.1.eamwillwinthematchisamatterofpublicconcern.A.WhichB.ThatC.IfD.How20.1.eavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.A.AnyoneB.ThepersonC.WhoeverD.Who宾语从句TheObjectClause宾语从句的概念：宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。句子结构：主句+连词（引导词）+宾语从句1.Iknowhim.（简单句）主语谓语宾语2.Iknowwhoheis.(复合句)主语谓语连词从句主语从句谓语主句宾语从句一、连词(引导词)1.当宾语从句是陈述句时(包括肯定句和否定句)，连词由ihal引导，因为ihal在从句中不作任何成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略❖LinTaofeels(that)hisownteamisevenbetter.❖她说她不会参加下个星期天的运动运。。Jimthought(that)thetrainwaslikeabigmovingparty.Hesaid(that)hewouldliketoseetheheadmaster.注：在主句为动词be加某些形容词(如sorry,sure,afraid,glad等)作表语时，后面所跟的省略thal的从句也可算是宾语从句❖I'msorry(that)Idon'lknow.。We'resure(that)ourteamwillwin.❖I'mafraid(that)hewon'lpasstheexam.2.当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或if引导(口语中常用if),因为if/whether翻译成：“是否"，具有一定的意义，所以不能省略❖Lily想要知道她奶奶是否喜欢这个手包。❖Let'sseeif/whetherwecanfindoutsomeinformationaboutthatcity.Sheaskedmeif/whethershecouldborrowthesebooks.❖Iwonderwhether/ifsherememberedtocomeearlier.只用whether不用if的情况：a.放在句首时Whetherhewillcomeisnotsure.
8a.放在be等系动词之后Theproblemiswhetherhewillcome.b.放在介词后Heisthinkingaboutwhetherhehasshutthedoor.c.和ornot连用Idon'tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.d.whethertodoIamnotsurewhethertoaccepthisinvitation.3.当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，由连接代词(what,who,whom,which,whose)或连接副词(when,where,how,why)引导，因为连接代词或连接副词在从句中担任一定的句子成分，具有一定的意义，所以不可以省略。❖你知道他刚刚说什么了吗？❖Idon'trememberwhenwearrived.❖1askedhimwhereIcouldgetsomuchmoney.❖Pleasetellmewho/whomwehavetosee.Doyouknowwhattimetheplaneleaves?带how的词组也都可以引导宾语从句CouldyoutellushowmuchitcoststoflytoHainan?❖Couldyoutellushowlongthemeetingwilllast?Pleasetellushowmanystudentsthereareinyourschool?Canyoutellushowoldhisbrotheris?Pleasetellushowsoonyouwillbeready.二、时态1.如果主句是现在的时态(包括一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时)，从句的时态可根据实际情况而定任何一种时态。。1knowheliveshere.❖Iknowhelivedheretenyearsago.
9❖Ihaveheardthathewillcometomorrow.1.如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）❖Isawshewastalkingwithhermother.Heaskedwhetherhisfatherwouldcomebacktomorrow.Hesaidthathehadseenit.3.当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理时用一般现在时。。Theteachersaidthatthesuntravelsaroundtheearth.(1)IhearthatJimIhearthatJimIhearthatJimIhearthatJimIhearthatJimIhearthatJim(be)aworkertwoyearsago.(be)anEnglishteachernow.(cook)dinnertomorrow.(sing)apopularsongnow.(be)totheGreatWalltwice.(play)basketballwhenhisfathercameback.(2)HewillgotoHongKong.---HesaidthathetoHongKong.Heissick.---Hesaidthathesick.Heisreadingabook.Hesaidthatheabook.Hehasfinishedhiswork.--Hesaidthathehiswork三、语序宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分1.Whenwillhegotothelibrary?Hisbrotheraskswhenhewillgotothelibrary.Hisbrotheraskswhenwillhegotothelibrary.2.Whatdoeshewanttobuy?Idon'tknowwhathewantstobuy.Idon'tknowwhatdoeshewanttobuy.3.Whoarewegoingtomeet?Canyoutellmewhowearegoingtomeet?Canyoutellmewhoarewegoingtomeet?4.DoesheknowFrench?Wewanttoknowif/whetherheknowsFrench.Wewanttoknowif7whetherdoesheknowFrench.5.WilltheygotoCanadainsummer?They'renotsureif/whethertheywillgotoCanadainsummer.They'renotsureif/whetherwilltheygotoCanadainsummer.注意事项1.could/would是委婉语气，不是过去式，因此宾语从句的时态根据实际情况用不同时态。❖Couldyoupleasetellmewhereweshowourtickets?Wouldyouliketoknowwhenhewillcomeback?2.如果主句的谓语动词是ask时，连词不可能是that；如果主句的谓语动词是say时，连词用that1Shesays(that)shewillleaveamessageonhisdesk.2Hesaid(that)hewasgoingtotakecareofthechild.3HeasksifIlikeplayingthepiano.4Youmayaskthemanovertherehowyoucangettothebusstation.5.连词if和when在不同从句中的区别：❖Doyouknowifbacknextweek?Ifheback,pleaseletmeknow.A.hecomes,willcomeB.willhecome,comesC.hewillcome,comesD.hewillcome,willcome
10❖Idon'lknowwhenhe(come).Ican'lwaithereanymore.Whenhe(come),wouldyoupleaseaskhimtocallme?1.连词+宾语从句=二二连词+todo❖Idon'tknowwhatIshalldonext.===1don'tknow.❖Shedidn'tdecidewhichoneshewouldchoose.===Shedidn'tdecide.Pleasetellmewhomyou'11givetheletterto.===Pleasetellme.2.it可以作为形式宾语it不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。。我认为每天喝大量开水是有必要的3.否定的转移若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。(否定前移的条件是：主句主语时一人称)❖我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。注意：这种句型的反义疑问句，应与从句主谓保持一致。❖Idon'tthinkthatyoucandoit,?❖Wedon'tbelievethatthenewsistrue,?4.虚拟语气的运用在表建议：suggest,advise,propose;表要求：demand,desire,request;表决定：decide；表命令：order,command,require;表坚决主张：insist；等动词后的宾语从句，用(should)+doIsuggestthatyoushouldstudyhard.❖Heorderedthatweshouldgooutatonce.5宾语从句中that不能省的情况a.当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上的宾语从句是，可以省略第一个that,其他不能省Ibelieve(that)youhavedoneyourbestandthatthingswillgetbetter.b.当it作形式宾语时Shemadeitclearthatshehadnothingtodowithhim.c.当宾语从句前置时❖Thatourteamwillwin,Ibelieve.巩固提升1.Theyoungmanaskedit'ssummerorwinter.A.eitherB.thatC.weatherD.whether2.Wedon'tknowtheydidit.A.howB.whoC.whatD.which3.TheteacherasksusJimcancomebackontime.A.thatB.ifC.whenD.whattime4.Doesanybodyknowwewillhaveasportsmeetingthisweekendornot.A.ifB.whereC.whetherD.that5.1wonderheiscryingnow.A.thatB.whyC.howD.when6.HaveyoufoundoutwecandoonHainanIsland?A.whatB.howC.ifD.whether
116.Lilysaidshehadfinishedhercomposition.A.ifB.thatC.whenD.where8.1don'tknowhestillliveshere.A.whereB.whatC.whenD.whether9.Couldyoushowme?A.howcanIgettothestationC.howIcouldgettothestation10.Pleasetellme.B.whereisthestationD.howIcanreachthestationA.whatdoeshelikeB.whathedoeslikeC.whathelikesD.whathelike11.MysistertoldhimA.whatdaywasit12.CouldyoutellmewhereweB.whenthetrainarrivedC.whoshewaswaitingD.wheredidyoulivenextweek.A.wouldgoB.togo13.CouldyoutellmehowmuchA.doitcostB.doesitcostC.hadtogotoflytoHainan?C.itcostD.willgoD.itcosts14.Thesmallchildrendon'tknow.A.whatistheirstockingsinB.whatisintheirstockingsC.whereistheirstockingsinD.whatintheirstockings15.Someoneisringingthedoorbell.Goandsee.A.whoisheB.whoheisC.whoisitD.whoitis16.Couldyoutellmehowlong?A.youhaveboughtthewatchB.youhavekeptthissciencebookC.haveyoubeenawayfromChinaD.haveyoubeenamemberofGreenerChina17.Hesaysthatifittomorrow,hefishing.A.willrain,won'tgoB.rained,wasn'tgoC.rains,won'tgoD.rain,willPredicativeClauses表语从句一、定义：在复合句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。表语从句位于主句的系动词后。表语从句说明主语是什么或者怎么样，对主语进行解释、说明，使主语的内具体化。二、表语从句的构成一结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句”Thisiswhyhedidit.主语系动词表语从句常见的系动词分为以下几种：A.Be动词类B.表示持续的系动词：keep,remain,stayC.感官动词：look,sound,taste,smell,feelD.表示由一类状态转为另一类状态：get,become,grow,turn,fall,go,come,runE.表终止的系动词：prove,turnout,seem,appear三、引导表语从句的关联词的种类：（引导表语从句的连接词一般不省略。）从属连词：that/whether/asif/aslhough/as/because（注：if不引导表语从句）连接代词：who/whom/whose/which/what
12连接副词：when/where/why/how/because1.that引导的表语从句Dthat在从句中仅起连接作用，无实际意义，在句中不做任何成分，不能省略。我们的目的是他能意识到自己的错误。事实是她就是我们正在找的那个人。ThetroubleisthatIhavelosthisaddress.Thereasonwasthathewaslateforschool.2）在表“建议，劝说，命令”的名词idea,suggestion,request,proposal后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，should可省略Mysuggestionisthatwe（should）startearlytomorrow.2.whether在表语从句中表是否、究竟、到底，但不充当句子的成分。Thequestioniswhetheritisworthdoing.Thequestioniswhetherwecanrelyonhim.Whatthedoctordoubtsiswhethermymotherwillrecoverfromthediseasesoon.关键是我们是否能解决问题。3.由asif,asthough引导表语从句，表示好像。句子中的系动词常用be,look,appear,seem,sound等。常用虚拟语气，表示不存在的动作或状态。Theyoungmanwithlonghairlooksasifhewereagirl.Itseemsasifshehadbeentothemoonmanytimes.看起来好像要下雨。听起来好像有人在敲门。4.as引导表语从句。HelookediustashehadlookedCenyearsbefore.他看起来还与10年前一样。5.because引导表语从句。常用结构：This/That/Itis/wasbecause...Myangerisbecauseyouhaven'twrittentomeforalongtime.ThatisbecauseIdon'tlikeEnglish.我想这是因为你做得太多。这是仅仅因为他不认识她。6.连接代词what,which,who,whom,whose,wh・ever除在句子中起连接作用外，还可在从句中从当主语、表语、定语，且各有各的词义。Theproblemiswhoisreallyfitforthehardjob.Theimportantthingiswhosenameshouldbeputonthetopofthelist.Tomisnolongerwhatheusedtobe.问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。我想问的是谁离开了。7.连接副词where,when,why,how除在句中起连接作用外，在从句中还充当时间、地点、方式、原因状语，本身具有词义。That'swhereIcan'tagreewithyou.Thisishowtheyovercomethedifficulties.MystrongestmemoryiswhenIattendedanAmericanwedding.这就是他为何没到这儿来的原因。问题是他是如何做此事的。
