常用微生物学专业名词英语词汇表

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常用微生物学专业名词词汇表activeimmunity（主动免疫）:Immunityacquiredthroughdirectstimulationoftheimmunesystembyantigen.activetransport（主动运输）:Transportofmoleculesagainstaconcentrationgradient(fromregionsoflowconcentrationtoregionsofhighconcentration)withtheaidofproteinsinthecellmembraneandenergyfromATP.Alcoholfermentation（乙醇发酵）：istheformationofalcoholfromsugar.Yeast,whenunderanaerobicconditions,convertglucosetopyruvicacidviatheglycolysispathways,thengoonestepfarther,convertingpyruvicacidintoethanol,aC-2compound.aerobe（好氧微生物）:Amicroorganismthatlivesandgrowsinthepresenceoffreegaseousoxygen(O2).aflatoxin（黄曲霉毒素）:FromAspergillusflavust,amycotoxinthattypicallypoisonsmoldyanimalfeedandcancauselivercancerinhumansandotheranimals.AIDS（爱滋病）:AcquiredImmunedeficiencysyndrome.Thecomplexofsignsandsymptomscharacteristicofthelatephaseofhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)infection.Amestest（艾姆氏实验）:Amethodfordetectingmutagenicandpotentiallycarcinogenic

1agentsbaseduponthegeneticalterationofnutritionallydefectivebacteriaanabolism（合成代谢）:Theenergyconsumingprocessofincorporatingnutrientsintoprotoplasmthroughbiosynthesis.anaerobe（厌氧微生物）:Amicroorganismthatgrowsbest,orexclusively,intheabsenceofoxygen.antibiotic（抗生素）:Achemicalsubstancefromonemicroorganismthatcaninhibitorkillanothermicrobeeveninminuteamounts.antibody（抗体）:Alargeproteinmoleculeevokedinresponsetoanantigenthatinteractsspecificallywiththatantigen.antigen（抗原）:Anycell,particle,orchemicalthatinducesaspecificimmuneresponsebyBcellsorTcellsandcanstimulateresistancetoaninfectionoratoxin.antigenicdeterminant（抗原决定基）:Theprecisemoleculargroupofanantigenthatdefinesitsspecificityandtriggerstheimmuneresponse.antimetabolite（抗代谢物）:Asubstancesuchasadrugthatcompeteswith,substitutesfor,orinterfereswithanormalmetabolite.

2antiseptic（防腐剂）：Agrowth-inhibitingagentusedontissuestopreventinfection.antiserum（抗血清）：Antibody-richserumderivedfromthebloodofanimals(deliberatelyimmunizedagainstinfectiousortoxicantigen)orfrompeoplewhohaverecoveredfromspecificnfections.antitoxin（抗毒素）：Globulinfractionofserumthatneutralizesaspecifictoxin.Alsoreferstothespecificantitoxinantibodyitself.arthrospore（节孢子）：Afungalsporeformedbytheseptationfragmentationofhyphae.ascospore（子囊）：Asporeformedwithinasaclikecell(ascus)ofAscomycotafollowingnuclearfusionandmeiosis.asepsis（无菌）：Aconditionfreeofviablepathogenicmicroorganisms.autoantibody（自身抗体）：An"anti-selfantibodyhavinganffinityfortissueantigensofthesubjectinwhichitisformed.autoantigen（自身抗原）：Moleculesthatareinherentlypartofselfbutareperceivedbytheimmunesystemasforeign

3autoimmunedisease（自身免疫疾病）：Thepathologicconditionarisingfromtheproductionofantibodiesagainstautoantigens.Example:rheumatoidarthritis.Alsocalledautoimmunitybacteriophage（噬菌体）：Avirusthatspecificallyinfectsbacteria.bacteriostatic（抑菌）：Anyprocessoragentthatinhibitsbacterialgrowth.binaryfission（二分裂）：Theformationoftwonewcellsofapproximatelyequalsizeastheresultofparentcelldivision.Blymphocyte(Bcell)：Awhitebloodcellthatgivesrisetoplasmacellsandantibodies.broadspectrum（广谱）：Awordtodenotedrugsthataffectmanydifferenttypesofbacteria,bothgram-positiveandgram-negative.Capsid（衣壳）：Theproteincoveringofavirus'snucleicacidcore.Capsidsexhibitsymmetryduetotheregulararrangementofsubunitscalledcapsomers.capsomer（衣壳粒）：Asubunitoftheviruscapsidshapedasatriangleordisc.capsule（荚膜）：Inbacteria,theloose,gel-likecoveringorslimemadechieflyofsimple

