CULTURAL TRANSFERS BETWEEN TOKUGAWA JAPAN AND CH'ING CHINA TO 1800英文

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1、Trim:228mm×152mmTop:10.685mmGutter:16.871mmCUUK2978-06CUUK2978/PetersonISBN:9780521243353November30,20157:34CHAPTER6CULTURALTRANSFERSBETWEENTOKUGAWAJAPANANDCH'INGCHINATO1800BenjaminA.ElmanAftertheyear1600thenewTokugawaleadershipinJapandidnotacknowl-edgetheMinggovernmentasthele

2、adingpowerinEastAsia.NeverthelesstheTokugawasoughttodiscourageconflictwiththeMingauthoritiesandallowedthetallytrade(J.kango¯,Ch.k'an-ho)toresume.EarliertheMingcourthadissuedtalliesfortradetorepresentativesoftheJapaneseAshikagaregime(1338–1573)asatributarystate.Unhappywiththepre

3、cedentthattheAshikagahadformallyaskedforandreceivedrecognitionasatributarytotheMingemperor,theTokugawashogunateavoidedacceptingtributarystatusundertheMingdynastyandthentheCh'ing,whichimpededdirecttrade.In1715forthefirsttimetheTokugawagovernmentbegantoissueitsowntradecredentials

4、,whichweremeanttoimplyCh'ingsubordinationtoJapan.Fromthenon,toenterNagasakiharbor,wheretheshogunateconfinedoverseastradeafter1635,vesselsfromChinaformallyhadtoacceptJapanesetermsinordertoreceivetradingcredentials(J.shinpai,C.hsin-p'ai)fromNagasakiauthorities.1OneofthechiefTokug

5、awaministerswhoplayedapivotalroleindraft-ingthe1715regulationswasAraiHakuseki(1657–1725),asinophileintheshogun’sinnercirclewhowasproudofhisabilitytowriteChinesepoetry.HefearedthattheexportofmetalsthroughtheNagasakitradetoChinawascausingshortagesthathampereddomestictradeandwasi

6、ncreasingsmug-gling.Hecontendedthatabout75percentofthegoldand25percentofthesilverexpendituresinJapanwerespentonforeigntrade.ThegoalofthenewregulationswastorestricttheNagasakitradeinmetals,especiallycopperandsilver,tonomorethanthirtyChineseshipsvisitingNagasakieachyear.Tokugawa

7、hadalreadytriedtoplaceageneralbanonexportingsilverin1668,butthisbandidnotbecomefullyeffectiveuntil1763.Araiwasalsoconcerned1KikuchiYoshimi,“ShotokushinreitoNagasakib¯oekinohenshitsu,”in¯Kinseitaigaikankeishiron,ed.NakadaYasunao(Tokyo,1979),pp.154–61.MythankstoMartinHeijdraforh

8、iscorrectionsandcomments.234Trim:228mm×152mmTop:10.685mmGutte