2023年高考英语复习讲练测第11讲 阅读理解细节理解题（讲）（全国通用教案）

《2023年高考英语复习讲练测第11讲 阅读理解细节理解题（讲）（全国通用教案）》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

2023年高考英语复习讲练测第11讲阅读理解细节理解题（讲）【考纲考情】细节理解类在历年高考卷中占很大比例，几乎占据了阅读理解总题量的“半壁江山”。这类题考查对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节的理解，要求在快速阅读文章的同时，能从中获取某些特定的信息。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该类题的关键。命题方式：1.特殊疑问句形式。以when，where，what.which，who，howmuch/many等疑问词开头引出问题。2.填空题形式。通常涉及与主题有关的事实或细节。题型和考查角度：1.高频考点：直接信息题；间接信息题。2.低频考点：数字计算题；细节排序题。【考点梳理】细节理解题考查考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节的理解,特点是题干针对原文提到的某事物、现象或理论进行发问。有些问题可以直接从文中找到明确的答案,有些则需要在理解的基础上将有关信息进行处理,如计算、排序、判断、比较等。细节理解类题在高考试卷中占很大的比例,特别是在应用文、说明文和记叙文中,更是侧重对细节理解题的考查。解題步骤：采用寻读法，解题分三步：1.先读题干，抓住关键词；2.带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子；3.仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。正确选项特点：1.语言简化：把原文中复杂的语言现象进行简化，设置为答案。2.同义替换：对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。3.正话反说：把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。干扰项特点：1.扩缩范围；以偏概全或以全概偏。2.张冠李戴：为原文内容，但非题目要求或要点。3.无中生有：与原文不符或原文并未提及。4.偷梁换柱：符合常识但不符合原文内容。5.颠倒黑白：与原文意思大相径庭或完全相反。6.正误参半：部分正确，部分错误。解题原则：忠实于原文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。学科网（北京）股份有限公司

1【解题方法】（一）、原文定位破解直接信息题【例】(2021·新高考全国卷I)Romecanbepriceyfortravelers,whichiswhymanychoosetostayinahostel(旅社).ThehostelsinRomeofferabedinadormroomforaround$25anight,andforthat,you'lloftengettostayinacentrallocation(位置)withsecurityandcomfort.21.Whatisprobablythemajorconcernoftravelerswhochoosetostayinahostel?A.Comfort.B.Security.C.Price.D.Location.【答案】C第一步题干关键词:what,concern,stayinahostel第二步原文定位点:Romecanbepriceyfortravelers,whichiswhymanychoosetostayinahostel(旅社).第三步直接得答案:根据pricey可知“罗马对旅行的人来说可能很昂贵”,故选C项。（二）、同义互释破解间接信息题审读题干，提取关键信息→速读定位原文信息句，将试题信息与原文信息进行语义转换(同义或近义词语)→逐一核对选项，仔细辨别，得出答案。【例】(2021·全国乙卷·D篇)Sowhydosomanyofushateouropenoffices?Theproblemmaybethat,inouroffices,wecan'tstopourselvesfromgettingdrawnintoothers'conversationswhilewe'retryingtofocus.Indeed,theresearchersfoundthatfacetofaceinteractionsandconversationsaffectthecreativeprocess,andyetacoworkingspaceoracoffeeshopprovidesacertainlevelofnoisewhilealsoprovidingfreedomfrominterruptions.34．Whatmakesanopenofficeunwelcometomanypeople?A．Personalprivacyunprotected.B．Limitedworkingspace.C．Restrictionsongroupdiscussion.D．Constantinterruptions.【答案】D　【解析】细节理解题。根据题干关键词“openofficeunwelcometomanypeople”可定位原文信息句为本段第一句“Sowhydosomanyofushateouropenoffices？”其中unwelcome与hate为近义词转换。由此可知，开放式办公室不受人们欢迎的原因是让我们不断地卷入别人的谈话中，受到很多干扰。故选D。（三）、整合推算破解数字计算题审读题干，提取关键信息→速读定位原文中包含该信息的相关段落→进行推算，得出答案。【例】(2018·江苏高考·A篇)...Admission$25.00recommendedforadults,$12.00recommendedforstudents,includestheMainBuildingandTheCloisters(回廊)onthesameday;freeforchildrenunder12withanadult....56．Howmuchmaytheypayifan11yearoldgirlandherworkingparentsvisitthemuseum?学科网（北京）股份有限公司