13注意：1.当主句的主语为reason,或者是由why引导的从句时，与它们相关的表语从句用that来引导，而不能由because引导:because引导表语从句时只能用于This/That/Itis/wasbecause...ThereasonwhyIwaslatewasthatImissedthetrain.Iwaslate.It/That/ThiswasbecauseImiesedthetrain.2.Thatiswhy...与thatisbecause...1)Thariswhy...(why引导表语从句)=Thatisthereasonwhy...(why引导定语从句)Thatiswhyshefailedtopasstheexam.Thatisthereasonwhyshefailedt。passedtheexam.2)Thatiswhy…指各种原因所造成的后果，Thatisbecause…指原因或理由Iwasangry.Thatisbecausehedidn'tunderstandme.Thaliswhyhegotfiredfromthatfirm.3.Thereason(why.../for...)is/wasthat的原因是ThereasonforhisabsenceisthathegotuplateThereasonwhyheisabsentisthathegotuplate.四、表语从句引导词注意事项1.that引导表语从句时不能省.2.if不能引导表语从句.3.除that外的所有引导词都有自己的意义。4.除that,whether外的所有引导词都须在从句中充当相应的成分巩固提升1.Thal'sthePartycalledonustodo.A.whyB.whatC.howD.that2.Thereasonisheisunabletooperatethemachine.A.becauseB.whyC.thatD.Whether3..Thatistheyseparated.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.where4.Janeisnolongershewasfouryearsago.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.when5.Thequestioniswewillhaveoursportsmeetnextweek.A.thatB.ifC.whenD.whether6.Thereasonwhyhefailedishewastoocareless.A.becauseB.thatC.forD.becauseof7.Goandgetyourcoat.It'syouleftitA.whereB.thereC.therewhereD.wherethere8.TheproblemistotaketheplaceofTedA.whocanwegetB.whatwecangetC.whowecangetD.thatwecanget9.WhatIwanttoknowishelikesthegiftgivenbyus.
14A.thatB.ifC.whetherD.不填1.ThereasonisImissedthebus.A.thatB.whenC.whyD.what2..Theproblemishehasenoughtime.A.ifB.whetherC./D.that3.hereallymeansishedisagreeswithus.A.What...thatB.That...whatC.What...whatD.That...what她不能理解越来越少的学生对她的课不感兴趣。我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。定语从句AttributiveClauses一、定义：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先侬之后。二、结构：先行词+关系词+句子1.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。2.关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有when,where,why等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。三、关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在定语从句中作主语。正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.2.whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。MrLiuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.你正在等的教授已经来了。老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替,也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3.Which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。
15Thehouse_whichisbythelakelooksnice.他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。1.That指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.2.Whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。可翻译出【......的】我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：■一Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.■--Theclassroomthedoo。ofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.■--Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?—Doyoulikethebookihecovoiofwhichisyellow?四、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.他曾经就读过的学校很出名。Tomorrowrilbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.Tomorrowrilbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtenniswithyesterday.这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。注意：1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.()ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.()Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.()Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.()2.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom,不可用who,that；关系代词指物时只可用which,不可用thato关系代词是所有格时用whoseoThemanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.()Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.()
16TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.()TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.()2.“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如：Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.我们班总共有40个学生，大多数来自大城市。Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.迄今为止，他写了10部小说，其中3部是关于农村生活的。五、关系副词引导的定语从句1.when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeople'sRepublicofChinawasfounded.Doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents.你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？2.where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasbom.我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy?3.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用''介词+关系代词''引导的定语从句来表示。如：Fromtheyearrwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive.他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。六、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1,形式上：限制性定语从句不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。非限制性定语从句用逗号“，”与主句隔开。
171.意义上：限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。非限定性定语从句只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。2.译法上：限定性定语从句译成先行词的定语：・的''非限定性定语从句通常译成主句的并列句。限制性定语从句举例：TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.中国是一个历史悠久的国家。非限制性定语从句举例:Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.中国是1949年成立的，现在正变得越来越强大。LastsummerIvisitedthePeople'sGreatHall,inwhichmanyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear.去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义：1.Herbrotherwhoisnowasoldieralwaysencourageshertogotocollege.Herbrother,whoisnowasoldier,alwaysencourageshertogotocollege.2.Allthebooksthathavepicturesinthemarewellwritten.Allthebooks,whichhavepicturesinthem,arewellwritten.关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。Heishonest,as/whichwecansee.他很诚实，这一点我们看得出来。2.as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如:Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.众所周知，中国是发展中国家。Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.正如你所知，约翰是个著名作家。ZhangHuahasbeentoParismorethantentimes,whichIdon"believe.张华己去过巴黎十多次了，这一点我不相信。注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。Thesetablesaremadeofmetal,whichmadethemveryheavy.这些桌子是金属的，这使得这些桌子很重。3.当先行词受such,thesame修饰时，关系词常用as。如：Pveneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.他可不象他看上去的那样傻。ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。注意：当先行词受thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：
18SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary'swedding.Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.1.以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由inwhich或that引导，而且通常可以省略。Theway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswassurprising.他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。Idon'tliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.我不喜欢你冲她的样子。限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况1.当先行词是everything,anything,nothing(something除外),all,none,few,little,some等代词时，或当先行词受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时。如:HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.所有能做的都做好了。ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.我不能为你干什么。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who,如：Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywon'tdosuchaIhing.任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.在伦敦他们参观的第•个地方是大本钟。3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.这是我看过的最好的电影。4.当先行词被thevery,theonly修饰时。如：ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.这正是我要买的词典。Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns.家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如:WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting.王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。如：Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?站在门口的那个人是谁？WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?哪件T恤衫最合我的身？6.当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。Lookatthemanandhisdonkeythatarewalkingupthestreel.瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的毛驴。将下列两句话合并成一句.1.1can'tfindthebook..Iboughtabookyesterday.2.Thegirlismysister.Thegirlisstandingonthestage.3.TheWestLakeliesinHangzhou.TheWestLakeisoneofthemostfamouslakesinChina.
194.1don'tknowthatboy.Theboyisinblueshirt.5.Mybrotherlikesthesingers.Thesingerswritetheirownmusic.6.Thecatismine.Thecatisplayingwithaball.对比下面四组句子1.Thisistheparkwevisitedlastyear.Thisistheparkweheldabirthdayparty.2.Shewon'tforgetthedaysshespentontheisland.Shewon'lforgetthedaystheystayedtogether.3.That'sthedatewewenttothecollege.That'sthedateshewon'tforgetforever.4.1likethetimewelivedtogether.Ilikethetimewehadtogether.巩固提升1.TheplaceinterestedmemostwastheChildren'sPalace.A.whichB.whereC.whatD.inwhich3.Thisisthehotellastmonth.A.whichtheystayedB.atthattheystayedC.wheretheystayedatD.wheretheystayedlO.Thepenheiswritingismine.A.withwhichB.inwhichC.onwhichD.bywhich11.Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofsatasmallboy.A.whomB.whoC.whichD.that12.Theengineermyfatherworksisabout50yearsold.A.towhomB.onwhomC.withwhichD.withwhom13.1tthereanyoneinyourclassfamilyisinthecountry?A.whoB.who'sC.whichD.whose14.1'minterestedinyouhavesaid.A.allthatB.allwhatC.thatD.which15.1wanttousethesamedictionarywasusedyesterday.A.whichB.whoC.whatD.as21.Theletterisfrommysister,isworkinginBeijing.