4polysaccharides.Thislayerisprotectiveandcanbeassociatedwithvirulence.Catabolism（分解代谢）：Thechemicalbreakdownofcomplexcompoundsintosimplerunitstobeusedincellmetabolism.cell-mediatedimmune（细胞介导免疫）：ThetypeofimmuneresponsesbroughtaboutbyTcells,suchascytotoxic,suppressor,andhelpereffects.chemoautotroph（化能自养菌）：Anorganismthatreliesuponinorganicchemicalsforitsenergyandcarbondioxideforitscarbon.Alsocalledachemolithotraphchemotaxis（趋化性）：Thetendencyoforganismstomoveinresponsetoachemicalgradient(towardanattractantortoavoidadversestimuli).Chemotherapy（化学治疗剂）：Theuseofchemicalsubstancesordrugstotreatorpreventdisease.Chitin（几丁质）：Apolysaccharidesimilartocelluloseinchemicalstructure.Thispolymermakesupthehomysubstanceoftheexoskeletonsofarthropodsandcertainfungicomplement（补体）：Inimmunology,serumproteincomponentshatactinadefinitesequencewhensetinmotioneitherbyanantigen-antibodycomplexorbyfactorsofthealternative

5(properdin)pathway.Conldia（分生孢子）：Asexualfungalsporesshedasfreeunitsfromthetipsoffertilehyphae.Conjugation（接合）：Inbacteria,thecontactbetweendonorandrecipientcellsassociatedwiththetransferofgeneticmaterialsuchasplasmids.Caninvolvespecial(sex)pili.Alsoaformofsexualrecombinationinciliatedprotozoans.Colony(菌落)：Amacroscopicclusterofcellsappearingonasolidmedium,eacharisingfromthemultiplicationofasinglecell.Contaminant（污染物）：Animpurity;anyundesirablematerialororganism.Culture（培养物）：Thevisibleaccumulationofmicroorganismsinoronanutrientmedium.Also,thepropagationofmicroorganismswithvariousmedia.curddifferentialmedium（鉴别培养基）：Asinglesubstratethatdiscriminatesbetweengroupsofmicroorganismsonthebasisofdifferencesintheirappearanceduetodifferentchemicalreactions.differentialstain（鉴别染色）：Atechniquethatutilizestwodyestodistinguishbetweendifferentmicrobialgroupsorcellpartsbycolorreaction.

6Disinfection（消毒）：Thedestructionofpathogenicnonsporulatingmicrobesortheirtoxins,usuallyoninanimatesurfaces.ELISA（酶联免疫）：Abbreviationforenzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay,averysensitiveserologicaltestusedtodetectantibodiesindiseasessuchasAIDS。endospore（芽孢）：Asmall,dormant,resistantderivativeofabacterialcellthatgerminatesunderfavorablegrowthconditionsintoavegetativecell.ThebacterialgeneraBacillusandClostridiimaretypicalsporeformers.endotoxin（内毒素）：Abacterialintracellulartoxinthatisnotordinarilyreleased(asisexotoxin).Endotoxiniscomposedofaphospholipid-polysaccharidecomplexthatisanintegralpartofgram-negativebacterialcellwalls.Endotoxinscancausesevereshockandfever.enrichedmedium（加富培养基）：Anutrientmediumsupplementedwithblood,serum,orsomegrowthfactortopromotethemultiplicationoffastidiousmicroorganisms.envelopedvirus（包膜病毒）：Aviruswhosenucleocapsidisenclosedbyamembranederivedinpartfromthehostcell.Itusuallycontainsexposedglycoproteinspikesspecificforthevirus.essentialnutrient（必须营养）：Anyingredientsuchasacertainaminoacid,fattyacid,vitamin,ormineralthatcannotbeformedbyanorganismandmustbesuppliedinthediet.Agrowthfactor.eucaryoticcell（真核细胞）：Acellthatdiffersfromaprocaryoticcellchieflybyhavinga