2A．$12.B．$37.C．$50.D．$62.【答案】C　【解析】细节理解题。根据题干关键词Howmuch和pay可迅速定位到原文信息“$25.00recommendedforadults,$12.00recommendedforstudents,includestheMainBuildingandTheCloisters(回廊)onthesameday;freeforchildrenunder12withanadult.”可知，成人票价25美元，12岁以下儿童在大人的陪同下免费。因而11岁的女孩和其父母只需支付两张成人票款即可。故选C。（四）、首尾定位破解细节排序题审读题干和四个选项的内容→利用首尾，排除掉部分选项，缩小范围→如排序内容较多，再查看剩余选项的异同处，进一步缩小范围；如排序内容较少，一般即可快速得出答案。【例】　Aschoolgirlsavedherfather'slifebykickinghiminthechestafterhesufferedaseriousallergic(过敏的)reactionwhichstoppedhisheart.Izzy,nine,restartedfatherColm'sheartbystamping(踩)onhischestafterhefelldownathomeandstoppedbreathing.Izzy'smother,Debbie,immediatelycalled999butIzzyknewdoctorswouldneverarriveintimetosaveherfather,sodecidedtouseCPR.However,shequicklydiscoveredherarmsweren'tstrongenough,soshestampedonherfather'schestinstead.Debbiethentookoverwithsomemoreconventionalchestcompressions(按压)untiltheambulancearrived.Izzy,whohasbeengivenabraveryawardbyherschool,said,“Ijustkickedhimreallyhard.MymumtaughtmeCPRbutIknewIwasn'tstrongenoughtousehands.Iwasquitescared.ThedoctorsaidImightaswellbeadoctororanurse.MymumsaidthatDadwasgoingtohospitalwithabigfootprintonhischest.”“She'salittlestar，”saidDebbie,“IwasreallyupsetbutIzzyjusttookover.Ijustcan'tbelievewhatshedid.Ireallythinkallchildrenshouldbetaughtfirstaid.IzzydidCPRthenthedoctorturnedup.Colmhadtohavemoretreatmentonthewaytothehospitalandwe'vegottoseeanexpert.”TruckdriverColm,35,sufferedamysteryallergicreactiononSaturdayandwastakentohospital,butwassenthomeonlyforittohappenagainthenextday.Thesecondattackwassoseriousthathisairwayswelled,preventinghimfrombreathing,hisbloodpressuredroppedsuddenly,andhisheartstoppedforamoment.Hehasnowmadeafullrecoveryfromhissuffering.What'stherightorderoftheevents?①IzzykickedColm.②Debbiecalled999.③IzzylearnedCPR.④Colm'sheartstopped.A．③①②④B．④②③①C．③④②①D．④③①②【答案】B　【解析】细节理解题。通过速读原文可知，第一件事是Colm'sheartstopped，而最后一件事是IzzykickedColm，故选B。学科网（北京）股份有限公司

