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1、TestingModeratingEffectsinPLSPathModels:AnIllustrationofAvailableProceduresJ¨orgHenseler1andGeorgFassott21NijmegenSchoolofManagement,RadboudUniversityNijmegen,ThomasvanAquinostraat1,6525GDNijmegen,TheNetherlands,j.henseler@fm.ru.nl2UniversityofKaiserslautern,Dep
2、artmentofMarketing,Gottlieb-Daimler-Str.1,67663Kaiserslautern,Germany,fassott@wiwi.uni-kl.de1ModeratingEffects–anOverviewAlongwiththedevelopmentofscientificdisciplines,namelysocialsciences,thecomplexityofhypothesizedrelationshipshassteadilyincreased(Cortina,1993)
3、.AsJaccardandTurrisi(2003)turnout,therearebasicallysixtypesofrelationshipsthatcanoccurwithincausalmodels:(1)directeffects,whenanindependentvariable,X,causesadependentvariable,Y,(2)indirectef-fects(alsocalledmediatingeffects),whenanindependentvariable,X,hasanimpac
4、tonathirdvariable,Z,whichtheninfluencesthedependentvariable,Y,(3)spuriouseffects,whenacorrelationbetweentwovariablesstemsfromacommoncause,Z,(4)bidirectionaleffects,whentwovariables,XandY,influenceeachother,(5)unanalyzedeffects,and(6)moderatingeffects(alsocalledintera
5、ctioneffects),whenamoderatorvariableinfluencesthestrengthofthedirecteffectbetweentheindependentvariable,X,andthedependentvariable,Y.Figure1showsthesymbolicrepresentationsofthedifferentcausalrelationships.ThedetectionandestimationofdirecteffectsisacentraldomainofPLSp
6、athmodelingandisthusaninherentpartofalmostallofthisvolume’scontributions.Thenatureofpathmodelingsupportsparticularlytheexam-inationofindirecteffects.AgoodexamplehereforeisthecontributionbyHelmetal.(2006).Typically,neitherspuriouseffectsandunanalyzedeffectsnorbidir
7、ectionaleffectsareaccountedforinPLSpathmodels.Moreover,therequirementofrecursivityinstandardPLSpathmodels(Lohm¨oller,1989)inhibitsinvestigatingbidirectionaleffects.Besidestheexaminationofdirecteffects,researchersaremoreandmoreinterestedinmoderatingeffects.Moderatin
8、geffectsareevokedbyvariables,whosevariationinfluencesthestrengthorthedirectionofarelationshipbe-tweenanexogenousandanendogenousvariable(BaronandKenny,1986,2J¨orgHenselerandGeo
