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1、12AgrammarofspaceinJapaneseSotaroKita12.1IntroductionJapaneseisspokenbyroughly110millionpeople,mostofwhomliveinJapan.TheearliestextensivetextsinJapanesedatebacktotheearlyeighthcentury.Itsgeneticaffiliationiscontroversial(seeShibatani(1990)forthesurveyofvarioussuggestionsintheliterature).T
2、helanguageconsistsofmanydialectgroups.Inthischapter,wewillfocusonthedialectspokenintheTokyometropolitanarea.Japaneseexpressionsforthreetypesofspatialinformationarediscussed.Oneislocation,namely,whereanentityislocated.Theotherismotion,inwhichanentitychangesitslocativerelationshipwithanoth
3、erentity.Thethirdisframesofreference,withwhichspaceisdividedintoregionswithrespecttoareferencepointsoastospecifylocationanddirectionandtrajectoryofmotion.112.2VerybriefgrammaticaloverviewofthelanguageJapanesehasanominative-accusativecase-markingpattern,andthecanon-icalorderamongsubject,d
4、irectobjectandindirectobjectisS-DO-IO-V.Whilerigidlyverbfinal,variousdiscoursefactorsleadto‘scrambling’oftheconstituentorderamongS,DO,IO,adjunctsandadverbials.Furthermore,whenrecoverablefromthecontext,verbargumentsareusuallyleftunex-pressedinJapanesediscourse.Derivationalmorphologyofverbs
5、iscomplex.Categoriesmarkedbyproductiveverbalmorphologyincludetense,aspect,pas-sive,causative,reciprocal,‘candoX’,‘wanttodoX’,‘todoXtoomuch’,epis-temicmodality,negationandhonorification.Thereisnoparticipantmarkingontheverb,andgrammaticalrelationsaremarkedbypostpositionsonNPs.Adnominalmodifi
6、ers,includingrelativeclauses,comebeforetheirheadnoun.1Animportantwayinwhichlocationisspecified,namelyspatialdeixis,isnotcoveredfullyinthispaperduetothelengthlimitation.See,forexample,Ozy¨¨urekandKita(inpreparation)formorediscussiononspatialdeixis.437438SotaroKitaFurtherinformationaboutthe
7、JapaneselanguagecanbefoundinMartin(1975),Shibatani(1990)andTsujimura(1996).12.3LocationDifferentconstructionsareusedtodescribewhereanentityislocated.Thissectionwilldiscusstheformandfunctionofsuchconstructions.InJapaneseexpressionsoflocation,spatialnominalsplayacrucialrole
