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1、Chapter12SpaceandextensionsofspaceComplementsandadjuncts12.0Overview12.1Spaceandextensionsofspace:Non-participantroles12.2Physicalspace12.3Topologyofspace12.4Topologyofspatialtime12.5Abstractspace12.6Summary12.0OverviewThischapterisconcernedwithnon-participantroles,i.e.thematicrolesthatty
2、picallydonotparticipateineventschemas.Theseperipheralrolesdescribenotionsofspace,time,circumstance,cause,reason,purpose,andsomeotherabstractdomains,whichcannotbediscussedhere.InthestructureofEnglish,non-participantrolesnormallyfunctionasadjunctswhichspecifythesetting.Theytendtobeexpressed
3、byprepositionalphraseswhoseprepositionsprimarilydenotespatialrelations.Spaceisoneofthemostbasicandtangibledomainsofexperience.Itischaracterisedbyanelaboratesystemofspatialrela-tions.Bymetaphoricallyextendingthesensesofspatialprepositions,thedomainoftimeandotherabstractdomainsareconceivedo
4、fandexpressedinavarietyofspace-likeways.Theanalysisofprepositionsofspaceandtheirmotivatedextensionsamplydemonstratesthepervasivenessofconceptualmetaphoringrammar.12.1Spaceandextensionsofspace:Non-participantrolesNexttotheexperienceofourbodies,ourinteractionwithobjectsinphysicalspaceisamon
5、gthemostbasicexperiences.Mostoftheimageschemasarebasedonspatial304CognitiveEnglishGrammarrelationsandmanybasicconceptualmetaphorsarederivedfromthem,suchastimeisspaceorchangeismotion.Thesespatialmetaphorsaremostnoticeableatthelexicallevelinexpressionssuchasthecomingweekorturntwenty.Atthegr
6、ammaticallevel,spa-tialmetaphorsareparticularlyapparentintheuseofprepositions.Mostprepositionsdenotespatialrelationsastheirbasicandhistoricallyprimarymean-ings,andtheirusesinabstractdomainsaremetaphoricalextensionsofspatialmeanings.Seeinganddescribingtime,circumstances,cause,reasonorpurpo
7、seintermsofspaceissonaturalthatwehavetothinktwicebeforewerealisethatwearedealingwithmetaphor.Wehaverichconceptionsofspace,andwhenweprojectspatialnotionsontoabstractdomainswetendtopreservethetopologyofspaceevenifitdoesnotapplytothetargetdomain.Forexample,literallyitd
