Audit Sampling (审计抽样英文版).pptx

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AuditSamplingChapter13 LearningObjective1Explaintheconceptofrepresentativesampling. RepresentativeSamplesArepresentativesampleisoneinwhichthecharacteristicsinthesampleofauditinterestareapproximatelythesameasthoseofthepopulation.Nonsamplingriskistheriskthataudittestsdonotuncoverexistingexceptionsinthesample. RepresentativeSamplesSamplingriskistheriskthatanauditorreachesanincorrectconclusionbecausethesampleisnotrepresentativeofthepopulation.Samplingriskisaninherentpartofsamplingthatresultsfromtestinglessthantheentirepopulation. LearningObjective2Distinguishbetweenstatisticalandnonstatisticalsamplingandbetweenprobabilisticandnonprobabilisticsampleselection. StatisticalVersusNonstatisticalSamplingStep1Planthesample.Step2Selectthesampleandperformthetests.Step3Evaluatetheresults.Similarities StatisticalVersusNonstatisticalSamplingStatisticalsamplingallowsthequantificationofsamplingriskinplanningthesample(Step1)andevaluatingtheresults(Step3).Innonstatisticalsamplingthoseitemsthattheauditorbelieveswillprovidethemostusefulinformationareselected.Differences SampleSelectionMethods1.Directedsampleselection2.Blocksampleselection3.HaphazardsampleselectionNonprobabilistic SampleSelectionMethods1.SimplerandomsampleselectionSystematicsampleselectionProbabilityproportionaltosizesampleselection4.StratifiedsampleselectionProbabilistic NonprobabilisticSampleSelectionMethodsItemselectionbasedonauditorjudgmentalcriteriaItemsmostlikelytocontainmisstatementsItemscontainingselectedpopulationcharacteristicsLargedollarcoverageDirectedSampleSelection NonprobabilisticSampleSelectionMethodsItemsmostlikelytocontainmisstatementsSelectionofseveralitemsinsequenceBlockSampleSelectionHaphazardSampleSelection LearningObjective3Selectrepresentativesamples. ProbabilisticSampleSelectionMethodsSimpleRandomSampleSelectionEverypossiblecombinationofelementsinthepopulationhasanequalchanceofconstitutingthesample.ComputergenerationofrandomnumbersRandomnumbertables ProbabilisticSampleSelectionMethodsSystematicSampleSelectionTheauditorcalculatesanintervalandthenselectstheitemsforthesamplebasedonthesizeoftheinterval.Theintervalisdeterminedbydividingthepopulationsizebythenumberofsampleitemsdesired. ProbabilisticSampleSelectionMethodsProbabilityProportionaltoSizeSampleSelectionAsampleistakenwheretheprobabilityofselectinganyindividualpopulationitemisproportionaltoitsrecordedamount(PPS). ProbabilisticSampleSelectionMethodsStratifiedSampleSelectionThepopulationisdividedintosubpopulationsbysizeandlargersamplesaretakenofthelargersubpopulations. LearningObjective4Defineanddescribeauditsamplingforexceptionrates. SamplingforExceptionRatesTheoccurrencerate,orexceptionrate,istheratiooftheitemscontainingthespecificattributetothetotalnumberofpopulationitems. SamplingforExceptionRatesFollowingaretypesofexceptionsinpopulationsofaccountingdata:–deviationsfromclient’sestablishedcontrols–monetarymisstatementsinpopulationsoftransactiondata–monetarymisstatementsinpopulationsofaccountbalancedetails LearningObjective5Useauditsamplingintestsofcontrolsandsubstantivetestsoftransactions. TermsUsedinAuditSamplingTermsRelatedtoPlanningCharacteristicorattributeAcceptableriskofassessingcontrolrisktoolow(ARACR)Tolerableexceptionrate(TER)Estimatedpopulationexceptionrate(EPER)Initialsamplesize TermsUsedinAuditSamplingTermsRelatedtoEvaluatingResultsExceptionSampleexceptionrate(SER)Computedupperexceptionrate(CUER) I:PlantheSampleStep1Statetheobjectivesoftheaudittest.Step2Decidewhetherauditsamplingapplies.Step3Defineattributesandexceptionconditions.Step4Definethepopulation.Step5Definethesamplingunit. I:PlantheSampleSpecifyacceptableriskofassessingcontrolrisktoolow.Step7Estimatethepopulationexceptionrate.Step8Determinetheinitialsamplesize.Step9Specifythetolerableexceptionrate.Step6 II:SelecttheSampleandPerformtheTestsSelectthesample.Step10Performtheauditprocedures.Step11 III:EvaluatetheResultsGeneralizefromthesampletothepopulation.Step12Analyzeexceptions.Step13Decidetheacceptabilityofthepopulation.Step14 