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2023年高考英语复习讲练测第11讲阅读理解细节理解题（讲）【考纲考情】细节理解类在历年高考卷中占很大比例，几乎占据了阅读理解总题量的“半壁江山”。这类题考查对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节的理解，要求在快速阅读文章的同时，能从中获取某些特定的信息。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该类题的关键。命题方式：1.特殊疑问句形式。以when，where，what.which，who，howmuch/many等疑问词开头引出问题。2.填空题形式。通常涉及与主题有关的事实或细节。题型和考查角度：1.高频考点：直接信息题；间接信息题。2.低频考点：数字计算题；细节排序题。【考点梳理】细节理解题考查考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节的理解,特点是题干针对原文提到的某事物、现象或理论进行发问。有些问题可以直接从文中找到明确的答案,有些则需要在理解的基础上将有关信息进行处理,如计算、排序、判断、比较等。细节理解类题在高考试卷中占很大的比例,特别是在应用文、说明文和记叙文中,更是侧重对细节理解题的考查。解題步骤：采用寻读法，解题分三步：1.先读题干，抓住关键词；2.带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子；3.仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。正确选项特点：1.语言简化：把原文中复杂的语言现象进行简化，设置为答案。2.同义替换：对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。3.正话反说：把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。干扰项特点：1.扩缩范围；以偏概全或以全概偏。2.张冠李戴：为原文内容，但非题目要求或要点。3.无中生有：与原文不符或原文并未提及。4.偷梁换柱：符合常识但不符合原文内容。5.颠倒黑白：与原文意思大相径庭或完全相反。6.正误参半：部分正确，部分错误。解题原则：忠实于原文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。学科网（北京）股份有限公司
1【解题方法】（一）、原文定位破解直接信息题【例】(2021·新高考全国卷I)Romecanbepriceyfortravelers,whichiswhymanychoosetostayinahostel(旅社).ThehostelsinRomeofferabedinadormroomforaround$25anight,andforthat,you'lloftengettostayinacentrallocation(位置)withsecurityandcomfort.21.Whatisprobablythemajorconcernoftravelerswhochoosetostayinahostel?A.Comfort.B.Security.C.Price.D.Location.【答案】C第一步题干关键词:what,concern,stayinahostel第二步原文定位点:Romecanbepriceyfortravelers,whichiswhymanychoosetostayinahostel(旅社).第三步直接得答案:根据pricey可知“罗马对旅行的人来说可能很昂贵”,故选C项。（二）、同义互释破解间接信息题审读题干，提取关键信息→速读定位原文信息句，将试题信息与原文信息进行语义转换(同义或近义词语)→逐一核对选项，仔细辨别，得出答案。【例】(2021·全国乙卷·D篇)Sowhydosomanyofushateouropenoffices?Theproblemmaybethat,inouroffices,wecan'tstopourselvesfromgettingdrawnintoothers'conversationswhilewe'retryingtofocus.Indeed,theresearchersfoundthatfacetofaceinteractionsandconversationsaffectthecreativeprocess,andyetacoworkingspaceoracoffeeshopprovidesacertainlevelofnoisewhilealsoprovidingfreedomfrominterruptions.34．Whatmakesanopenofficeunwelcometomanypeople?A．Personalprivacyunprotected.B．Limitedworkingspace.C．Restrictionsongroupdiscussion.D．Constantinterruptions.【答案】D 【解析】细节理解题。根据题干关键词“openofficeunwelcometomanypeople”可定位原文信息句为本段第一句“Sowhydosomanyofushateouropenoffices？”其中unwelcome与hate为近义词转换。由此可知，开放式办公室不受人们欢迎的原因是让我们不断地卷入别人的谈话中，受到很多干扰。故选D。（三）、整合推算破解数字计算题审读题干，提取关键信息→速读定位原文中包含该信息的相关段落→进行推算，得出答案。【例】(2018·江苏高考·A篇)...Admission$25.00recommendedforadults,$12.00recommendedforstudents,includestheMainBuildingandTheCloisters(回廊)onthesameday;freeforchildrenunder12withanadult....56．Howmuchmaytheypayifan11yearoldgirlandherworkingparentsvisitthemuseum?学科网（北京）股份有限公司
