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1、...41...CHANGTUNG-SUN'STHEORYOFKNOWLEDGENOTSINCEthethirdcenturyB.C.havetherebeen"onehundredschools"ofthoughtcontendinginChinaasinthetwentiethcentury.ThecombinationofWesternthoughtandrevoltagainsttraditionalheri-tagecausedmanyintellectualcurrentstoruninalldirections.Theintro-ductionofmodernWesternph
2、ilosophybeganwithYenFu's(1853-1921)translationofHuxley'sEvolutionandEthicsin1898.Histrans-lationofworksofMill,Spencer,andMontesquieusoonfollowed.Attheturnofthecentury,ideasofSchopenhauer,Kant,Nietzsche,Rous-seau,Tolstoi,andKropotkinwereimported.Aftertheintellectualrenaissanceof1917,themovementadvan
3、cedatrapidpace.Inthefol-lowingdecadeimportantworksofDescartes,Spinoza,Hume,James,Bergson,Marx,andothersbecameavailableinChinese.Dewey,Russell,andDreischcametoChinatolecture,andspecialnumbersofjournalsweredevotedtoNietzscheandBergson.Clubsandevenschoolswereformedtopromoteaparticularphilosophy.Almost
4、everytrendofWesternthoughthaditsexponent.James,Bergson,Eucken,Whitehead,Hocking,Schiller,T.H.Green,Carnap,andC.I.Lewishadtheirownfollowing.ForatimeitseemedChinesethoughtwastobecompletelyWesternized.Butthatwasnottobethecase.SimultaneouslywiththepropagationofWesternthought,effortsweremadetoreviveandr
5、econstructChinesephilosophy.WehavealreadyseentheattemptbyT'anSsu-t'ung(1865-1898).ThegreatrebelSunYat-sen(1866-1925)himselfincorporatedpartofConfucianethicsintohispoliticalideology.In1921,LiangSou-ming(1893-1962)championedConfucianmoralvaluesandarousedtheChinesetoadegreeseldomseeninthecontemporaryw
6、orld.BothOu-yangChing-wu(1871-1943)andAbbotT'ai-hsü(1889-1947)pro-motedtherevivaloftheBuddhistConsciousness-Onlyphilosophyformanyyears.WhileLiangcreatedastrongcurrentinreevaluatingandrevitalizingConfucianism,hedidnotdevelopaphilosophyofhisown.NeitherOu-yangnorT'ai-hsüaddedanythingreallynewtoBuddhis
7、tphilosophyinspiteofthelatter'sattempttosynthesizeitwithWesternthoughtandmodernscience.Thetwooutstandingphilosopherswhohaveachievedconcretesuccessinreconstructingtraditionalphilosophyandestablishingasystemo