3【解题技巧】1.掌握技巧,灵活运用(1)细心审题,直接就题找答案提取“带着问题找答案”的方法,先从问题中抓住关键性尚(题眼),然后以此为线索运用略读及查读的技巧快速:得在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句,仔细品味,对照比较,确定答案。(2)变通理解,间接转述找答案细节理解题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述,命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生,即对原句细微处做改动,摘取原文词语或结构进行改造,因果倒置,把A的观点说成B的观点等。(3)多点归纳,综合事实找答案细节理解题有时考查的并不是单一的信息,而是多处信息的整合。解答此类“综合”信息细节题时,一定要全面捕捉相关信息,进行综合分析、归纳,切忌根据“一面之词”草率地得出结论。2.明确干扰,破除陷阱(1)扩大或缩小范围文章为了表达准确严密,经常通过加上相应的词语限制如涉及数量时常用many,almostall,nearly,morethan,over,onlyafew,normally等限制。有些干扰项改变或去掉限定词语,甚至是扩大或缩小语言范围。(2)偷换概念命题者设计试题时往往把原文的概念偷换成另一个不同的概念。望文生义是造成错误的主要原因。(3)正误并存在干扰项中,某个句子或词语是正确的,其他分句或词语是错误的或表达不全面,正误并存,命题者常会借此以假乱真。【题型剖析】阅读理解AI’mMay.highschoolseniorsallaroundtheU.S.scramble(争抢)togetreadyforprom.Prom.shortforpromenade,isaformaldanceheldbyahighschoolbeforegraduation.It'sanimportantaspectofAmericanschoolculturebecauseit'sthelasthigh-schooldanceseniorswilleverattend.Promentails(牵涉)countlesstraditions.Firstaguymustaskagirltogotopromwithhim.Mostguyschoosetodospecialpromproposalsinhopesofwinningthegirl'sheartwiththeircreativity.Thenhewillrentatuxedo(燕尾服),andthegirlwilloftengettheirhair,nailsandmakeupdoneprofessionally.Thatnightcoupleswilltakepictures,andthentheywilloftentakealimousine(豪华轿车)todinnerandtothedance.Severalreportsstatethatparentscanspendupwardof$2,000togivetheirkidstheperfectpromexperience.Thehistoryofpromcanbetracedbacktothelasthalfofthe1800s.Atthattime,Americanuniversitiesandcollegesorganizeddanceseachyearfortheirgraduatingstudents.Thepurposewasnotonlytoentertainthestudentsbutalsotopreparethemforthewiderworldbyteachingthempropermannersformenandwomen.Later,highschoolstookoverthepromtradition.Inthe1950s,highschoolsbeganmovingthedancefromtheirgymstobeautifulhotelsorcountryclubstomaketheeventevenmorespecial.Perhapsthemostamazing学科网（北京）股份有限公司

4promtookplacein1975,whenSusanFord,thedaughterofthecountry'spresident,receivedpermissiontoholdherhighschool'spromattheWhiteHouse.Sofar,nootherpromhasmanagedtotopthat.1．Whatdoesthisarticlemainlyexplainaboutprom?A．Itsunusualatmosphere.B．Itspresentandfuture.C．Itseducationalbenefits.D．Itscustomsandroots.2．Accordingtothisarticle,whatdotheparticipantsinprommainlypayattentionto?A．Theirappearance.B．Theirpossessions.C．Theirtransportation.D．Theirsupervisors.3．Whatwerepeoplesupposedtolearnfrompromatonetime?A．Whatmarketingplantouse.B．Howtobehavearoundothers.C．Whichfoodwasbesttoeat.D．Whentoearnagreatdegree.4．Accordingtothisarticle,wherewasaspecialeventheldmorethanfourdecadesago?A．Inanofficialresidence.B．Inaninternationalcourt.C．Inamotionpicturestudio.D．Inamoderngallery.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述毕业舞会的文化和起源。1．D【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“It'sanimportantaspectofAmericanschoolculturebecauseit'sthelasthigh-schooldanceseniorswilleverattend.”（这是美国学校文化的一个重要方面，因为这是高年级学生最后一次参加高中舞会。）第二段“Promentails(牵涉)countlesstraditions.”（舞会需要无数的传统。）和第三段“Thehistoryofpromcanbetracedbacktothelasthalfofthe1800s.”（毕业舞会的历史可以追溯到19世纪后半叶。）可知这篇文章主要讲述了舞会的文化和起源，故选D。2．A【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“Firstaguymustaskagirltogotopromwithhim.Mostguyschoosetodospecialpromproposalsinhopesofwinningthegirl'sheartwiththeircreativity.Thenhewillrentatuxedo(燕尾服),andthegirlwilloftengettheirhair,nailsandmakeupdoneprofessionally.Thatnightcoupleswilltakepictures,andthentheywilloftentakealimousine(豪华轿车)todinnerandtothedance.”（首先，男生必须邀请女生和他一起去毕业舞会。大多数男生会选择做一些特别的舞会求婚，希望用他们的创造力赢得女孩的心。然后他会租一件燕尾服，女孩会经常让专业人员做头发、指甲和化妆。那天晚上，情侣们会拍照，然后他们通常会乘坐豪华轿车去吃饭和参加舞会。）可知，参加舞会的人员都很注重外表，故选A。3．B【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段“Atthattime,Americanuniversitiesandcollegesorganizeddanceseach学科网（北京）股份有限公司

