胡壮麟《语言学教程》期末考试复习笔记

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1、Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics1.1Whystudylanguage?1.Languageisveryessentialtohumanbeings.2.Inlanguagetherearemanythingsweshouldknow.3.Forfurtherunderstanding,weneedtostudylanguagescientifically.1.2Whatislanguage?1.3DesignfeaturesoflanguageThefeaturesthatdefine

2、ourhumanlanguagescanbecalleddesignfeatureswhichcandistinguishhumanlanguagefromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.1.3.1Arbitrariness1.3.2Duality1.3.3CreativityCreativitymeansthatlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Recursivenessreferstotherulew

3、hichcanbeappliedrepeatedlywithoutanydefinitelimit.Therecursivenatureoflanguageprovidesatheoreticalbasisforthepossibilityofcreatingendlesssentences.1.3.4Displacement1.4Originoflanguage1.Thebow-wowtheoryInprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthew

4、ildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat.2.Thepooh-poohtheoryInthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpains,angerandjoywhichgraduallydevelopedintolanguage.3.The“yo-he-ho”theoryAsprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhyth

5、micgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.1.5FunctionsoflanguageAsisproposedbyJacobson,languagehassixfunctions:1.Referential:toconveymessageandinformation;2.Poetic:toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake;3.Emotive:toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemoti

6、ons;4.Conative:topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandentreaties;5.Phatic:toestablishcommunionwithothers;6.Metalingual:toclearupintentions,wordsandmeanings.Whatiscontextualism?“Contextualism”isbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfrom,orreduceitto,

7、observablecontext:the“situationalcontext”andthe“linguisticcontext”.Everyutteranceoccursinaparticularspatial-temporalsituation,asthefollowingfactorsarerelatedtothesituationalcontext:(1)thespeakerandthehearer;(2)theactionstheyareperformingatthetime;(3)variousexter

8、nalobjectsandevents;(4)deicticfeatures.The“linguisticcontext”isanotheraspectofcontextualism.Itconsiderstheprobabilityofoneword’sco-occurrenceorcollocationwithanother,