7nuclearmembrane(awell-definednucleus),membrane-boundsubcellularorgandies,andmitoticcelldivision.Exotoxin（外毒素）：Atoxin(usuallyprotein)thatissecretedandactsuponaspecificcellulartarget.Examples:botulin,tetanospasmin,diphtheriatoxin,anderythrogenictoxin.Facultative（兼性的）：Pertainingtothecapacityofmicrobestoadaptoradjusttovariations;notobligate.Example:Thepresenceofoxygenisnotobligatoryforafacultativeanaerobetogrow.Fermentation（发酵）：Theextractionofenergythroughanaerobicdegradationofsubstratesintosimpler,reducedmetabolites.Inlargeindustrialprocesses,fermentationcanmeananyuseofmicrobialmetabolismtomanufactureorganicchemicalsorotherproducts.Flagellum（鞭毛）--Hair-likestructureattachedtoacell,usedforlocomotioninmanyprotistsandprokaryotes.Theprokaryoticflagellumdiffersfromtheeukaryoticflagelluminthattheprokaryoticflagellumisasolidunitcomposedprimarilyoftheproteinflagellin,whiletheeukaryoticflagellumiscomposedofseveralproteinstrandsboundbyamembrane,anddoesnotcontainflagellin.Theeukaryoticflagellumissometimesreferredtoasanundulipodium.Genotype（表型）：Thegenotypeisultimatelyresponsibleforanorganism'sphototype,orexpressedcharacteristics.

8Glycolysis（糖酵解）：Theenergy-yieldingbreakdown(fermentation)ofglucosetopyruvicorlacticacid.Itisoftencalledanaerobicglycolysisbecausenomolecularoxygenisconsumedinthedegradation.Gramstain（革兰氏染色）：Adifferentialstainforbacteriausefulinidentificationandtaxonomy.Gram-positiveorganismsappearpurplefromcrystalviolet-mordantretention;whereasgram-negativeorganismsappearredafterlossofcrystalvioletandabsorbanceofthesafranincounterstain.Granulocyte（粒细胞）：AmatureleukocytethatcontainsnoticeabtegranulesinaWrightstain.Examples:neutrophils,eoainophils,andbasophils.growthfactor（生长因子）：Anorganiccompoundsuchasavitaminoraminoacidthatmustbeprovidedinthediettofacilitategrowth.Anessentialnutrient.Halophlle（嗜盐菌）：Amicrobewhosegrowthiseitherstimulatedbysaltorrequiresahighconcentrationofsaltforgrowth.Hantigen（H-抗原）：Theflagellarantigenofmotilebacteria.HcomesfromtheGermanwordhauchthatdenotestheappearanceofspeadinggrowthonsolid.

9helperTcell（辅助T-细胞）：Aclassofthymus-atimulatedlymphocytesthatfacilitatevariousimmuneactivitiessuchasassistingBcellsandmacrophages.AlsocalledaThelpercell.Heterotroph（异养菌）：Anorganismthatreliesuponorganiccompoundsforitscarbonandenergyneeds.Immunity（免疫）：Anacquiredresistancetoaninfectiousagentduetopriorcontactwiththatagent.immunogen（免疫原）：Anysubstancethatinducesastateofsensitivityorresistanceafterprocessingbytheimmunesystemofthebody.immunesystem（免疫系统）：Oneoftheelevenmajorbodyorgansystemsinvertebrates;defendstheinternalenvironmentagainstinvadingmicroorganismsandvirusesandprovidesdefenseagainstthegrowthofcancercells.immunoglobulin（免疫球蛋白）：Thechemicalclassofproteinstowhichantibodiesbelong.Inclusion（内含物）：Arelativelyinertbodyinthecytoplasmsuchasstoragegranules,glycogen,fat,orsomeotheraggregatedmetabolicproduct.Infection（感染）：Theentry,establishment,andmultiplicationofpathogenicorganismswithin

