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1、01-Maxwell.qxd10/1/20043:13PMPage11AModelforQualitativeResearchDesignIn1625,GustavII,thekingofSweden,commissionedtheconstructionoffourwarshipstofurtherhisimperialisticgoals.Themostambitiousoftheseships,namedtheVasa,wasoneofthelargestwarshipsofitstime,with64cannonsarrayedintwogundecks.OnAugust10,162
2、8,theVasa,resplendentinitsbrightlypaintedandgildedwoodwork,waslaunchedinStockholmHarborwithcheeringcrowdsandconsiderableceremony.Thecheeringwasshort-lived,however;caughtbyagustofwindwhilestillintheharbor,theshipsuddenlyheeledover,foundered,andsank.Aninvestigationwasimmediatelyordered,anditbecameapp
3、arentthattheballastcompartmenthadnotbeenmadelargeenoughtobalancethetwogun-decksthatthekinghadspecified.Withonly121tonsofstoneballast,theshiplackedstability.However,ifthebuildershadsimplyaddedmoreballast,thelowergundeckwouldhavebeenbroughtdangerouslyclosetothewater;theshiplackedthebuoyancytoaccommod
4、atethatmuchweight.Inmoregeneralterms,thedesignoftheVasa—thewaysinwhichthedif-ferentcomponentsoftheshipwereplannedandconstructedinrelationtooneanother—wasfatallyflawed.Theshipwascarefullybuilt,meetingalloftheexistingstandardsforsolidworkmanship,butkeycharacteristicsofitsdiffer-entparts—inparticular,
5、theweightofthegundecksandballastandthesizeofthehold—werenotcompatible,andtheinteractionofthesecharacteristicscausedtheshiptocapsize.Shipbuildersofthatdaydidnothaveageneraltheoryofshipdesign;theyworkedprimarilyfromtraditionalmodelsandbytrialanderror,andhadnowaytocalculatestability.Apparently,theVasa
6、wasoriginallyplannedasasmallership,andwasthenscaledup,attheking’sinsis-tence,toaddthesecondgundeck,leavingtoolittleroominthehold(Kvarning,1993).ThisstoryoftheVasaillustratesthegeneralconceptofdesignthatIamusinghere:“anunderlyingschemethatgovernsfunctioning,developing,orunfolding”and“thearrangemento
7、felementsordetailsinaproductorworkofart”(Webster’sNinthNewCollegiateDictionary,1984).Thisistheordinary,everydaymeaningoftheterm,asillustratedbythefollowingquotefromaclothingcatalog:101-Maxwell.qxd10/1/20043
