introduction to game theory

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1、IntroductiontoGameTheoryIntroductiontoGameTheoryYaleBraunsteinJune2003GeneralapproachBriefHistoryofGameTheoryPayoffMatrixTypesofGamesBasicStrategiesEvolutionaryConceptsLimitationsandProblemsBriefHistoryofGameTheory1913-E1>.Zermeloprovidesthefirsttheoremofgametheory;assertsthatchessiss

2、trictlydetermined1928-JohnvonNeumannprovestheminimaxtheorem1944-JohnvonNeumann&OskarMorgensternwrite;TheoryofGamesandEconomicBehavior”1950-1953-JohnNashdescribesNashequilibriumRationalityAssumptions:humansarerationalbeingshumansalwaysseekthebestalternativeinasetofpossiblechoicesWh

3、yassumerationality?narrowdowntherangeofpossibilitiespredictabilityUtilityTheoryUtilityTheorybasedon:rationalitymaximizationofutilitymaynotbealinearfunctionofincomeorwealthItisaquantificationofaperson'spreferenceswithrespecttocertainobjects.WhatisGameTheory?Gametheoryisastudyofhow

4、tomathematicallydeterminethebeststrategyforgivenconditionsinordertooptimizetheoutcomeGameTheoryFindingacceptable,ifnotoptimal,strategiesinconflictsituations.AbstractionofrealcomplexsituationGametheoryishighlymathematicalGametheoryassumesallhumaninteractionscanbeunderstoodandnavigatedb

5、ypresumptions.Whyisgametheoryimportant?Allintelligentbeingsmakedecisionsallthetime.AIneedstoperformthesetasksasaresult.Helpsustoanalyzesituationsmorerationallyandformulateanacceptablealternativewithrespecttocircumstance.Usefulinmodelingstrategicdecision-makingGamesagainstopponentsGame

6、sagainst;nature;TypesofGamesSequentialvs.SimultaneousmovesSinglePlayvs.IteratedZerovs.non-zerosumPerfectvs.ImperfectinformationCooperativevs.conflictZero-SumGamesThesumofthepayoffsremainsconstantduringthecourseofthegame.TwosidesinconflictBeingwellinformedalwayshelpsaplayerNon-zeroSumG

7、ameThesumofpayoffsisnotconstantduringthecourseofgameplay.Playersmayco-operateorcompeteBeingwellinformedmayharmaplayer.GamesofPerfectInformationTheinformationconcerninganopponent’smoveiswellknowninadvance.Allsequentialmovegamesareofthistype.ImperfectInformationPartialornoinformationcon

8、cerni