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1、EducationalresearchCombinationofPhenomenographywithKnowledgeSpaceTheorytostudystudents’thinkingpatternsindescribingan†atom12ZoltánTóthandLajosLudányi1ChemicalMethodologyGroup,UniversityofDebrecen,Debrecen,Hungary2Berze-NagyJánosHighSchool,Gyöngyös,Hungarye-mail:tothzol
2、tandr@yahoo.comReceived31December2006,accepted21June2007ththththAbstract:ThisstudycomparesHungarian7to11graders’andAmerican9to11graders’thinkingpatternsindescribinganatom.Anewevaluationmethod,thecombinationofphenomenographyandknowledgespacetheorywasusedtoexplorestudent
3、s’reasoningandtofollowthechangeinstudents’cognitivestructures.Accordingtothephenomenographicanalysisoftheresponses,threemaincategories,‘unitsofmatter’,‘constituentsofatoms’and‘modelofatoms’,wereidentified.ConnectionsbetweenthesecategoriesweredeterminedbyadaptingKnowled
4、geSpaceTheorytothehierarchyofcategories.Resultsshowedthatduringtheinstruction,theinitialuniformmodelforrepresentationofstudents’knowledgestructurebecamemorediffusebutattheendoftheinstructiontheorganisationofthecategoriesinstudents’mindscouldberepresentedagainbyasinglem
5、odel.Intheinitialmodel,the‘unitsofmatter’categorywasindependentofthe‘constituentsofatoms’and‘modelofatoms’categories,andthe‘modelofatoms’categorywasbuiltonthecategory‘constituentsofatoms’.SignificantchangeinconnectionsamongcategoriescouldbedetectedonlyinthecaseofHungar
6、ianstudents.InthethreasoningofHungarian11graders,thehierarchybetween‘constituentsofatoms’and‘modelofatoms’wasreversed.[Chem.Educ.Res.Pract.,2007,8(3),327-336.]Keywords:phenomenography,knowledgespacetheory,students’thinkingpatterns,atomIntroductionTheatomichypothesisisa
7、primaryconceptofscientificknowledge.Whenweteachaboutatoms,wegivethekeytounlockmanyofthedoorsofthesciences.However,thereisalackofagreementaboutwhenstudentsshouldbeintroducedtotheconceptsofanatomandmolecule.Thereisaview(AAAS,2001;Taber,2002)thatsaystheideasshouldbeleftun
8、tilneartheendofthesecondaryschool,becauseonlyafewstudentscancomprehendtheideaofatomicandmolecularparticles.Researchin
