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1、•••16•••THENATURALISMOFWANGCH'UNGCONSIDERABLEINTERESTinWangCh'ung(27-100?)hasbeenarousedinthelastseveraldecades.Inourageofcriticalspirit,skepti-cism,scientificmethod,demandforevidence,andrevoltagainstthepast,thisisperfectlynatural,forWangCh'ungrepresentsall
2、these.Athor-oughlyindependentthinker,hewasnotidentifiedwithanyschoolandhasoftenbeenclassifiedasamemberoftheMiscellaneousSchool.Inhismetaphysics,heisdefinitelyTaoistic,somewhatmodifiedbytheideaoftheinterfusionandinterminglingoftheyinandyangforcesintheBookofC
3、hanges.Butevenhereheisdifferent,forwhileTaoismisverymuchinterestedinmetaphysicsbutnotmuchinhumaninstitutions,Wangtooktheoppositeposition.Actuallyheisneithercreativenorsignificantsofarasmetaphysicsisconcerned.HischiefcontributiontothehistoryofChinesethoughti
4、stocleartheatmosphereofsuperstitionandenhancethecriticalandrationalspiritthatwasalreadyincipient.WhenWangwasborn,ConfucianismhadbeenthesupremedoctrineinChinaformorethanahundredyears.Influencedbypopularpriest-magicianswhospreadsuperstitionsandperformedmiracl
5、es,theessen-tiallyrationalisticConfuciandoctrineoftheunityofmanandNaturehaddegeneratedintooneofmutualinfluence,oftenofamysteriouskind.Furthermore,inanattempttomakeConfuciusmorethanthesu-premesage,effortsweremadetodeifyhim,andhewasconsideredthe"uncrownedking
6、"appointedbyHeaven.ThebeginningofthistendencywasalreadyevidentinTungChung-shu(c.l79-c.104B.C.).DuringtheWesternHanperiod(206B.C.-A.D.8)awholebodyofapocryphalliteraturegrewuptosupplementthebasicallyhumanisticandrational-isticConfucianClassics,aliteraturewith
7、fantasticinterpretationoftheClassicsinordertosupportthebeliefinportentsandprophecies.TheinfluenceofthisliteraturewasparticularlystrongbetweentheWesternHanandtheEasternHan(25-220).ItwasverypopularduringthereignofEmperorWu(r.140-87B.C.),andWangMang,rulerofHsi
8、ndynasty(9-23),loveditexceedingly.TheintellectualsituationatWangCh'ung'stimewasthereforesomethinglikethis:(1)Confucianismwassupreme;(2)itwasbeingdebasedintoamysteriousandsuperstitiousdoctrine;(3)theuni