10ahost.infectiousdisease（感染性疾病）：Thestateofdamageortoxicityinthebodycausedbyaninfectiousagent.Inflammation（发炎）：Anatural,nonspecificresponsetotissueinjurythatprotectsthehostfromfurtherdamage.Itstimulatesimmunereactivityandblocksthespreadofaninfectiousagent.Inoculation（接种）：Theimplantationofmicroorganismsintooruponculturemedia.Interferon（干扰素）：Naturallyoccurringpolypeptidesproducedbyfibroblastsandlymphocytesthatcanblockviralreplicationandregulateavarietyofimmunereactions.Isolation（分离）：Theseparationofmicrobialcellsbyserialdilutionormechanicaldispersiononsolidmediatoachieveacloneorpureculture.Latency（潜伏）：Thestateofbeinginactive.Example:alatentvirusorlatentinfection.Lform（L-型菌）：L-phasevariants;wall-lessformsofsomebacteriathatareinducedbydrugsorchemicals.

11Lipopolysaccharide（脂多糖，LPS）：Amolecularcomplexoflipidandcarbohydratefoundinthebacterialcellwall.Thelipopolysaccharide(LPS)ofgram-negativebacteriaisanendotoxinwithgeneralizedpathologiceffectssuchasfeverLysis（溶解）：Thephysicalruptureordeteriorationofacell.Lysogeny（溶原性）：TheindefinitepersistenceofbacteriophageDNAinahostwithoutbringingabouttheproductionofvirions.Alysogeniccellcanreverttoalyticcycle,theprocessthatendsinlysis.lysosome（溶酶体）：Acytoplasmicorganellecontaininglysozymeandotherhydrolyticenzymes.lysozyme（溶菌酶）：Anenzymethatattacksthebondsonbacterialpeptidoglycan.Itisanaturaldefensefoundintearsandsaliva.macrophageAwhilebloodcellderivedfromamonocytethatleavesthecirculationandenterstissues.Thesecellsareimportantinnonspecificmixedculture（混合培养）：Acontainergrowingtwoormoredifferent,knownspeciesofmicrobes.monoclonalantibody（单克隆抗体）：Anantibodyproducedbyacloneoflymphocytesthatrespondtoaparticularantigenicdeterminantandgenerateidenticalantibodiesonlytothat

12determinant.Monocyte（单核细胞）：Alargemononuclearleukocytenormallyfoundinthelymphnodes,spleen,bonemarrow,andlooseconnectivetissue.Thistypeofcellmakesup3%to7%ofcirculatingleukocytes.Mutagen（诱变剂）：Anyagentthatinducesgeneticmutation.Examples:certainchemicalsubstances,ultraviolet，light,radioactivity.Mutation（突变）：ApermanentinheritablealterationintheDNAsequenceorcontentofacell.Mycelium（菌丝体）：Thefilamentousmassthatmakesupamold.Composedofhyphae.narrowspectrum（窄谱）：Denotesdrugsthatareselectiveandlimitedintheireffects.Forexample,theyinhibiteithergram-negativeorgram-positivebacteria,butnotboth.negativestain（负染色）：Astainingtechniquethatrendersthebackgroundopaqueorcoloredandleavestheobjectunstainedsothatitisoutlinedasacolorlessareanitrogenfixation（固氮）：AprocessoccurringincertainbacteriainwhichatmosphericNagasisconvertedtoaform(NH^usablebyplants.Nucleocapsid（核衣壳）：Inviruses,theclosephysicalcombinationofthenucleicacidwithits

