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1、...32...THERATIONALISTICTENDENCYINCH'ENGITHEGREATIMPORTANCEofCh'engI(Ch'engI-ch'uan,1033-1107)andhiselderbrotherCh'engHao(Ch'engMing-tao,1032-1085)inthehistoryofChinesephilosophy,theoriginoftheirideas,andtheirfundamentalagreementintheirbasicconceptofprinciple(li)havebeendealtwit
2、hinthepreviouschapter.Asindicatedthere,withreferencetoprinciple,whileCh'engHaoemphasizesitsaspectofpro-ductionandreproduction,Ch'engIemphasizestheaspectofthehar-monyofoneandmany.Hissaying,"Principleisonebutitsmanifesta-tionsaremany,"1hasbecomeoneofthemostcelebratedphilosophicals
3、tatementsinChina.ItalsosumsupNeo-Confucianmetaphysicsinbrief.2ThereisastrongprobabilitythattheideacamefromBuddhism,particularlytheHua-yenSchool,foritssimilaritytotheHua-yendoc-trineofharmonyofprincipleandfactsistooclosetobedismissedascoincidence.3Astotherelationbetweenprinciplea
4、ndmaterialforce(ch'i),itispopulartocontrastCh'engIasdualisticandCh'engHaoasmonistic.ItistruethatCh'engHaosaid,"Thereisnospiritoutsideofmaterialforceandthereisnomaterialforceoutsideofspirit,"4whileCh'engIsaidmaterialforceexistsafterphysicalform[andisthereforewithit]whereastheWaye
5、xistsbeforeform[andisthereforewithoutit].5ButCh'engIalsosaidthatthereisnoyinoryang(materialforcesorpassiveandactivecosmicforces)outsidetheWay.6Forhimthetworealmsarenotwidelyseparateorsharplydifferent.Ashesaid,"Whatmakes[thematerialforce]yinoryangistheWay."7Inotherwords,principle
6、andmaterialforcearemerelytwoaspects.Whateverdualismtheremaybe,itissuperficial.FungYu-lanhasassertedthattoCh'engI,principleiscomparabletothe"idea"or"form"inancientGreekphilosophy,whereastoCh'engHao,itis"nothingmorethanthenaturaltendencyorforceinherentinanyconcreteobject."8Inviewo
7、ftheircommonideasofprinciple,itisdifficulttounderstandthisdiametricopposition.CarsunChangisrightintakingFungtotask.9AsChanghaspointedout,bothbrothersmain-1Seesecs.2and75;alsoTs'ui-yen(PureWords),l:23b-24a,inECCS.2FortheapplicationofthetheorytoChineseethics,seeabove,ch.30,comment
8、onsec.1.3Seeabove,ch.25,Introduction;A,7;B,1;B,