2A．$12.B．$37.C．$50.D．$62.【答案】C 【解析】细节理解题。根据题干关键词Howmuch和pay可迅速定位到原文信息“$25.00recommendedforadults,$12.00recommendedforstudents,includestheMainBuildingandTheCloisters(回廊)onthesameday;freeforchildrenunder12withanadult.”可知，成人票价25美元，12岁以下儿童在大人的陪同下免费。因而11岁的女孩和其父母只需支付两张成人票款即可。故选C。（四）、首尾定位破解细节排序题审读题干和四个选项的内容→利用首尾，排除掉部分选项，缩小范围→如排序内容较多，再查看剩余选项的异同处，进一步缩小范围；如排序内容较少，一般即可快速得出答案。【例】 Aschoolgirlsavedherfather'slifebykickinghiminthechestafterhesufferedaseriousallergic(过敏的)reactionwhichstoppedhisheart.Izzy,nine,restartedfatherColm'sheartbystamping(踩)onhischestafterhefelldownathomeandstoppedbreathing.Izzy'smother,Debbie,immediatelycalled999butIzzyknewdoctorswouldneverarriveintimetosaveherfather,sodecidedtouseCPR.However,shequicklydiscoveredherarmsweren'tstrongenough,soshestampedonherfather'schestinstead.Debbiethentookoverwithsomemoreconventionalchestcompressions(按压)untiltheambulancearrived.Izzy,whohasbeengivenabraveryawardbyherschool,said,“Ijustkickedhimreallyhard.MymumtaughtmeCPRbutIknewIwasn'tstrongenoughtousehands.Iwasquitescared.ThedoctorsaidImightaswellbeadoctororanurse.MymumsaidthatDadwasgoingtohospitalwithabigfootprintonhischest.”“She'salittlestar，”saidDebbie,“IwasreallyupsetbutIzzyjusttookover.Ijustcan'tbelievewhatshedid.Ireallythinkallchildrenshouldbetaughtfirstaid.IzzydidCPRthenthedoctorturnedup.Colmhadtohavemoretreatmentonthewaytothehospitalandwe'vegottoseeanexpert.”TruckdriverColm,35,sufferedamysteryallergicreactiononSaturdayandwastakentohospital,butwassenthomeonlyforittohappenagainthenextday.Thesecondattackwassoseriousthathisairwayswelled,preventinghimfrombreathing,hisbloodpressuredroppedsuddenly,andhisheartstoppedforamoment.Hehasnowmadeafullrecoveryfromhissuffering.What'stherightorderoftheevents?①IzzykickedColm.②Debbiecalled999.③IzzylearnedCPR.④Colm'sheartstopped.A．③①②④B．④②③①C．③④②①D．④③①②【答案】B 【解析】细节理解题。通过速读原文可知，第一件事是Colm'sheartstopped，而最后一件事是IzzykickedColm，故选B。学科网（北京）股份有限公司
3【解题技巧】1.掌握技巧,灵活运用(1)细心审题,直接就题找答案提取“带着问题找答案”的方法,先从问题中抓住关键性尚(题眼),然后以此为线索运用略读及查读的技巧快速:得在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句,仔细品味,对照比较,确定答案。(2)变通理解,间接转述找答案细节理解题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述,命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生,即对原句细微处做改动,摘取原文词语或结构进行改造,因果倒置,把A的观点说成B的观点等。(3)多点归纳,综合事实找答案细节理解题有时考查的并不是单一的信息,而是多处信息的整合。解答此类“综合”信息细节题时,一定要全面捕捉相关信息,进行综合分析、归纳,切忌根据“一面之词”草率地得出结论。2.明确干扰,破除陷阱(1)扩大或缩小范围文章为了表达准确严密,经常通过加上相应的词语限制如涉及数量时常用many,almostall,nearly,morethan,over,onlyafew,normally等限制。有些干扰项改变或去掉限定词语,甚至是扩大或缩小语言范围。(2)偷换概念命题者设计试题时往往把原文的概念偷换成另一个不同的概念。望文生义是造成错误的主要原因。(3)正误并存在干扰项中,某个句子或词语是正确的,其他分句或词语是错误的或表达不全面,正误并存,命题者常会借此以假乱真。