13protectivecovering.Nucleoid（拟核）：Thebasophilicnuclearregionornuclearbodythatcontainsthebacterialchromosome.Nutrient（营养物质）：Anychemicalsubstancethatmustbeprovidedtoacellfornormalmetabolismandgrowth.Macronutrientsarerequiredinlargeamounts,andmicronutrientsinsmallamounts.Obligate（专性的）：Withoutalternative;restrictedtoaparticularcharacteristic.Example:Anobligateparasitesurvivesandgrowsonlyinahost;anobligateaerobemusthaveoxygentogrow;anobligateanaerobeisdestroyedbyoxygen.Parasite（寄生）：Anorganismthatlivesonorwithinanotherorganism(thehost),fromwhichitobtainsnutrientsandenjoysprotection.Theparasiteproducessomedegreeofharminthehostindirectlybydonationofpreformedimmunesubstances(antibodies)producedinthebodyofanotherIndividual.Pasteurization（巴斯德消毒）：Heattreatmentofperishablefluidssuchasmilk,fruitjuices,orwinetodestroyheat-sensitivevegetativecells,followedbyrapidchillingtoinhibitgrowthofsurvivorsandgerminationofspores.Itpreventsinfectionandspoilage.

14Pathogen（病原体）：Anyagent,usuallyavirus,bacterium,fungus,protozoan,orhelminth,thatcausesdisease.Saprophytes(腐生型)Organismsthatobtaintheirnutrientsfromdecayingplantsandanimals.Saprophytesareimportantinrecyclingorganicmaterial.Pathogenidty（致病性）：Thecapacityofmicrobestocausedisease.Pathology（病原学）：Thestructuralandphysiologicaleffectsofdiseaseonthebody.passivetransport（被动扩散）Diffusionacrossaplasmamembraneinwhichthecellexpendsnoenergy.Penicillins（青霉素）：Alargegroupofnaturallyoccurringandsyntheticantibioticsproducedbypenicilliummoldandactiveagainstthecellwallofbacteria.Peptidoglycan(肽聚糖)：Anetworkofpolysaccharidechainscross-linkedbyshortpeptidesthatformstherigidpartofbacterialcellwalls.Gram-negativebacteriahaveasmalleramountofthisrigidstructurethandogram-positivebacteria.Plasmids（质粒）Self-replicating,circularDNAmoleculesfoundinbacterialcells;oftenusedasvectorsinrecombinantDNAtechnology.Smallcirclesofdouble-strandedDNAfoundinsome

15bacteria.Plasmidscancarryfromfourto20genes.PlasmidsareacommonlyusedvectorinrecombinantDNAstudies.periplasmicspace（周质空间）：Theregionbetweenthecellwallandcellmembraneofthecellenvelopesofgram-negativebacteria.Phage（噬菌体）：Abacteriophage;avirusthatspecificallyparasitizesbacteria.Phenotype（表型）：Theobservablecharacteristicsofanorganismproducedbytheinteractionbetweenitsgeneticpotential(genotype)andtheenvironment.Photoautotroph（光能自养菌）：Anorganismthatutilizeslightfailsenergyandcarbondioxidechieflyforits'carbonneeds.Pilus（性丝）Projectionfromsurfaceofabacterialcell(F+)thatcandonategeneticmaterialtoanother(F-).prokaryotecell（原核细胞）：Asmall,simplecelllackingatruenucleus,anuclearenvelope,andmembrane-enclosedorganellesprophage（前噬菌体）：Alysogenizedbacteriophage;aphagethatislatentlyincorporatedintothehostchromosomeinsteadofundergoing,viralreplicationandlysis.prophylacticAnydevice,

16method,orsubstanceusedtopreventdisease.Protoplast（原生质体）：Abacterialcellwhosecellwalliscompletelykickingandthatisvulnerabletoosmoticlysis.Pseudohypha（假菌丝）：Achainofeasilyseparated,sphericaltosausage-shapedyeastcellspartitionedbyconstrictionsratherthanbysepta.Psychrophile（嗜冷菌）：Amicroorganismthatthrivesatlowtemperature(0°-20°C),withatemperatureoptimumof0°-15°C.respiratorychain（呼吸链）：Incellularrespiration,aseriesofelectron-carryingmoleculesthattransfersenergy-richelectronsandprotonstomolecularoxygen.Intransit,energyisextractedandconservedintheformofATP.reversetranscriptase（逆转录酶）：TheenzymepossessedbyretrovirusesthatcarriesoutthereversionofRNAtoDNA—aformofreversetranscription.SCP（单细胞蛋白）：Abbreviationforsingle-cellprotein,aeuphemisticexpressionformicrobialproteinintendedforhumanandanimalconsumption..selectivemedia（选择培养基）：Nutrientmediadesignedtofavorthegrowthofcertain

