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1、•••27•••THEREVIVALOFCONFUCIANISM:HANYÜANDLIAOHANYÜ(768-824)andLiAo(ft.798)areusuallyconsideredasforerunnersoftheNeo-Confucianismthatdevelopedintheeleventhcentury.Actually,theyweremorethanthat.Fortheywerenotmerelyprecursorsofamovement;theydidmuchtodetermineitsdire
2、ction.Asphilosopherstheyarequitenegligible.Thereisnothingnewintheirtheoriesofhumannature,andtheirdualismofgoodnatureandevilfeelingsisbutacontinuationofaworn-outtheorysomeeighthun-dredyearsold.HanYü'sdiscussionoftheWayissuperficialand,un-likethatoftheTaoistsandBud
3、dhists,doesnottouchuponitsdeeperaspects.AndyettheywerekeyfiguresinthetransitionfromtheCon-fucianismofmedievalChinatoNeo-Confucianism.HanYü,especially,stoodoutlikeagiantinthehistoryofConfucianismfromthesecondcenturyB.C.tothetenth.Hewasofcourseoneofthegreatestliter
4、arymastersChinaeverproduced.SofarasChinesethoughtisconcerned,hisgreatnessandthatofLiAolieinthefactthattheysavedConfucian-ismfromitspossibleannihilationbyTaoismandBuddhismandthattheydefinedthedirectionandnatureofitsresurgence.Theyaccomplishedthisremarkabletaskinse
5、veralways.Firstofall,attackingTaoismandBuddhism,whichwerethenattheirheight,HanYüreversedthetideofConfuciandecline.Second,bothheandLiAoconcentratedonthecentralprobleminthehistoryofConfucianism,namely,humannature,andthuskeptitcentralinlaterConfucianism.Significantl
6、y,Neo-Confucianismiscalledthestudyofhumannatureanddestiny.TheirstudywasspecificallyurgedbyLiAo.1Third,byquotingfromtheGreatLearning,theDoctrineoftheMean,andtheBookofChanges,theydiscoveredtheirimportanceandlaidthefoundationforNeo-Confucianistswhoseideaswerelargely
7、basedontheseClassics.Fourth,bothofthemsingledoutMenciusasthepersonthroughwhomthetruedoctrinesofConfuciusweretransmittedtolaterages.HanYüwasparticularlyvehementaboutthis"correcttransmission."Here-jectedHsünTzu(fl.298-238B.C.)andYangHsiung(53B.C.-A.D.18)asunworthyo
8、fit.Howeverdogmatichemayhavebeen,this"correcttransmission"asfixedbyHanYühasbeenacceptedbyConfucianistseversince.Last,andperhapsthemostimportant,byattackingTaoi