20A.whichB.thatC.whomD.who22.1nourfactorythereare2,000workers,twothirdsofarewomen.A.themB.whichC.whomD.who23.You'retheonlypersonI'veevermetcoulddoit.A.who;/B./;whomC.whom;/D./;who24.1lostabook,Ican'tremembernow.A.whosetitleB.itstitleC.thetitleofitD.thetitleofthat3O.Thismachine,formanyyears,isstillworkingperfectly.A.afterwhichIhavelookedB.whichIhavelookedafterC.thatIhavelookedafterD.Ihavelookedafter3l.Thereasonhedidn'tcomewashewasill.A.why;thatB.that;whyC.forthat;thatD.forwhich;what32.Heisworkinghard,willmakehimpassthefinalexam.A.thatB.whichC.forwhichD.who33.ThatisnotthewayIdoit.A./B.whichC.forwhichD.withwhich46.Thecleverboymadeaholeinthewall,hecouldseewasgoingoninsidehouse.A.which;whatB.throughwhich;whatC.throughthat;whatD.what;that48.Johngotbeateninthegame,hadbeenexpected.A.asB.thatC.whatD.who49.1haveboughttwobullpens,writeswell.A.noneofthemB.neitherofthemC.neitherofwhichD.noneofwhich41.・一Didyouasktheguardhappened?一Yes,hetoldmeallheknew.A.what;thatB.what;whatC.which;whichD.that;that同位语从句AppositiveClauses一、定义同位语从句一般放在某些名词的后面，对名词进行进一步解释说明，用以说明名词所表示的具体内容。在句中作同位语。二、常引导同位语从句的名词fact,news,idea,promise,faith,question,problem,doubt,fear,hope,order,belief,thought,reply,truth,suggestion,advice,proposal三、引导同位语从句的连接词功能例词从属连词只起连接作用，不充当从句中的任何成分。that,whether连接代词既起连接作用，又在从句中担任成分（主语、宾语、表语或定语）.who,whattwhose,which连接副词既起连接作用，又在从句中担任成分（状语）。when,where,why,how复合代词&复合副词既起连接作用，又在从句中担任成分（主语、宾语、表语或定语、状语）。whoever,whatever,whichever,whenever,wherever,however
21四、正确运用同位语从句的引导词，准确把握同位语从句1.如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。（即that不充当任何成分，只起连接作用）例：Thegeneralgavetheorderthatthesoldiersshouldcrosstheriveratonce.2.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加”是否”的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。（if不能引导同位语从句）例：We'lldiscusstheproblemwhetherthesportsmeetingwillbeheldontime.3.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加“什么时候"、”什么地点”、“什么方式”等含义，应用when,where,how等词引导同位语从句。例：Ihavenoideawhenhewillbeback.例：Ihavenoimpressionhowhewenthome,perhapsbybike.4.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加”谁”、“什么“、“哪一个”等含义，应用who,what,which,whose等词引导同位语从句，同时在句中充当一定句子成分。例：1havenoideawhatsizeshoesshewears.我不知道她穿几号的鞋。例：Ihavenoideawhichwineisbest一ifsamatterofpersonaltaste.我不知道哪种酒最好，这是个人口味的问题。例：Thequestionwhowilltakehisplaceisstillnotclear.过手训练：1.TheyexpressedthehopetheywouldcomeovertovisitChinaagain.1.1havenoideatheywereabletogetitdoneinsoshortatime.3.Haveyouanyideaheisdoingnow?4.Theyaskedmethequestiontheworkwasworthdoing.5.Thequestionshoulddotheworkrequiresconsideration.6.ThenewsMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacheristrue.7.Wehaven'tyetsettledthequestionwearegoingtospendoursummervacationthisyear.8.Thequestionshoulddotheworkisbeingdiscussedatthemeeting.9.1havenoideatheboyisdoinginthenextroomnow.10.1havenoideaIcangettotherailwaystation.11.Theproblemweshouldhavethemeetinginthehallnowmustbedecidedatonce.定语从句与同位语从句的区别1.Thenewsthattheywonthematchistrue.2.Thenewsthattheytoldmeyesterdayistrue.小结：我们通过观察发现，句1中的that引导的是从句，对news起着、作用，句2中的that引导的是从句，对news起着作用，在从句中做成分。类别性质功能引导词that的作用wh-引导词的作用同位语从句名词性补充说明只起连接作用，不做成分，不能省略。不能替换所修饰的名词,有疑问意义。
22定语从句形容词性修饰限定既替代先行词，同时也在句中做某种成分，做宾语可以省略。关系词没有疑问意义，可替换先行词.Tip:在先行词与与从句之间加一个系动词be,使之构成一个新句子，如果句子通顺且符合逻辑，则为同位语从句。反之，则为定语从句。1.ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.Thenewsisthathetoldme2.ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.ThenewsisthatTomwouldgoabroad.3.Heputforwardthesuggestionthatthesecondquestionshouldbediscussedfirst.Thesuggestionisthatthequestionshouldbediscussedfirst.4.Thesuggestionthathehadputforwardwasturndown.Thesuggestionisthathehadputforward5.WeweregreatlypleasedatthenewsthattheChinesewomen'svolleyballteamhadwonthematchagain.ThenewsisthattheChinesewomen'svolleyballteamhadwonthematchagain.6.Weweregreatlypleasedatthenewsthatourteacherhadtoldus.Thenewsisthatourteacherhadtoldus.状语从句AdverbialClause状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下：1.时间状语从句常用弓I导词：when,as,while,assoonas,while,before,after,since,till,until特殊弓I导词：theminute,themoment,thesecond,theinstant,immediately,directly,everytime,theday,nosooner...than,hardly...when,scarcely...When(1)TellhimIneedtoseehimtheminutehearrives.他一到就告诉他我要见他。(2)Thechildrenranawayfromtheorchard(果园)themomenttheysawtheguard.Themomenthesawme,heranaway.他一看见我，就跑了。Hesaidhe'dcallyouthemomenthegothome.他说他一到家就给你打电话(3)TheinstantIsawhim,Iknewhewasthemanfromtherestaurant.(4)Immediatelyyoubegintospeak,hegivesyouhisfullattention.你只要一开始说话，他就全神贯注地听。(5)Mysistercamedirectlyshegotmymessage.我妹妹一收到我的信息就来了。(6)Everytime1listentoyouradvice,Igetintotrouble.(7)nosooner...than...,”一…就，引导时间状语从句，主句用过去完成时「than”后面的从句用一般过去时.(从这
23里可以知道mosooner后面是主句;than后面是从句)例：Ihadnosoonerreachedhomethanitbegantorain.我一到家天就下起雨来Nosooner...than…常放在句首，表示强调.这时主句要倒装.例:NosoonerhadIreachedhomethanitbegantorain.(1)Hehadhardlysatdownwhenthetelephonerang.他刚坐下电话就响了。Hehadscarcelysatdownwhentherewasaknockatthedoor,他刚坐下就有人敲门另外，如果把hardly放于句首，主句要用倒装结构。如：HardlyhadIfinishedeatingwhenhecamein.我刚吃完他就进来了。1.地点状语从句常用引导词：where特殊弓I导词：wherever,anywhere,everywhereShewasstandingexactlywhereyouarestandingnow那时他就站在你现在站的地方。Staywhereyouare.呆在原地别动。Whereveryougo,youshouldworkhard.Sitanywhereyoulike随便坐吧2.原因状语从句常用引导词：because,since,as,特殊引导词：seeingthat,nowthat,inthat,consideringthat(考虑到，鉴于),forthereasonthatMyfriendsdislikemebecauseI'mhandsomeandsuccessful.Iwon'tstaylong,seeingthat/seeingasyouarebusy我不会久呆，看你很忙=1havebeenluckyinthatIhaveneverhadtoworryaboutmoney我很幸运，从来不必为钱发愁。Ithinkwepaidtoomuchmoneyforthehouse,consideringthatweneededtogettheroofrepaired.考虑到我们得修屋顶，我认为我们的房子买贵了3.目的状语从句常用引导词：sothat,inorderthat特殊引导词：(just)incase以防万一，forthepurposethat,Takeanumbrella,incaseitrains.带把伞吧，以防下雨。Theteacherraisedhisvoiceonpurposethatthestudentsinthebackcouldhearmoreclearly.4.结果状语从句常用引导词:so...that,so...that,such...that,特殊引导词：suchthatHegotupsoearlythathecaughtthefirstbus.It'ssuchagoodchancethatwemustnotmissit.5.条件状语从句常用引导词：if,unless,特殊弓I导词：as/solongas只要，onlyif只有，providing/providingthat/providedthat(只要)，supposethat,incase(美)如果,onconditionthat（条件是）Youcangoouttoplayaslongasyoustayinthebackyard.只要不出后院，你可以出去玩Youwillcertainlysucceedsolongasyoukeepontrying.Itoldhimhewouldsucceedonlyifhetriedhard.我告诉他,只有努力才能成功。Youcanborrowthecar,providingIcanhaveitbackbysixo'clock.你可以借用我的车，只要六点钟以前还给我就行。IncaseIamlate,startwithoutme.如果我来晚了，你们就别等我先开始吧。
241.让步状语从句常用引导词：though,although,evenif,eventhough特殊引导词：as尽管，虽然（用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装），while（一般用在句首）=although,nomatter...»inspiteofthefactthat,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever,whetheror（不管还是）Whiletherewasnoconclusiveevidence,mostpeoplethoughthewasguilly.虽然没有确凿证据，大多数人还是认为他有罪。Kellylovedherhusbandinspiteofthefactthathedranktoomuch.虽然丈夫喝酒很凶，kelly仍然爱着他。Theoldmanalwaysenjoysswimmingeventhoughtheweatherisrough.Nomatterhowhardhetried,shecouldnotchangehermind.Whetheryoulikethejobornot,youhavetodoitrightnow.不管你是否喜欢这个工作，你现在都要去做它一、名词+as/though+主语+其他Kingashewas,hewasunhappy.他虽是国王，但他并不幸福。他虽是个孩子，却知道帮助别人。【注】1、其中的动词通常为连系动词，也就是说位于句首的名词是其后连系动词的表语。2、如果单数名词作表语,把它提到句首时，其前不用冠词。即使其前有形容词修饰习惯上也不用冠词。他虽是男孩，却喜欢与女孩子玩。二、形容词+as/though+主语+其他Successfulasheis,heisnotproud.他虽然成功，但不骄傲。尽管听起来很愚蠢，我是如此爱她竟然相信了她的话。【注】其中的动词也通常为连系动词，也就是说位于句首的形容词是其后连系动词的表语三、副词+as/though+主语+其他尽管他们做了很大努力，却没法让她改变主意。尽管你读得很快，你总不能在两天之内就读完这本书。【注】有的将muchas作为习语看待，认为它是一个用以引导让步状语从句的复合连词。MuchasIadmirehimasawriter,Idonotlikehimasaman.他作为一名作家我很佩服他，但我却不喜欢他这个人。MuchasIlikeyou,Icouldn'tlivewithyou.我尽管很喜欢你，却不能和你在一起生活。四、动词原形+as/though+主语+其他Objectasyoumay,Tilgo.纵使你反对，我也要去。尽管他想方设法，却未解决这个问题。钱虽然丢了，我们却得到了许多经验。【注】主语后的动词通常为may,might,would,did等情态动词或助动词五、分词+as/though+主语+其他虽然正在下着大雨，我还是要出去散步。虽然我们被敌人包围着，但我们还是设法前进了。【三条补充说明】1.上面提到的倒装结构有时也可用来表示原因，区别的办法主要看句子的内容：让步从句的内容大多数与主句在意义上相反，而原因从句则与主句之间有因果关系。比较：Tiredashewas,hesatuplatestudyingatnight.Tiredashewas,hewenttobedearly.Youngashewas,hewasequaltothetask.