5yearfortheirgraduatingstudents.Thepurposewasnotonlytoentertainthestudentsbutalsotopreparethemforthewiderworldbyteachingthempropermannersformenandwomen.”（当时，美国的大学和学院每年都为他们的毕业生组织舞会。其目的不仅是为了使学生快乐，而且通过教导他们正确的礼仪，使他们为更广阔的世界做准备。）可知当时的毕业生舞会为不仅是为了使学生快乐，还要教导他们正确的礼仪，也就是如何在他人面前表现，故选B。4．A【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段“Perhapsthemostamazingpromtookplacein1975,whenSusanFord,thedaughterofthecountry'spresident,receivedpermissiontoholdherhighschool'spromattheWhiteHouse.Sofar,nootherpromhasmanagedtotopthat.”（最令人惊叹的毕业舞会可能发生在1975年，当时美国总统的女儿苏珊·福特(SusanFord)获准在白宫举办她的高中毕业舞会。到目前为止，还没有其他毕业舞会能超越这一水平。）根据常识可知白宫是美国政府所在地，所以40多年前曾在官方府邸举行了一场特别的舞会，故选A。BFutureCityCompetitionFutureCitystartswithaquestion—howcanwemaketheworldabetterplace?Toanswerit,10th,11th,and12thgradestudentsimagine,research,design,andbuildcitiesofthefuturethatshowcasetheirsolutiontoacitywidesustainabilityissue.PasttopicsincludeUrbanAgriculture,Publicspaces,andGreenenergywhilethetopicofthisyearisLivingontheMoon.TeamswilldesignafuturisticlunarcityandprovideexamplesofhowthecityusesMoonresourcestokeepitsresidentssafeandhealthy.Participantscompletefivedeliverables:a1,500-wordcityessay:ascalemodel;aprojectplan;apresentationvideo;andavirtual/onlineQ&Asessionwith/judges.RegionalwinnersrepresenttheirregionattheinternationalFinals.AftercompletingFutureCity,studentparticipantsarenotonlypreparedtobecitizensoftoday’scomplexandtechnicalworld,butalsoreadytobecomethedriversoftomorrow.WhatyoucanlearnThisflexible,cross-curricular(跨课程的)educationalprogramgivesstudentsanopportunitytodothethingsthatengineersdo-identifyproblems:brainstormideas;designsolutions;test,retestandbuild;andsharetheirresults.Withthisatitscenter,FutureCityisanengagingwaytobuildstudents’21stcenturyskills.StudentsparticipatinginFutureCityalsolearnhowtheircommunitiesworkandbecomebettercitizensanddevelopstrongtimemanagementandprojectmanagementskills.WhatyouneedFutureCitycostsjust$25perorganization—andyoucanregisterIteamor100.Thepricealwaysstaysthesame.Wekeepthepriceaffordablesoeveryonecanparticipate.Notonlythat,welimitthebudgetformaterialsfortheCityModelandCityPresentationto$100andencourageteamstouserecycledmaterials.Youdon’tneedexpensiveequipmenttoexcel.Creativity,hardwork,andcommitmentareallyouneedtogetahead.Pleasenote:SomeregionslimitthenumberofteamsanorganizationcanbringtotheRegionalCompetition.PleasecheckwithyourRegionalCoordinatortofindouttheguidelinesinyourregion.5．InFutureCityCompetition2021,studentsneedto________.A．completemorethanfivetasks学科网（北京）股份有限公司

