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1、DONGARRETTIntroductionInmanyways,Benedict(Baruch)deSpinozaappearstobeacontra-dictoryfigureinthehistoryofphilosophy.Fromthebeginning,hehasbeennotoriousasan"atheist"whoseekstosubstituteNatureforapersonaldeity;yethewasalso,inNovalis'sfamousdescriptionofhim,"theGod-intoxicated
2、man."Hewasanuncompromisingnecessitarianandcausaldeterminist,whoseethicalidealwastobecomea"freeman."Hemaintainedthatthehumanmindandthehumanbodyareidentical;yethealsoinsistedthatthehumanmindcanachieveakindofeternalitythattranscendsthedeathofthebody.HehasbeenadoptedbyMarxists
3、asaprecursorofhistoricalmaterialism,andbyHegeliansasaprecursorofabsoluteidealism.Hewasapsychologicalegoist,proclaimingthatallindividualsneces-sarilyseektheirownadvantageaboveallelseandimplyingthatotherindividualswereofvaluetohimselfonlyinsofarastheywereusefultohim,-yethisw
4、ritingsaimedtopromotehumancommunitybasedonloveandfriendship,hehadmanydevotedfriends,andevenhiscriticswereobligedtoacknowledgethathispersonalconductwasabovereproach.Heheldthatthestatehastherighttodowhat-everithasthepowertodo,whileatthesametimehedefendeddemocracyandfreedomof
5、speech.Hedeniedsupernaturalrevela-tion,andcriticizedpopularreligionasagravedangertothepeaceandstabilityofthestate;yethedevotedhimselftothecarefulinter-pretationofscripture,andarguedforcompletetolerationandfree-domofreligion.Rarelyemployingfiguresofspeechorrhetoricalflouris
6、hesofanykind,hisworksareneverthelessamongthemostmagisterialandupliftingofallphilosophicalwritings,andhavein-spiredmorepoetsandnoveliststhanthoseofanyotherphilosopher.Providingexplicitdefinitionsofhistermsandformaldemonstra-CambridgeCompanionsOnline©CambridgeUniversityPress
7、,20062THECAMBRIDGECOMPANIONTOSPINOZAtionsofhisdoctrines,hesoughttoclarifyhismeaningandreasonsmorediligentlythanhasperhapsanyotherphilosopher;yetfewphilosophershaveprovenmoredifficulttointerpret.Tounderstandhowallofthesethingscanbetrueofonemanandhisphilosophyistodomorethanm
8、erelytoresolvesomefascinatinginterpretivepuzzles.Itismore,even,thantogaininsightintothese