25Youngashewas,hewasnotequaltothetask.2在美国英语中，人们通常用as...as引导让步状语从句。Coldasitwas,wewentout.=Ascoldasitwas,wewentout.尽管天气冷，我们还是出去了。Successfulasheis»heisnotproud.=Assuccessfulasheis,heisnotproud.他虽成功了，但不骄傲。8.比较状语从句常用引导词：as(同级比较),than(不同程度的比较)(比较状语从句通常由as…as,比较级+lhan…等连词引导。)特殊引导词：themore...themore...;AistoBwhat/asXistoY;no...morethan;Sheisasbad-temperedashermother.Thehouseisthreetimesasbigasours.Themoreyouexercise,thehealthieryouwillbe.Foodistomenwhatoilistomachine.食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。more...than...引导比较状语从句表示“比……多；比……更加……或与其说……倒不如说……”的意思。例如：①Manycompaniesusecomputersmorethantheyusedto.许多公司比过去更多地使用电脑。②Insomeplacesbottledwatercostsmorethanaglassofbeer.在有些地方瓶装水比一杯啤酒还贵。③Dorflbetoohardonhim.He，smorecheatedthanslupid.别对他太苟刻了，与其说他愚蠢倒不如说他被欺骗了。9.方式状语从句常用引导词：as,asif,asthough特殊引导词：thewayWheninRome,doastheRomando.Shebehavedasifsheweretheboss.Sometimesweteachourchildrenthewayourparentshavetaughtus.状语从句的简化1、状语从句同时具备下列两个条件：①主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it;②从句主要动词是be的某种形式。从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。例如：When(themuseumis)completed,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.He'llgototheseasideforhisholidayif(itis)possible.2、另外，比较状语从句经常省略。例如：I'mtallerthanhe(istall).Thehigherthetemperature(is),thegreaterthepressure(is).3、就状语从句而言，有时为了使语言言简意赅.常常将状语从句进行“简化"。状语从句的”简化“现象在口语中较为普遍,而且在高考中的复现率也较高。因此，有必要对其进行全面、透彻的了解。状语从句的“简化”现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中：①由if,unless等引导的条件状语从句；②由although,though,evenif/though等引导的让步状语从句；③由when,while,as,before,after,until/till等引导的时间状语从句；④由as,asif等引导的方式状语从句；⑤由as,than等引导的比较状语从句。下面针对这五种情形作一归纳。⑴当状语从句的主语是it,且谓语动词是be时,it和be要完全简化掉。例如：If(itis)possible,hewillhelpyououtofthedifficulty.如果可能的话他会帮你摆脱困境。Youmustattendthemeetingunless(itis)inconvenienttoyou.除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。(2)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。When(themuseumis)completed,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.常用于以下几种情形：1.连词+形容词
26When(theyare)ripe,thegrapeswillbedelicious.当葡萄成熟之后，就会很好吃。As(hewas)young,helearnedhowtorideabike.他小时候就学会了骑自行车。Whenever(sheis)free,sheoftengoesshopping.她有空就去逛商店。Workhardwhen(youare)young,oryou'llregret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。1..连词+名词While(hewas)ayoungboy,hewasalwaysreadytohelpothers.他在孩提时代就乐于助人。Although(hewas)afarmer,nowheisafamousdirector.尽管他曾是个农民,而现在是位著名的导演了。2.连词+副词Once(youare)inside,begintowork.一进去，就开始工作。Shelookedanxiousasthough(shewas)introuble.她看上去很焦急，好像遇到了麻烦。HehadmasteredtheEnglishlanguagebefore(hewas)intheUSA.他到美国之前就懂英语了。4、连词+介词短语When(youare)indoubt(不肯定)，pleaseconsultadictionary(查字典).5.连词+现在分词As(shewas)walkingalongtheriverbank,shewassingingapopsong.她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲OLookoutforcarswhen(youare)crossingthestreet.过马路时要小心车。6.连词+过去分词Don'tcomeinuntil(youare)askedto.不叫你请不要进来。Hewon*tgotherewithusunless(heis)invited.除非受到邀请，否则他不会和我们一道去那里。Theconcertwasagreatsuccessthan(itwas)expected.这场音乐会出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。7.连词+不定式Hestoodupasif(hewere)tosaysomething.当时他站起来好像要说什么。Heclearedhisthroatasif(hewanted)tosaysomething.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。Hewouldn'tsolvetheproblemevenif(hewere)totakecharge.即使他来负责，他也解决不了这个问题。注意:当从句主语和主句主语不一致时，从句部分要么用完全形式，要么用独立主格结构来表达。例如：Whenthemeetingwasover,allthepeoplewentoutofthemeeting・room.当会议结束时，人们都走出了会议室。(=Themeetingover,)巩固提升l.rilletyouknowhecomesback.A.beforeB.becauseC.assoonas2.Shewillsingasongsheisasked.A.ifB.unlessC.for3.Wewillworkweareneeded.A.wheneverB.becauseC.since4.Readitaloudtheclasscanhearyou.D.althoughD.sinceD.whereverA.sothatB.ifC.when5.yougo,don*tforgetyourpeople.D.although
27A.WheneverB.HoweverC.WhereverD.Whichever6.ItisabouttenyearsImetyoulast.A.sinceB.forC.whenD.as7.Theywillneversucceed,hardtheytry.A.becauseB.HoweverC.whenD.since8.stillhalfdrunk,hemadehiswayhome.A.WhenB.BecauseC.ThoughD.As9.shewasverytired,shewentonworking.A.AsB.AlthoughC.EvenD.Inspiteof10.Busyhewas,hetriedhisbesttohelpyou.A.asB.whenC.sinceD.for11.1learnedalittleRussianIwasatmiddleschool.A.thoughB.althoughC.asifD.when12.wegottothestation,thetrainhadleftalready.A.IfB.UnlessC.SinceD.When13.therainstops,we'11setoffforthestation.A.BeforeB.UnlessC.AssoonasD.Though14.Shewastiredshecouldnotmoveaninch.A.so,thatB.such,thatC.very,thatD.so,as15.Wedidn'tgohomewefinishedthework.A.sinceB.untilC.BecauseD.though16.I'llstayhereeveryoneelsecomesback.A.evenifB.asthoughC.becauseD.until翻译练习1.当我进屋时，他正在写信。2.无论你去哪都要遵守法律。3.昨天我回来晚了，因为我值班。4.我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。5.他十分激动，以致一句话都说不出来。
281.如果我们不怕困难，困难就算不了什么了。2.看上去她好象是生病了。3.虽然我们干了一天活，但并不累。4.Themoreyouread,thebetteryouunderstand.5.Theyworkedharderthanusualinorderthattheycouldfinishtheworkaheadoftime.6.Weturneduptheradio,sothateveryoneheardthenews.7.Shedidn'tstopworkinguntileleveno'clock.倒装句倒装的两种形式：1.完全倒装：将整个谓语动词提到主语前。2.部分倒装：即半倒装，将谓语的一部分即助动词提到主语前。一、完全倒装1.表方位的副词here,there或out,in,up,down,away,off等标志词放在句首,句子用完全倒装。Herecomesthebus.Theregoesthebell.【辨析】当主语是人称代词时，主谓语序不变。Hereitis.Herehecomes.2.地点状语放在句首且谓语动词为come,live,lie,go等时用完全倒装。Insouthoftheriverliesasmallfactory.Fromthevalleycameacry.3.such,thefollowing等放句首时，句子要完全倒装。Suchislife.Thefollowingistheanswertothequestion.4.Therelie/exist/stand/live+主语+…是therebe句型的变式。Thereisatallbuildingonthetopofthemountain.Therestandsanancienttoweronthetopof.themountain.5.“表语+系动词+主语”的结构。PresentatthepartywereMr.Greenandmanyotherguests.
