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1、Introduction1HistoryNotsolongago,thescoffercouldsaythateconometricsandgametheorywerelikeJapanandArgentina.Inthelate1940sbothdisciplinesandbotheconomieswerefullofpromise,poisedforrapidgrowthandreadytomakeaprofoundimpactontheworld.Weallknowwhathappenedto
2、theeconomiesofJapanandArgentina.Ofthedisciplines,econometricsbecameaninseparablepartofeconomics,whilegametheorylanguishedasasubdiscipline,interestingtoitsspecialistsbutignoredbytheprofessionasawhole.Thespecialistsingametheoryweregenerallymathematician
3、s,whocaredaboutdefinitionsandproofsratherthanapplyingthemethodstoeconomicproblems.Gametheoriststookprideinthediversityofdisciplinestowhichtheirtheorycouldbeapplied,butinnonehaditbecomeindispensable.Inthe1970s,theanalogywithArgentinabrokedown.Atthesamet
4、imethatArgentinawasinvitingbackJuanPeron,economistswerebeginningtodiscoverwhattheycouldachievebycombininggametheorywiththestructureofcomplexeconomicsituations.Innovationintheoryandapplicationwasespeciallyusefulforsituationswithasymmetricinformationand
5、atemporalsequenceofactions,thetwomajorthemesofthisbook.Duringthe1980s,gametheorybecamedramaticallymoreimportanttomainstreameconomics.Indeed,itseemedtobeswallowingupmicroeconomicsjustaseconometricshadswallowedupempiricaleconomics.Gametheoryisgenerallyc
6、onsideredtohavebegunwiththepublicationofvonNeu-mann&Morgenstern’sTheTheoryofGamesandEconomicBehaviourin1944.Althoughverylittleofthegametheoryinthatthickvolumeisrelevanttothepresentbook,itintroducedtheideathatconflictcouldbemathematicallyanalyzedandprov
7、idedtheter-minologywithwhichtodoit.Thedevelopmentofthe“Prisoner’sDilemma”(Tucker[unpub])andNash’spapersonthedefinitionandexistenceofequilibrium(Nash[1950b,1951])laidthefoundationsformodernnoncooperativegametheory.Atthesametime,cooperativegametheoryreac
8、hedimportantresultsinpapersbyNash(1950a)andShapley(1953b)onbargaininggamesandGillies(1953)andShapley(1953a)onthecore.By1953virtuallyallthegametheorythatwastobeusedbyeconomistsforthenext20yearshadbeendeveloped.Untilthemid1970s,gametheoryremaine