17microbesandtoinhibit.Serotyping（血清型）：Thesubdivisionofaspeciesorsubspeciesintoanimmunologictype,baseduponantigeniccharacteristics.sexualreproduction（有性繁殖）Asystemofreproductioninwhichtwohaploidsexcellsfusetoproduceadiploidzygote.Spheroplast（球形体）：Agram-negativecellwhosepeptidoglycan,whendigestedbylysozyme,remainsintactbutisosmoticallyvulnerablespike（刺突）：Areceptoronthesurfaceofcertainenvelopedvirusesthatfacilitatesspecificattachmenttothehostcell.Spirillum（螺菌）：Atypeofbacterialcellwitharigidspiralshapeandexternalflagella.Spirochete（螺旋体）：Acoiled,spiral-shapedbacteriumthathasendoflagellaandflexesasitmoves.Sporangium（孢囊）：Afungalcellinwhichasexualsporesareformedbymultiplecellcleavage.Sterilization（灭菌）：Anyprocessthatcompletelyremovesordestroysallviable

18microorganisms,includingviruses,fromanobjectorhabitat.Materialsotreatedissterile.Strain（菌株）：Inmicrobiology,asetofdescendantsclonedfromacommonancestorthatretaintheoriginalcharacteristics.Anydeviationfromtheoriginalisadifferentstrain.subcellularvaccine（亚单位疫苗）：Avaccineagainstisolatedmicrobialantigensratherthanagainsttheentireorganism.superoxideion（超氧离子）：AtoxicradicalformoxygenmetabolismsuppressorTcell（抑制T细胞）：AclassofTcellsthatinhibitstheactionsofBcellsandotherTcells.temperatephage（温和噬菌体）：Abacteriophagethatentersintoalessvirulentstatebybecomingincorporatedintothehostgenomeasaprophageinsteadofinthevegetativeorlyticformthateventuallydestroysthecell.thermaldeathpoint（致死温度）：Thelowesttemperaturethatachievessterilizationinagivenquantityofbrothcultureupona10-minuteexposure.Examples:55°CforEscherichiacoil.60°CforMycobaaeriumtuberculosis,and120°Cforspores.

19thermaldeathtime(热致死时间)：Theleasttimerequiredtokillallcellsofacultureataspecifiedtemperature.Therrnophlle（嗜热菌）：Amicroorganismthatthrivesatatemperatureof50°Corhigher.Tlymphocyte(Tcell)：Awhitebloodcellthatisprocessedinthethymusglandandisinvolvedincell-mediatedimmunity.Toxoid（类毒素）：Atoxinthathasbeenrenderednontoxicbutisstillcapableofelicitingtheformationofprotectiveantitoxinantibodies;usedinvaccines.Transduction（转导）：Thetransferofgeneticmaterialfromonebacteriumtoanotherbymeansofabacteriophagevector.Transformation（转化）：Inmicrobialgenetics,thetransferofgeneticmaterialcontainedin"naked"DNAfragmentsfromadonorcelltoacompetentrecipientcell.Transposon（转座）：ADNAsegmentwithaninsertionsequenceateachend,enablingittomigratetoanotherplasmid,tothebacterialchromosome,ortoabacteriophage.Vaccine（免疫法）：Originallyusedinreferencetoinoculationwiththecowpoxorvacciniavirus

20toprotectagainstsmallpox.Ingeneral,thetermnowpertainstoinjectionofwholemicrobes(killedorattenuated),toxoids,orpartsofmicrobesasapreventionorcurefordisease.Virold（类病毒）：Aninfectiousagentthat,unlikeavirion,lacksacapsidandconsistsofaclosedcircularRNAmolecule.Althoughknownviroidsareallplantpathogens,itisconceivablethatanimalversionsexist.Zygospore（接合孢子）：Athick-walledsexualsporeproducedbythezygomycetefungi.Itdevelopsfromtheunionoftwohyphae,eachbearingnucleiofoppositematingtypes.