29Seatedonthegroundareagroupofyoungmen.1.Such作指示代词放在句首时。Suchisourplan.Sucharethefacts;noonecandenythem.二、部分倒装1.含有否定意义的副词或短语如：few,little,never,not,notuntil,nowhere,rarely,seldom,hardly/scarcely•••when..nosooner…(than)…，notonly...(butalso),atnotime,bynomeans等放在句首时,需用部分倒装。Littledoesheknowaboutthenews.Bynomeanscanhecatchupinsuchashorttime.【注意1】Notonly...butalso连接两个并列主语时不可倒装。只有在连接两个句子且将notonly所连接的句子提到句首时，才可用倒装，bulalso后面的句子不倒装。NotonlychildrenbutalsoadultsareinterestedinthefilmHarryPotter.Notonlywastherenoelectricity,butalsonowater.【注意2】nosooner...than...,hardly...when...,scarcely...when…引导时间状语从句表示“刚就"“一就”主句常常用倒装结构Nosoonerhadgotoffthebusthanisawhim.Hardly/ScarcelyhadIenteredtheroomwhenthephonerang.【注意3】Notuntil+时间状语或时间状语从句+主句，主句须用部分倒装。Ididn'trealizemymistakeuntilthen.=NotuntilthendidIrealizemymistake.【注意4】neither...nor...连接并列分句时，前后两个分句都倒装。NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.2.neither/nor/so/as为标志词放在句首时，句子用倒装。①表示前面所说的肯定情况，也适合于另一人或物时，句式如下：so/as+be(助动词或情态动词)+主语。②表示前面所说的否定情况也适合于另一人或物时，句式如下：neither(nor)+be(助动词或情态动词)+主语。一I'vegotanenormousamountofworktodo.—SohaveI.Hebelieved,asdidallhisfamily,thatyouwereinnocent.Ifshedoesn'tagreetotheplan,neitherwillTom.
301.only与其修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，主句用部分倒装。OnlyinthiswaycanyoulearnEnglishwell.注意：0叫修饰主语时放在句首不到装。Onlythatboycanworkouttheproblem.2.在虚拟语气条件句中，从句谓语有助动词were,had,should时，可将if省略，而把were,had,should移到句首。WereIyou,Iwouldn'tdothat.3.在“so…that”和“such…that”结构中，将“so+adj.”和“such+n.”提到句首时，句子用部分倒装。Soterriblewasthestormthatthewholeroofwasblownoff.SuchacleverboywasJackthathewasabletoworkoutallthesedifficultproblems.三、形式倒装形式上的倒装在语法上称为前置。它的特点是，只把强调内容提至句首，主谓并不到装。这种结构非常多，但有四个重要句型需特别留意。La§/though引导让步状语从句时要倒装，其结构为：形容词/副词/名词/动词原型+as+主语+谓语Proudastheyare,theyareafraidtoseeme.Childasheis,heseemstoknoweverything.Hardasheworked,hemadelittleprogress.注意：1)谓语动词前置的倒装，从句主语后要用may,might,can,could,will,would等情态动词，若没有情态动词则加上一个do(does/did),若前置动词是及物动词，则其宾语也随其后一同提前。Tryashemay,heneversucceeds.Changeyourmindasyouwill,youwillgetnohelpfromus.2)名词前应省去冠词，形容词最高级前应省去the.Heroasheis,hehassomeshortcomings.Oldestasheis,hedoesn'tdowellinstudies.3)as,though,although都可以引导让步状语从句。as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装，though引导的让步状语从句既可倒装也可不到装，although引导让步状语从句不能倒装。Teacheras/thoughMickis,heisnotcapableofteachingallsubjects.Though/AlthoughMickisateacher,heisnotcapableofteachingallsubjects.
312.感叹句Whataninterestingtalktheyhad!Howinterestingtheirtalkwas!3.themore...,themore…句型Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.=Ifyouworkharder,youwillmakegreaterprogress.4.Wh-ever,however引导让步状语从句。Wh-ever=nomatterwh-,however=nomatterhow
32Howdifficulttheproblemmaybe,wemustworkitoutthisevening.Whateverreasonsyouhave,youshouldcarryoutyourpromise.巩固提升1.Neverinmylifesuchathing.A.IhaveheardoforseenB.IhadheardoforseenC.haveIheardoforseenD.didIhearoforseen2.SeldomA.theywatch.TVduringtheday.B.aretheywatchingC.havetheywatchedD.dotheywatch3.Notuntilhiscomradescriticizedhimtoadmithismistake.A.doeshebeginB.didhebeginC.beganheD.hadhebegun4.Notonlyapromise,butalsohekeptit.A.didhemakeB.hemadeC.doeshemakeD.hashemade5.norreadEnglish.A.Can?theeitherwriteB.HecanneitherwriteC.CanheneitherwriteD.Neitherhecanwrite6.OnlywhenthousandsofflowersbloomtogetherA.springwillbeconsideredhereC.canspringbeconsideredhereB.couldspringbeconsideringhereD.springcanbeconsideredhere7.hisappearancethatnoonecouldrecognizehim.A.SowasstrangeB.WassostrangeC.SostrangewasD.Strangesowas8.andcaughtthemouse.A.Upthecatjumped9.“Itwascoldyesterday.'"：B.ThecatupjumpedC.UpjumpedthecatD.JumpedupthecatA.Soitwas10..“Whichofthefollowingiswrong.B.SoisittodayC.SowasitthedaybeforeD.Soitdidandthelessonbegan.A.IncameMr.BrownB.Mr.BrownincameC.IncameheD.CameinMr.Brown11.OnthewallA.hangs12.Nevertwolargeportraits.B.hangC.hangedD.arehangingsuchawonderfulplaceasHangzhou.A.haveIseenB.IhaveseenC.HadIseenD.Ihadseen13..,shewasverybrave.A.GirlasshewasB.AsshewasagirlC.AgirlasshewasD.Girlaswasshe14.LittleA.SusanknewB.didSusanknowC.knewSusanD.wasSusanknown15.SuchA.istheresultsoftheexperiments.B.wasC.areD.asbethatshewasseriouslyillherself.16.1didn'treadthenotice.A.SodidheB.Neitherdidn'theC.NordidheD.Hedidn't,too17.A.IfIknewitB.HadIknownitC.IfIknowitD.DidIknowit,Iwouldhavephonedyou.18.“Theyhavedoneagoodjob.M;A.SotheyhavedoneB.SotheyhaveC.SohavetheyD.Soisit19.NowA.thereisB.hascomeC.comesD.willcome20.HardlyA.didIreachtherailwaystationwhenthetrainstarted.B.hadIreachedC.IreachedD.Ihadreachedyourturntorecitethetext.21.liketowatchTVplays,butIdon'twatchTVeveryevening.Mt4.A.SodoIB.SoIdoC.IdosoD.Soitiswithme22.Rarelysuchasillything.