【题型剖析】阅读理解AI’mMay.highschoolseniorsallaroundtheU.S.scramble(争抢)togetreadyforprom.Prom.shortforpromenade,isaformaldanceheldbyahighschoolbeforegraduation.It'sanimportantaspectofAmericanschoolculturebecauseit'sthelasthigh-schooldanceseniorswilleverattend.Promentails(牵涉)countlesstraditions.Firstaguymustaskagirltogotopromwithhim.Mostguyschoosetodospecialpromproposalsinhopesofwinningthegirl'sheartwiththeircreativity.Thenhewillrentatuxedo(燕尾服),andthegirlwilloftengettheirhair,nailsandmakeupdoneprofessionally.Thatnightcoupleswilltakepictures,andthentheywilloftentakealimousine(豪华轿车)todinnerandtothedance.Severalreportsstatethatparentscanspendupwardof$2,000togivetheirkidstheperfectpromexperience.Thehistoryofpromcanbetracedbacktothelasthalfofthe1800s.Atthattime,Americanuniversitiesandcollegesorganizeddanceseachyearfortheirgraduatingstudents.Thepurposewasnotonlytoentertainthestudentsbutalsotopreparethemforthewiderworldbyteachingthempropermannersformenandwomen.Later,highschoolstookoverthepromtradition.Inthe1950s,highschoolsbeganmovingthedancefromtheirgymstobeautifulhotelsorcountryclubstomaketheeventevenmorespecial.Perhapsthemostamazing学科网（北京）股份有限公司
4promtookplacein1975,whenSusanFord,thedaughterofthecountry'spresident,receivedpermissiontoholdherhighschool'spromattheWhiteHouse.Sofar,nootherpromhasmanagedtotopthat.1．Whatdoesthisarticlemainlyexplainaboutprom?A．Itsunusualatmosphere.B．Itspresentandfuture.C．Itseducationalbenefits.D．Itscustomsandroots.2．Accordingtothisarticle,whatdotheparticipantsinprommainlypayattentionto?A．Theirappearance.B．Theirpossessions.C．Theirtransportation.D．Theirsupervisors.3．Whatwerepeoplesupposedtolearnfrompromatonetime?A．Whatmarketingplantouse.B．Howtobehavearoundothers.C．Whichfoodwasbesttoeat.D．Whentoearnagreatdegree.4．Accordingtothisarticle,wherewasaspecialeventheldmorethanfourdecadesago?A．Inanofficialresidence.B．Inaninternationalcourt.C．Inamotionpicturestudio.D．Inamoderngallery.BFutureCityCompetitionFutureCitystartswithaquestion—howcanwemaketheworldabetterplace?Toanswerit,10th,11th,and12thgradestudentsimagine,research,design,andbuildcitiesofthefuturethatshowcasetheirsolutiontoacitywidesustainabilityissue.PasttopicsincludeUrbanAgriculture,Publicspaces,andGreenenergywhilethetopicofthisyearisLivingontheMoon.TeamswilldesignafuturisticlunarcityandprovideexamplesofhowthecityusesMoonresourcestokeepitsresidentssafeandhealthy.Participantscompletefivedeliverables:a1,500-wordcityessay:ascalemodel;aprojectplan;apresentationvideo;andavirtual/onlineQ&Asessionwith/judges.RegionalwinnersrepresenttheirregionattheinternationalFinals.AftercompletingFutureCity,studentparticipantsarenotonlypreparedtobecitizensoftoday’scomplexandtechnicalworld,butalsoreadytobecomethedriversoftomorrow.WhatyoucanlearnThisflexible,cross-curricular(跨课程的)educationalprogramgivesstudentsanopportunitytodothethingsthatengineersdo-identifyproblems:brainstormideas;designsolutions;test,retestandbuild;andsharetheirresults.Withthisatitscenter,FutureCityisanengagingwaytobuildstudents’21stcenturyskills.Students学科网（北京）股份有限公司
