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1、•••31•••THEIDEALISTICTENDENCYINCH'ENGHAOTHETWOCh'engbrothers(Ch'engHao,alsocalledCh'engMing-tao,1032-1085,andCh'engI,alsocalledCh'engI-ch'uan,1033-1107)representauniqueandanextremelyinterestingcaseinthehistoryofChinesephilosophy.Bothbrothersbecameoutstandingphilosophers,re-mindi
2、ngoneofthetwobrothers,Asanga(c.410-c.500)andVasu-bandhu(c.420-c.500)inthehistoryofIndianphilosophy.TheywerestudentsofChouTun-i(ChouLien-hsi,1017-1073),friendsofShaoYung(1011-1077),andnephewsofChangTsai(ChangHeng-ch'ü,1020-1077).1ThesefiveareoftencalledtheFiveMastersofeleventh-ce
3、nturyChinesephilosophy.Asnotedbefore,thetwobrotherssetthepatternforNeo-Confucianism.Theywereofutterlydifferenttemperament,andyettheyagreedessentiallyintheirphilosophies.ManyofthesayingsintheI-shu(SurvivingWorks)andWai-shu(Ad-ditionalWorks)oftheErh-Ch'engch'üan-shu(CompleteWorkso
4、ftheTwoCh'engs)areassignedtoboth,andinmostcasesscholarsdonotagreetowhichbrothertheyshouldbeascribed.WhenChuHsi(1130-1200)referredto"MasterCh'eng,"mostofthetimehemeantCh'engI,oftentimesCh'engHao,butsometimesboth.Thisdoesnotmeanthattherearenodifferencesbetweenthem.Infact,Ch'engIis
5、somuchmorerationalisticthanCh'engHaoandCh'engHaoissomuchmoreidealisticthanCh'engIthatitispermissibletosaythatCh'engHaoinauguratedtheidealisticwingofNeo-Confucianismwhilehisbrotherinauguratedtherationalisticwing,althoughtheirdif-ferenceshavebeenexaggeratedinrecentyears.Theirsimil
6、aritiesanddissimilaritieswillbebroughtoutinthecommentsandinthenextchap-1Ch'engHao'scourtesynamewasPo-ch'unandhewascalledMasterMing-tao(IlluminatingtheWay).Hisfatherwasachiefofficer.Afterheobtainedthe"presentedscholar"degreein1057,hebecameakeeperofrecords(assistantmagis-trate)and
7、scoredagreatsuccessinavertingafaminebysavingthedikes.Laterhewasamagistrateforthreeyears(1065-1067),broughtpeaceandorder,andgainedthegreataffectionofthepopulace.In1069hebecameundersecretaryoftheheirapparent.EmperorShen-tsung(r.1068-1085)gavehimanumberofaudiencesandwasmuchimpresse
8、dwithhisrecommendations.ButhestronglyopposedWan