33A.DidB.ShouldC.WouldD.Will24.Seldomplaychess.A.weB.wewill25.Onlyafterhisdeathconsideredcorrect.A.washistheoryB.histheorywas26.AlbertEinsteincaredlittleformoney.A.EitherdidB.Sowas27.theplane.C.doweC.didhistheoryProfessorWang.C.SodidD.willweD.hadhistheoryD.NeitherdidA.FlewdownB.DownflewC.DownwasflyingD.Downflying28.1don'tthinkJackwillcometoday,.A.orMarydoesB.MarywilleitherC.andMarydoesn'tD.norwillMary29.“Whereisyourfather?”"Oh,A.herecomesheB.heredoeshecomeC.heherecomesD.herehecomes30.herealizeditwastoolatetoreturnhome.A.haveIheardofB.IhaveheardofC.hearIofD.wasIheardof23.therainstop,thecropswouldbesaved.A.NosooneritgrewdarkthanB.HardlydiditgrowdarkwhenC.11wasnotuntildarkthatD.11wasuntildarkthat虚拟语气【TheSubjunctiveMood】语气（mood）是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。英语中的语气有三种：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。直陈语气（indicativemood）,表示所说的话是事实。祈使语气（imperativemood）,表示所说的话是请求或命令。虚拟语气（subjunctivemood）,表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一.虚拟语气在条件句中的应用学习虚拟语气在条件句中的用法之前我们必须清楚条件句的种类：条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句（或称虚拟条件句）两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。Ifitdoesn'traintomorrow,Iwillgoforapicnic.假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。Oilfloatsifyoupouritonwater.你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起来。虚拟条件句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。条件从句主句与现在事实相违背过去式（动词是be用were）should/would/could/might+动词原形与过去事实相违背had+过去分词should/would/could/might+have+过去分词与未来事实相违背1）should+动词原形2）were+动词不定式3）过去式（动词是Be也可以用were）should/would/could/might+动词原形
341.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式（be的过去式用were）,主句的谓语用should（would,might,could）+动词原形。如：Ifitwerenotraining,weshouldgoforapicnic.如果现在不下雨的话，我们就出去野餐了。如果他来这，他就能够帮助你了。2.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用had+过去分词，主句的谓语用should（would,might,could）+have+过去分词。如：Shewouldhavegonetothepartyifshehadbeeninvited.要是当初她被邀请的话，她就会去参加这次聚会了。今天早上，她要是不叫我的话，我就会睡过头了。3.与将来事实可能相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式（be的过去式用were）；should+动词原形；wereto+动词原形，主句用should（would,might,could）+动词原形。如：IfIweretobetwentyyearsoldnextyear,IwouldtakethecourseofFrench.明年我要是二十岁，我就会学法语。要是失败了，我会再试一次。虚拟过去式有时并不表示“不大可能实现的假设”，而是表示一种希望或不希望发生的动作。如：Ifwecaughttheearlytrain,we'dgettherebylunchtime.Ifwemissedthetrain,weshouldhavetowaitanhouratthestation.4.混合型的条件句当条件从句与主句所表的时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应,这种条件句叫混合条件句。较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时（指过去行为），而主句用一般时（指目前状态）。Hewouldpassthetestifhehadtakenmyadvice.如果他听了我的劝告，他现在会通过考试。假如昨天我对他说了，现在我就知道该怎么办了。假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好得多。如条件从句用ifIwere...,主句则可用表任何时间的虚拟形式。如：IfIwerenotbusy,Iwouldhavecome.假如我不忙，我就会去了。IfIwereyou,Iwouldgo.假如我是你，我会去的。二.连词if的省略如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were,had和should时，可省略if,把were,had和should放到从句主语前面去，多见于书面语。要是没有你的帮助，我就失败了。假如你处在我的地位，你也会这样干的。假如他们进攻我们，我们就把他们彻底消灭干净。三.含蓄条件句虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况。1）条件暗含在短语中。如：Butforyourhelpwecouldn'thavesucceededintheexperiment.如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功的。（暗含在分词短词butforyourhelp）WhatwouldIhavedonewithoutyou?如没有你，我会怎么办呢？（条件暗含在介词短语withoutyou中）Itwouldbeeasiertodoitthisway.这样做会比较容易。（条件暗含在不定式短语todoitthisway中）Thissamething,happeninginwartime,amounttodisaster.同样的事，如发生在战时，就会酿成大祸。（条件暗含在分词短语happeninginwartime中）Hemusthavethestrengthofahippopotamus,orhenevercouldhavevanquishedthatgreatbeast.他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。（暗含条件是连词。r）Alone,hewouldhavebeenterrified.如是单独一人，他是会感到害怕的。（暗含条件是alone）
352）条件暗含在上下文中。如：Youmightstayhereforever.你可以永远待在这儿。（可能暗含ifyouwanledto）Wewouldhavesucceeded.我们本来是会成功的。（可能暗含ifwehadkepttrying）Yourreputationwouldberuined.你的名誉会败坏的。（可能暗含ifyoushouldacceptit）3）在不少情况下，虚拟式己变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。如：Youwouldn'tknow.你不会知道。Iwouldliketocome.我愿意来。四.不用if引导的条件从句虚拟条件句中的条件从句除用if引外，还可用when,unless,lest,suppose,asif,forfear,incase,oncondition等词语来引导。Thepeasantspreparedtofeedthecitywhenitshouldbefreed.农民己准备在这座城市解放后供给粮食。Lestyoushouldnothaveheardall,Ishallbeginatthebeginning.我怕你没有听全，所以我再从头开始讲一遍。UnlessIwerewell,Iwouldn'tbeatschool.除非我好了，否则我不会上学。SupposeyouweregivenachancetostudyinAmerica,wouldyouaccept?假如给你一个到美国学习的机会，你会接受吗？（suppose或supposing=whatif）Supposingitwereso?（=Supposingitwereso,whatwouldhappen?）要是这样的话，会怎么样呢？Hecanusethebicycleonconditionthatheshouldreturnittomorrow.如果明天能还回来，他就可以借用这辆自行车。IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeofmypromise如果我忘了，请提醒我的诺言。Susaniswalkingslowly,asifsheweretired.苏珊走得很慢，就像是累了似的。与if一样，上述词语所引导的条件从句亦可用直陈语气，表可能实现或发生的事。虚拟语气补充讲解虚拟语气除主要用于条件句（也就是状语从句）外，还可用于主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句等。1.虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用“常用在Ilis（was）+形容词/过去分词+lhat引导的主语从句”的句型中的主语从句要用虚拟语气。主语从句的谓语用should+动词原形（或should+have+过去分词）或只用动词原形（尤其是美国英语）。should在此是助动词，本身并无实义，这种主语从句中的should有时有感情色彩。Itsimportantthatwe（should）workoutaplan.（带有“要求”的含义）It'sbetterthathegoatonce.（带有"建议"的意思）☆用于本句型的形容词并不多，常见形容词有：necessary,important»best,right,impossible,preferable,desirable,imperative,advisable>essential,reserved,urgent,等。Itisnecessarythathe（should）besentthereatonce.Ifsstrangethatheshouldsayso.Iwasgladthatheshouldgo.Itisapitythatsheshouldfaresobadly.☆用于本句型中的过去分词就是表示提议要求、命令等动词的过去分词，如suggested,settled,required,requested,demandedturged,decided,proposed,ordered,desired,advised等。ItisrequestedthatProfessorLiu（should）giveusalecture.Itisdesiredthatwe（should）geteverythingreadybytonight.I'mashamedyoushouldhavedonesuchathing.Ithasbeensuggestedthatthemeeting（should）beputoff.注意：这种句型中的主语从句也可用陈述语气，如：Itwasimportantthathemadeanexplicitstatementonthisscorelastweek.他上个星期对于这一方面做了明确的说明，这是很重要的。2.虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用1).宾语从句在表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词后，其谓语用should+动词原形或只用动词原形的虚拟语气，作为
36suggest,request,demand,urge,propose,prefer,advise,insist*require,order,command,maintain,ask,object,arrange,desire等动词的宾语。医生建议他不要去那里。Hesuggestedthatweshouldleaveearly.他建议我们早点动身。Thejudgeorderedthattheprisonershouldberemanded.法官命令被告还押。1).wish的宾语的从句，表示愿望，常省去连词that。☆从句的谓语动词可用过去式，表示现在的愿望(与现在事实相反)，虽实现的可能性不大，但仍有实现的可能。我但愿这是真的。☆从句的谓语动词还可用“could(would,might)+动词原形”用来表示将来的愿望我希望你再待一会儿。☆表无能为力的过去愿望(与过去事实相反)，可用“had+过去分词”或"could(would,might)+have+过去分词”我希望你昨天来过电话。我们真希望你来参加了我们的新年联欢会。2).wouldrather,wouldsooner等表示愿望，其宾语从句常用虚拟过去式。☆表示与现在和将来含义事实相反的虚拟语气要用动词的过去式☆用过去完成式(had+过去分词)表示过去事实相反的含义我宁愿你明天来。我宁愿她把重活留给别人。3).有些动词，如think,expect,believe,其否定式的宾语从句亦可用should+动词原形。如：Ineverthoughtheshouldrefuse.我万没有想到他会拒绝。Shedidnotexpectthatyoushouldcome.她没有预料你会来。3.虚拟语气在表语从句中的应用名词suggestion,proposal,order,advice,demand等作主语，其后的表语从句中的谓语动词一般使用虚拟语气，用should+动词原形或省略shouldo我的建议是我们应派几个战士去增援他们。他提出一个要求，要求她立刻离开这个地方。我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。注意：虚拟语气也可以用于同位语从句。有一项建议是布朗应该离队。4.虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用常用在Itistime(that)…句型中，定语从句常用虚拟过去式Itistimethechildrenwenttobed.孩子们早该上床睡觉了。(表示催促)It'shightimethathebegantothinkhowtodealwithmoney.他早该开始考虑如何与钱打交道。Itistimeweleft.我们该走了。Itistimewewenttobed.我们该去睡觉了。5.虚拟式动词原形亦常用在独立句中，表愿望LonglivetheCommunistPartyofChina!中国共产党万岁！Godblessyou!上帝保佑你。Goddamnit!该死的！Thedeviltakeyou!见鬼去吧!