5participatinginFutureCityalsolearnhowtheircommunitiesworkandbecomebettercitizensanddevelopstrongtimemanagementandprojectmanagementskills.WhatyouneedFutureCitycostsjust$25perorganization—andyoucanregisterIteamor100.Thepricealwaysstaysthesame.Wekeepthepriceaffordablesoeveryonecanparticipate.Notonlythat,welimitthebudgetformaterialsfortheCityModelandCityPresentationto$100andencourageteamstouserecycledmaterials.Youdon’tneedexpensiveequipmenttoexcel.Creativity,hardwork,andcommitmentareallyouneedtogetahead.Pleasenote:SomeregionslimitthenumberofteamsanorganizationcanbringtotheRegionalCompetition.PleasecheckwithyourRegionalCoordinatortofindouttheguidelinesinyourregion.5．InFutureCityCompetition2021,studentsneedto________.A．completemorethanfivetasksB．designacitywithgreenenergyC．addressproblemsonthemoonD．makeuseoflunarresources6．WhatliesatthecoreofFutureCityCompetition?A．Designingcities.B．Identifyingproblems.C．TrainingbettercitizensD．Engineeringdesignprocess7．Ifyouwanttosucceedinthecompetition,youneed________.A．tobecreativeanddevoted.B．tousetherecycledmaterials.C．tobuysomeexpensiveequipment.D．toaskmorepeopletojoininyourteam.C（2020·海南·高考真题）PaliOvernightAdventuresofferschildrenandteensexcitingexperiencesthissummer.Frombroadcastingtostreetart,thesearejust4ofthe17highlyuniquecampsbeingoffered.BroadcastingCampBecomethenextstarreporter,newswriter,directororproducer.Whilerunningeveryaspectofourownnewsstation,kidsandtheirfellowcamperswillcreateandhostabroadcastairingeachnightatdinnerfortheentirecamp.Everynightitgoesontheweb,keepingparentsandtheworldinformedofthehappeningsatPali.SecretAgentCampInthemovieMissionImpossible,TomCruisemadebeingasecretagentseemlikethecoolestjobever.Camperswhosignupforthe2-weeksecretagentcampcangettoknowaboutthelifeofrealsecretagentsbylearningstrategiesandmilitaryskillsonthepaintballfield.CulinaryCampIfyourchildenjoysbeinginthekitchen,thentheculinarycampisdefinitelytherightfit.Camperslearn学科网（北京）股份有限公司
6technicalskillsofroasting,fryingandcutting,aswellassomerecipesthattheycantakehomeandsharewiththeirfamilies.StreetArtCampThiscamptakescreativelicensetoanentirelynewlevel.Camperswillsharetheircolorfulideasandimaginationwitheachotherandworktogethertovisualize,sketchandpaintwithnon-traditionaltechniquestocreatethecoolestmuralwhichwillbedisplayedinpublicforalltosee.8．HowmanycampsdoesPaliOvernightAdventuresofferthissummer?A．2.B．4.C．17.D．21.9．WhatwillcampersdoattheBroadcastingCamp?A．Createawebsite.B．Runanewsstation.C．Meetastarreporter.D．Holdadinnerparty.10．Whichcampwillattractchildrenwhoareinterestedincooking?A．BroadcastingCamp.B．SecretAgentCamp.C．CulinaryCampD．StreetArtCamp.学科网（北京）股份有限公司