6B．designacitywithgreenenergyC．addressproblemsonthemoonD．makeuseoflunarresources6．WhatliesatthecoreofFutureCityCompetition?A．Designingcities.B．Identifyingproblems.C．TrainingbettercitizensD．Engineeringdesignprocess7．Ifyouwanttosucceedinthecompetition,youneed________.A．tobecreativeanddevoted.B．tousetherecycledmaterials.C．tobuysomeexpensiveequipment.D．toaskmorepeopletojoininyourteam.【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“未来城市竞赛”这一活动的相关内容和参加这一项目需要注意的事项。5．D【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段“TeamswilldesignafuturisticlunarcityandprovideexamplesofhowthecityusesMoonresourcestokeepitsresidentssafeandhealthy.（团队将设计一个未来的月球城市，并提供城市如何使用月球资源，以保持其居民的安全和健康的例子。）”可知，在2021年未来城市竞赛中，学生需要利用到月球资源。故选D项。6．D【解析】细节理解题。根据Whatyoucanlearn部分的“Thisflexible,cross-curricular(跨课程的)educationalprogramgivesstudentsanopportunitytodothethingsthatengineersdo-identifyproblems:brainstormideas;designsolutions;test,retestandbuild;andsharetheirresults.Withthisatitscenter,FutureCityisanengagingwaytobuildstudents’21stcenturyskills.（这种灵活的、跨课程的教育计划让学生有机会做工程师所做的事情——发现问题：头脑风暴；设计解决方案；测试、再测试和构建；并分享他们的成果。以这为中心，未来城市是培养学生21世纪技能的一种引人入胜的方式。）”可知，未来城市竞赛的核心是工程设计过程。故选D项。7．A【解析】细节理解题。根据Whatyouneed部分的第二段“Creativity,hardwork,andcommitmentareallyouneedtogetahead.（创造力、努力工作和承诺是你获得成功所需要的一切。）”可知，如果想要在竞赛中获得成功，就需要富有创造力并且努力投入工作。故选A项。C（2020·海南·高考真题）PaliOvernightAdventuresofferschildrenandteensexcitingexperiencesthissummer.Frombroadcastingtostreetart,thesearejust4ofthe17highlyuniquecampsbeingoffered.BroadcastingCampBecomethenextstarreporter,newswriter,directororproducer.Whilerunningeveryaspectofourownnewsstation,kidsandtheirfellowcamperswillcreateandhostabroadcastairingeachnightatdinnerfortheentirecamp.Everynightitgoesontheweb,keepingparentsandtheworldinformedofthehappeningsatPali.学科网（北京）股份有限公司

7SecretAgentCampInthemovieMissionImpossible,TomCruisemadebeingasecretagentseemlikethecoolestjobever.Camperswhosignupforthe2-weeksecretagentcampcangettoknowaboutthelifeofrealsecretagentsbylearningstrategiesandmilitaryskillsonthepaintballfield.CulinaryCampIfyourchildenjoysbeinginthekitchen,thentheculinarycampisdefinitelytherightfit.Camperslearntechnicalskillsofroasting,fryingandcutting,aswellassomerecipesthattheycantakehomeandsharewiththeirfamilies.StreetArtCampThiscamptakescreativelicensetoanentirelynewlevel.Camperswillsharetheircolorfulideasandimaginationwitheachotherandworktogethertovisualize,sketchandpaintwithnon-traditionaltechniquestocreatethecoolestmuralwhichwillbedisplayedinpublicforalltosee.8．HowmanycampsdoesPaliOvernightAdventuresofferthissummer?A．2.B．4.C．17.D．21.9．WhatwillcampersdoattheBroadcastingCamp?A．Createawebsite.B．Runanewsstation.C．Meetastarreporter.D．Holdadinnerparty.10．Whichcampwillattractchildrenwhoareinterestedincooking?A．BroadcastingCamp.B．SecretAgentCamp.C．CulinaryCampD．StreetArtCamp.【语篇解读】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四个不同类型的夏令营的情况。8．C【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中“Frombroadcastingtostreetart,thesearejust4ofthe17highlyuniquecampsbeingoffered.”可知从广播到街头艺术，这只是17个非常独特的营地中的4个。由此可知，今年夏天巴利岛有17个露营地。故选C。9．B【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中“Whilerunningeveryaspectofourownnewsstation,kidsandtheirfellowcamperswillcreateandhostabroadcastairingeachnightatdinnerfortheentirecamp.”可知在经营好我们自己的新闻电台的方方面面的同时，孩子们和他们的营员们将在每天晚上的晚餐时，为整个夏令营创作并主持播出一个广播。由此可知，营员在广播营会经营一家新闻电台。故选B。10．C【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Ifyourchildenjoysbeinginthekitchen,thentheculinarycampisdefinitelytherightfit.Camperslearntechnicalskillsofroasting,fryingandcutting,aswellassomerecipesthattheycantakehomeandsharewiththeirfamilies.”可知如果你的孩子喜欢呆在厨房里，那么烹饪夏令营绝对是最合适的选择。露营者学习烘焙、油炸和切菜的技术技能，以及一些他们可以带回家和家人分享的食谱。由此可知，CulinaryCamp会吸引对烹饪感兴趣的孩子。故选C。学科网（北京）股份有限公司