37Sobeitthen.就那样吧。巩固提升1.1enjoyedthemovieverymuch.IwishIthebookfromwhichitwasmade.A.havereadB.hadreadC.shouldhavereadD.arereading2.Youarelate.Ifyouafewminutesearlier,youhim.A.come;wouldmeetB.hadcome;wouldhavemetC.come;willmeetD.hadcome;wouldmeet3.Thetwostudentstalkedasiftheyfriendsforyears.A.shouldbeB.wouldbeC.havebeenD.hadbeen4.ItisimportantthatIwithMr.Williamsimmediately.A.speakB.spokeC.willspeakD.tospeak5.Helookedasifheillfbralongtime.A.wasB.WereC.hasbeenD.hadbeen6.1fthedoctorhadcomeearlier,thepoorchildwouldnot.A.havelaidtherefbrtwohoursB.havebeenliedtherefbrtwohoursC.haveliedtherefbrtwohoursD.havelaintherefortwohours7.1wishthatIwithyoulastnight.A.wentB.couldgoC.havegoneD.couldhavegone8.Let'ssayyoucouldgothereagain,howfeel?A.willyouB.shouldyouC.wouldyouD.doyou9.1can'tstandhim.Healwaystalksasthoughheeverything.A.knewB.knowsC.hasknownD.hadknown10.thefog,weshouldhavereachedourschool.A.BecauseofB.InspiteofC.IncaseofD.Butfor1l.Ifyouhadtoldmeinadvance,Ihimattheairport.A.wouldmeetB.wouldhadmetC.wouldhavemetD.wouldhavemeet12.Mikecantakehiscarapartandputitbacktogetheragain.Icertainlywishhemehow.A.teachesB.willteachC.hastaughtD.wouldteach13.1wouldhavetoldhimtheanswer,haditbeenpossible,butIsobusythen.A.hadbeenB.wereC.wasD.wouldbe14.He'sworkinghardforfearthathe.A.shouldfallbehindB.fellbehindC.mayfallbehindD.wouldfallenbehind1.1Ifitanothertenminutes,thegamewouldhavebeencalledoff.A.hadrainedB.wouldhaverainedC.haveseenD.rained16.Hesuggestedthattheyuseatrickinsteadoffighting.A.shouldB.wouldC.doD.had17.MyfatherdidnotgotoNewYork;thedoctorsuggestedthathethere.A.notwentB.won'tgoC.notgoD.nottogo1.11wouldhavegonetothemeetingifItime.A.hadhadB.havehadC.hadD.wouldhavehad19.WouldyouratherIbuyinganewbike?A.decidedagainstB.willdecideagainstC.havedecidedD.shalldecideagainst20.Youlooksotiredtonight.Itistimeyou.A.gotosleepB.wenttosleepC.gotobedD.wenttobed21.—Whydidn'tyoubuyanewcar?—IwouldhaveboughtoneifIenoughmoney.A.hadB.havehadC.wouldhaveD.hadhad22.Ifshecouldsew,.A.shemakeadressB.shewouldhavemadeashirt
38C.shewillmakeashirtD.shewouldhadmadeacoat23.today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.WouldheleaveB.WasheleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleaves24.Hisdoctorsuggestedthatheashorttripabroad.A.willtakeB.wouldtakeC.takeD.took25.TheBakersarrivedlastnight.Ifthey'donlyletusknowearlier,atthestation.A.we'dmeetthemB.we'llmeetthemC.we'dhavemetthemD.we'vemetthem1.11fIyou,ImoreattentiontoEnglishidiomsandphrases.A.was;shallpayB.am;willpayC.wouldbe;wouldpayD.were;wouldpay27.Wemighthavefailedifyouusahelpinghand.A.havenotgivenB.wouldnotgiveC.hadnotgivenD.didnotgive28.Thelawrequiresthateveryonehiscarcheckedatleastonceayear.A.hasB.hadC.haveD.willhave29.Itisstrangethatheso.A.wouldsayB.wouldspeakC.shouldsayD.willspeak3O.HadIknownhername,A.ordoessheknowmine?B.andwheredoesshelive?C.shewouldbebeautiful.D.Iwouldhaveinvitedhertolunch.3l.Hehasjustarrived,buthetalksasifheallaboutthat.A.knowB.knowsC.knownD.knew32.IfIthemoney,Iwouldhaveboughtamuchbiggercar.A.possessedB.ownedC.hadD.hadhad33.Hewasverybusyyesterday;otherwise,hetothemeeting.A.wouldcomeB.cameC.wouldhavecomeD.willcome34.ThelibrarianinsiststhatJohnnomorebooksfromthelibrarybeforehereturnsallthebookshehasborrowed.A.willtakeB.tookC.takeD.takes35.1leftveryearlylastnight,butIwishIsoearly.A.didn'tleaveB.hadn'tleftC.haven'tleftD.couldn'tleave36.1donothaveajob.IwouldfindonebutInotime.A.hadB.didn'thaveC.hadhadD.have37.1wishthatyousuchabadheadachebecauseI'msurethatyouwouldhaveenjoyedtheconcert.A.hadn'tB.didn'thavehadC.hadn'thadD.hadn'thave38.Heinsistedthatweallinhisofficeatoneo'clock.A.beB.tobeC.wouldbeD.shallbe39.Helencouldn'tgotoFranceafterall.Thal'stoobad.I'msureshewouldhaveenjoyeditif.A.she'sgoneB.shellgoC.she'dgoneD.she'dgo40.--一Filbewaitingforyouathome.----Iwerebusyandcouldn'tcome?A.WhatifB.WhatwhenC.HowifD.Howwhen主谓一致一、定义“主谓一致”是指谓语动词与主语必须在人称、性、数上保持一致，即主语是复数，谓语也用复数形式，如are,were,have等，主语是单数，谓语要用单数形式，如：is,was,has,works等。二、主谓一致的种类：语法一致，意义一致和邻近一致。(一)、语法一致：主语为单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。
39e.g.Ioftenhimandheoftenme.Weofteneachother,(help)不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数；可数名词的复数形式作主语，谓语动词用复数。Morethanonestudentpraisedbytheheadmasteratthemeeting.1.由and和bolh…and…连接两个名词或代词作主语时，一般情况下谓语动词用复数形式。Heandshebothgoodstudents.Bothbreadandbuttersoldoutinthatgrocery.注意：如果连接两个以上的名词指的是同一个人或物，或者指同一概念的时候，谓语要用单数。Thesingeranddancergoingtogiveusaperformance.TheknifeandforkonthetableBreadandbutternutritious.奶油面包有营养©Warandpeaceaconstantthemeinhistory战争与和平是历史上一个永恒的主题。2.如果主语是不定式，动词ing形式或主语从句的时候，谓语动词一般用单数。Whenheiscoming(seem)veryimportant.他什么时候要来看起来很重要。Collectingstampshishobby.收集邮票是他的爱好°Tolovehernottobreakherwings.爱她就不该折断她自由飞翔的翅膀。3.定语从句的关系代词who,which,thal在从句中作主语时，要与先行词的人称和数保持一致。Thosewhosingingmayjoinus.Tom,whoyourfriend,shouldhelpyou.1,whoonlyacommonworker,willretireintwoyears.注意：oneof+复数名词+从句，从句的谓语动词应用复数，而the(only/very)oneof+复数名词+从句，从句的谓语动词应用单数。例如：Thisisoneofthemostinterestingquestionsthatbeenasked.(have)这是所问到的最有趣的问题之一。Sarahistheonlyoneofthegirlswhointheband*(play)He'stheonlyoneoftheboyswhopraised.He'soneoftheboyswhopraised.4.with,alongwith,togetherwith,aswellas,besides,like,without,except,but,including如果句子中有这些连接词和主语“连用，谓语动词的数随主语的变化而变化。例如：Theteacher,togetherwithhisstudents,plantingtreesinthestreet.老师和他的学生们正在街道上植树。Mr.Black,aswellastwowomen,attheoffice.Allbutoneherejustnow.除了一个,刚才其他所有的(人)都在这里。Alibrarywithfivethousandbooksofferedtothenation.有着五千本书的一个图书馆提供给了国家。5.由every...andevery...,each…andeach…，manya...andmanya…，no...andno…等构成复合主语时，谓语动词用单数形
40式。例如：Eachmanandeachwomaninvited.每个男人和女人都邀请了。Noboyandnogirltherenow.现在那里没有一个男孩和女孩。Manyaboyandmanyagirlbeeninvited.(have)很多男孩和女孩都被邀请了。InChinaeveryboyandeverygirltherighttoreceiveeducation.(have)在中国每个男孩和女孩都有接受教育的权利。4.“morethanone/manya+名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数；"morethantwo,three...+名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：Morethanoneboybeenthere.(have)不止一个孩子去过那里。Manyastudentgoingtobealawyerinthefuture.将来不止一个学生要当律师。Morethantwoboysbeenthere.(have)不止两个孩子去过那里。5.the+形容词，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数；若the+形容词，表示一类物，谓语动词用单数。例如：Therichforthedecisionbutthepooragainstit.有钱人支持这个决定，但是穷人反对它。Thegreenhers.这件绿色的东西是她的。Thebeautifulforever,(live)美是永存的.6.由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但若从句谓语或从句后的表语是复数形式,则谓语动词用复数.Whatyousaidquitetodiepoint.你说到点子上去了.Whatweneedqualifiedteachers.我们需要的是合格的教师.比较：Whatshesaysanddoesnotagree.(do)(“说"和"做"是两件事)Whatshesaysanddoesnotmattermuch.(说和做为一件事，总指其行为)注意:由and连接两个what从句作主语时，谓语动词要用复数.例如：Whathesaidandwhathediddifferent.他言行不一致.WhatIsayandwhatIthinknobusinessofhis.我所说的和想的不管他的事.9,代词none和ne汕er做主语时，有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待，主要根据说话人的意思来决定。但是代表不可数名词时，只作单数。neither作形容词时与单数名词连用，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Noneofthemarrivedyet.(have)Noneofthismoneymine.Neitherofthestudentstheanswer.(know)这两个学生都不知道答案。Neitherstatementtrue.这两个陈述都不真实。10.“分数或百分数+of+名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于其中的名词.例如:Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthsea,四分之三的地球表面是海洋。Two-thirdsoftheyouththeplan.(support)三分之二的年轻人支持这个计划。Tensoftonsofwasteintotheairwiththesmokeeveryday.(go)