GuidelinesforARACRandTERTestsofControlFactorAssessedcontrolrisk–Consider:Nature,extent,andtimingofsubstantivetestsQualityofevidenceavailablefortestsofcontrolsSignificanceofthetransactionsandrelatedaccountbalancesthattheinternalcontrolsareintendedtoaffect GuidelinesforARACRandTERTestsofControlJudgmentLowestassessedcontrolriskModerateassessedcontrolriskHigherassessedcontrolrisk100%assessedcontrolriskGuidelineARACRoflowARACRofmed.ARACRofhighARACRisN/AHighlysignificantbalancesSignificantbalancesLesssignificantbalancesTERof4%TERof5%TERof6% GuidelinesforARACRandTERTestsofTransactionPlannedReductioninResultsofUnderstandingSubstantiveTestsofInternalControlandDetailsofBalancesTestsofControlsLargeExcellentGoodNotgoodModerateExcellentGoodNotgoodSmallExcellentGoodNotgood GuidelinesforARACRandTERTestsofTransactionPlannedReductioninARACRforTERforSubstantiveTestsofSubstantiveTestsSubstantiveTestsDetailsofBalancesofTransactionsofTransactionsLargeHighPercentoramountMediumbasedonmaterialityLowconsiderationsModerateHighPercentoramountMediumbasedonmaterialityMedium-lowconsiderationsSmallHighPercentoramountMedium-highbasedonmaterialityMediumconsiderations EffectonSampleSizeofChangingFactorsTypeofChangeEffectonInitialSampleSizeIncreaseacceptableriskofassessingcontrolrisktoolowDecreaseIncreasetolerableriskrateDecreaseIncreaseestimatedpopulationexceptionrateIncreaseIncreasepopulationsizeIncrease(minor) DecidetheAcceptabilityofthePopulationReviseTERorARACRExpandthesamplesizeReviseassessmentcontrolriskCommunicatewiththeauditcommitteeormanagement SummaryofAuditSampleStepsPLANTHESAMPLE(Steps1-9)NumberofexceptionsinsampleandactualsamplesizeEVALUATETHERESULTS(Steps12-14)ToStep12ToStep14SampleexceptionrateFromStep12CompareTo/FromStep6SELECTTHESAMPLE(Step10)PERFORMTHETESTS(Step11) LearningObjective6Differentiateauditsamplingfortestsofdetailsofbalancesandfortestsofcontrolsandsubstantivetestsoftransactions. TestsofDetailsofBalances,Controls,andSubstantiveTransactionsTestsofControlsSubstantivetestsoftransactionsSamplingfortestsofdetailsofbalances LearningObjective7Applynonstatisticalsamplingtotestsofdetailsofbalances. NonstatisticalSamplingThereare14stepsrequiredinauditsamplingfortestsofdetailsofbalance.Thesestepsparallelthe14stepsusedforsamplingfortestsofcontrolsandsubstantivetestsoftransactions.Thereareafewdifferencesbecauseofthedifferentobjectivesofthetests. TestsofControlsandSubstantiveTestsofTransactionsStep1Statetheobjectivesoftheaudittest.Step2Decidewhetherauditsamplingapplies.Step3Defineattributesandexceptionconditions.Step4Definethepopulation.Step5Definethesamplingunit. AuditSamplingforTestsofDetailsofBalancesStep1Statetheobjectivesoftheaudittest.Step2Decidewhetherauditsamplingapplies.Step3Definemisstatementconditions.Step4Definethepopulation.Step5Definethesamplingunit.Difference TestsofControlsandSubstantiveTestsofTransactionsSpecifyacceptableriskofassessingcontrolrisktoolow.Step7Estimatethepopulationexceptionrate.Step8Determinetheinitialsamplesize.Step9Specifythetolerableexceptionrate.Step6 AuditSamplingforTestsofDetailsofBalancesSpecifyacceptableriskofincorrectacceptance.Step7Estimatemisstatementsinthepopulation.Step8Determinetheinitialsamplesize.Step9Specifytolerablemisstatement.Step6Difference TestsofControlsandSubstantiveTestsofTransactionsSelectthesample.Step10Performtheauditprocedures.Step11Thisisthesameasin“AuditSamplingforTestsofDetailsofBalances.” TestsofControlsandSubstantiveTestsofTransactionsGeneralizefromthesampletothepopulation.Step12Analyzetheexceptions.Step13Decidetheacceptabilityofthepopulation.Step14 AuditSamplingforTestsofDetailsofBalancesGeneralizefromthesampletothepopulation.Step12Analyzethemisstatements.Step13Decidetheacceptabilityofthepopulation.Step14Difference ActionWhenaPopulationIsRejectedTakenoactionuntiltestsofotherauditareasarecompletedPerformexpandedaudittestsinspecificareasIncreasethesamplesizeAdjusttheaccountbalanceRequesttheclienttocorrectthepopulationRefusetogiveanunqualifiedopinion EndofChapter13