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1、Chapter4ResearchDesign:TowardaRealisticRoleforCausalAnalysisHerbertL.SmithAbstractForahalf-century,sociologyandalliedsocialscienceshaveworkedwithamodelofresearchdesignfoundedonadistinctionbetweeninternalvalidity,thecapacityofdesignstosupportstatementsaboutcauseandeffect,andexternalvalidity,theexte
2、nttowhichtheresultsfromspeciÞcstudiescanbegeneralizedbeyondthebatchofdataonwhichtheyarefounded.Thedistinctionisconceptuallyusefulandhasgreatpedagogicvalue,thatis,theassociationoftheexperimentalmodelwithinternalvalidity,andrandomsamplingwithexternalvalidity.Theadventofthepotentialoutcomesmodelofcau
3、sation,byemphasizingthedeÞnitionofacausaleffectattheunitlevelandtheheterogeneityofcausaleffects,hasmadeitclearhowindistinct(andinterpenetrated)aretheseÒtwinpillarsÓofresearchdesign.Thisisthethemeofthischapter,whichinveighsagainsttheideaofahierarchyofresearchdesigndesiderata,withcausalinferenceatth
4、epeak.Rather,IadoptthedesigntypologyofLeslieKish(1987),whichadvocatesanappropriatebalanceofrandomization,representation,andrealism,andillustratehowallthreeelements(andnotjustrandomization,theinternalvaliditydesignmechanism)areintegratedaspectsofmeaningfulcausalanalysis.Whatismeaningfulcausalanalys
5、is?ItdependsÞrstandforemostongettingstraightwhywearedoingwhatwearedoing.Understandingwhysomethinghashappenedmaytellusalotaboutwhatwillhappenifwewereactuallytodosomething,butthisisnotnecessarilyso.IntroductionWhenitcomestosocialresearch,researchdesignisbotheverythingandnothing.ToquoteBabbie(2010),Ò
6、:::researchdesigninvolvesasetofdecisionsregardingwhattopicistobestudiedamongwhatpopulationwithwhatresearchmethodsforwhatpurposeÓ(p.117).Or,asatextonTheDesignofSocialResearchhadputittwogenerationsearlier,ÒItisanoldandwisesayingthatÔaproblemwellputishalf-solvedÕÓ(Ackoff1953:14).Sometimesthesamepoint
7、ismadethroughcontradistinction.TukeyÕs(1986)sunsetsalvothatÒ[t]hecombinationofsomedataandanachingdesireforananswerdoesnotensurethatareasonableanswercanbeextractedfromabodyofdataÓ(pp.74Ð75)isintendedtowarnoffresea