41每天得有数十吨的废物随着烟雾排放到空中。10.由every,any,some,no构成的复合词everyone,everybody,everything,anyone,anybody,anything,someone,somebody,something,noone,nobody,nothing以及each,every,either,little,much等+名词/代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Muchbeendonetosolvethetrafficproblem.(have)已经为解决交通问题做了许多工作。Whenhecameback,nothingthesameasbefore.他回来时，一切都和以前不一样了。Everyoneintheclassssumrisedatthenews.Listen,someoneknockingatthedoor.11.“all(of),half(of),some(of)以及therest(of),most(of),theremainder,plentyof,apartof,alotof,lotsof等十名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所修饰的名词。例如：Halfofthefoodbeensenttothatarea.(have)一半的食物背送往那个地方。Halfofthestudentsseenthefilm,(have)一半的学生看过这个电影。Mostofhissparetimespentinreading,这食物中有一半不能吃。Mostofthehousesinthistownnew.这座城市的大多数房子是新的。Therestofthemoneylockedinthesafe.剩余的钱锁在保险箱的。Therestofthepeasantsstillpoor.其余的农民还很穷。13,-thiskindof+复数名词”做主语时,谓语动词用单数；“复数名词+ofthiskind”做主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如:ThiskindofapplesimportedfromAmerica,这种苹果是从美国进口的。Plantsofthiskindgrowingintropicalareas.这种植物生长在热带地区。二、意义一致所谓意义一致原则是指谓语动词和主语一致不是取决于主语的语法形式，而是其实际意义。有的主语名词在形式上是单数，但在意义上却是复数；有的主语名词在形式上是复数，但在意义上却是单数。1.集合名词作主语，动词可用单数，也可以用复数。主要由句子的意思决定。强调整体谓语动词用单数；指全体人员时，动词则用复数。这一类常见的集合名词有public,family,class,crowd,population,team,group0Hisfamilyagoodsampletofollow.他们家是一个学习的榜样。Hisfamilyallmusiclovers.他们全家人都是音乐爱好者。2.某些名词如people,police,cattle等，形式上是单数，但意义上是复数，谓语动词应用复数。People指“民族”时例外。Thepolicesearchingforathief.Thecattleeatinggrassonthehill.3.某些词结尾字母为s,但并不是复数形式，如:physics,maths,economics(经济学),politics,news...作主语时用单数形式。means,works(著作)单复同形。例如：Physicsveryimportant.物理是很重要的。AHmeansbeentried.(have)所有的方法都已经试过了。Everypossiblemeansbeenusedtopreventairpollution,buttheskyisstillnotclear.(have)4.当一些由两部分构成的表示衣物或工具的名称作主语时，谓语用复数形式，如:trousers,shorts,shoes,glasses,goods,
42clothes,chopsticks,scissors.如果这些词由apair,piece,kind,type,box+of修饰，则用单数形式.例如：Mytrouserswhiteandhisclothesblack.我的裤子是白色的，他的衣服是黑色的。Thesekindsofglassespopular,(kinds为复数时，谓语动词用复数)这几种眼镜很流行。Theshoeswornout.鞋子破了。Thepairofshoeswornout,这双鞋破了。1.单复数同形的名词，如sheep,deer等做主语时，应根据主语的单复数意义确定谓语动词的形式。例如：Adeeroverthere.那儿有一只鹿。Somedeeroverthere.那儿有几只鹿《2.populalion做主语时，通常看作单数，若population前有分数、百分数修饰时，则句子谓语通常用复数。例如：ThepopulationinChinaverylargeand80%ofthepopulationinruralareas.中国人口很多，其中80%的人住在农村。3.表示距离，时间，长度,价值，金额，重量等的词，用复数形式时，谓语动词一般用单数。例如：Twothousanddollarsalargesum.两千美圆是一大笔钱。Twohoursenough.两个小时就足够了。4.“a/an+单数名词+andhalf”或、+单数名词+ortwo”作主语时，谓语动词常用单数;“oneandahalf+复数名词”或“oneortwo+复数名词”做主语时，谓语动词常用复数。例如：Ayearandahalfpassed.(have)Oneandahalftonsofricesold.Oneortwodaysenoughforthiswork.Adayortwoenoughforthiswork.5.复合不定代词作主语，谓语动词要用单数，如someone,somebody,something,anybody,anyone,anything,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,noone,nothing□Someoneaskingforyou.有人找你。Nothingfoundintheroom,在屋子里什么也没找到。6.时间、距离、重量、价格等度量衡复数名词及书刊名作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。Thirtyyearsnotalongtime.RootsafamousAmericannovel.《根》是一部美国的著名小说。三、近邻原则由or,notonly...butalso...,not...but...,either...or,neither...nor,whetheror连接主语时，谓语与靠近的主语一致,即就近一致的原则。Therebe句型例如：Heorhisbrotherstoblame.应该怪他或他的弟兄们。EitheryouorImad.要么是你要么是我疯了。Neitheryounorheright.你和它都不对。Notonlytheteacherbutalsohisfamilyfriendlytome.不仅老师,而且他的家人都对我很友好。
43巩固提升1.ThreediedintheterriblefireinLuoyanglastwinter.A.hundredspeopleB.hundredpeopleC.hundredspeoplesD.hundredpeoples2.Eitheryouorthepresidenttheprizestothesegiftedwinnersatthemeeting.A.ishandingoutB.aretohandoutC.arehandingoutD.istohandout3.1,whoyourclosefriend,willtrymybesttohelpyououtoftrouble.A.amB.isC.areD.be4.TheOlympicGamesintheyear2008inBeijingofChina,whichknowntousall.A.istohold;isB.istobeheld;wasC.aretohold;isD.aretobeheld;is5.TherealotofrubbishonthefloorsoIaskedMarytosweepup.A.were;itB.are;themC.was;itD.is;them6.Threemilliontonsofcoaleveryyearinthecity.A.isexploitedB.areexploitedC.hadexploitedD.haveexploited7.StoriesoftheLongMarchpopularwiththeyoungpeoplenow.A.isB.wasC.areD.were8.Mathematicsthelanguageofscience.A.areB.aregoingtobeC.isD.istobe9.Bothriceandwheatgrowninourcountry.A.isB.areC.wasD.were10.eitherofyourparentscometoseeyourecently?A.HaveB.HadC.HasD.Is11.Whatthechildreninthemountainvillageneedgoodbooks.A.isB.areC.haveD.has12.ThewholefamilyTVattentively.A.arewatchingB.iswatchingC.isseeingD.areseeing13.Nothingbutseveralglassesboughtbymyfatherthedaybeforeyesterday.A.wasB.wereC.havebeenD.wouldbe14.Atthebusstopasoldierandtwoyoungpeopleontheirwaytothevillage.A.wereB.wasC.isD.sits15.Iflawandorder,neitherthecitizennorhisfamilyissafe.A.arenotpreservedB.isnotpreservedC.werepreservedD.havenotbeenpreserved16.Therelittlechangeinthatmiddleschool.A.haveB.hadC.havebeenD.hasbeen17.Whatsuchasunsetisstrangetousall.A.goingtobeB./C.isD.that18.Seventy-fivepercentoftheearthssurfacewithwater.A.iscoveredB.iscoveringC.werecoveredD.arecovered19.Thefollowingsomeothermentaldiseases.A.beingB.areC.wasD.were
4417.NotonlyyoubutalsoIabletohelphimout.
45A.areB.isC.amD.were21.44TheKites"usastoryofthekiteshistory.A.havetoldB.tellsC.weretoldD.wastold22.YouandItwinsisters.A.wereB.areC.isD.am23.AteacherofEnglishandclassteacherussomethingaboutvolunteerworkers.A.aretellingB.istellingC.aregivenD.weregiven24.Thousandsoftonsofrubbishoveralargeperiodoftime.A.rotsawayB.rotawayC.hasrottedawayD.arerottedaway25.Mayoraswellasvolunteerworkersthenewly-builtstadium.A.iscleaningB.arecleaningC.werecleaningD.havecleaned26.ManyastudentsomethingaboutAbrahamLincoln.A.haveknownB.knowsC.isknownD.areknown27.Thedefenceworksbuiltlongagotokeeptheenemyaway.A.wereB.hasbeenC.hadbeenD.was28.“Haveyouallstudiedthepassage4UsingtheMindagainstDisease??”"A.NobodyofushasB.NobodyofushaveC.NoneofushasD.Noneofusdid29.AgroupofItaliansoldiersquicklytowardstheirposition.A.wereadvancingB.wereadvancedC.wasadvancingD.advancing30.Everyone,menandwomen,oldandyoungsportsandgames.A.isenjoyB.wereenjoyingC.enjoysD.enjoy
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