advances in organic chemistry over the last 100 years

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1、2Advancesinorganicchemistryoverthelast100yearsa,bC.A.RussellaDept.ofHistoryofScience,TechnologyandMedicine,TheOpenUniversity,WaltonHall,MiltonKeynes,UKMK67AAbDept.ofHistoryandPhilosophyofScience,TheUniversityofCambridge,FreeSchoolLane,Cambridge,UKCB23RHThi

2、schapterattemptstocoverthelastcenturyoforganicchemistry,inevitablyinanimpressionisticway.Ithighlightsthemostimportantdevelopmentsrelatingtostructureanditsdetermination,stereochemistry,synthesis,newtypesofmoleculethatdonotoccurinnature,alimitedselectionofna

3、turalproducts,theriseoftheoreticalorganicchemistryandtheroleoffreeradicals.Thediscussionopenswithastate-of-the-artpicturefor1904(whenAnnualReportsmadeitsfirstappearance)andconcludeswithsomereflectionsonthepositiontoday,particularlyinrelationtotheplaceoforgan

4、icchemistrywithinscienceasawhole.1IntroductionScopeAnyattempttosummarisethechiefadvancesinorganicchemistryoverthelast100yearsmustseemlikeanexerciseinfrustration.Andsuchitis,giventherateofprogressandexponentialexpansioninmanyareas.ThisReportthereforeavoidsa

5、nyattempttoofferasummaryofeventhemaindiscoveries.Insteaditattemptstolocatetheoriginsofmanyfamiliaraspectsofthesubjecttodayandtogiveaqualitativeindicationofhowtheyhavesubsequentlydeveloped.Somekindsofdeeperexplanationareexploredintheconclusion,asthegrowthof

6、organicchemistryisplacedinanevenwidercontext.TheReporterisonlytooawarethatalmosteveryreaderwillregretthathisorherspecialitymakessuchabriefappearanceordoesnotevenappearatall.Thedemandsofhistoricalselectivityareusuallytough.SourcesIn1822aseriesof‘annualrepor

7、ts’onthewholeofphysicalscience,(especially1chemistry)wascommencedbyBerzelius.EventhenonlyachemistofhisgiganticDOI:10.1039/b407613nAnnu.Rep.Prog.Chem.,Sect.B,2004,100,3–313powerscouldhaveundertakensuchaHerculeantask.WhentheChemicalSocietyproduceditsfirstAnnu

8、alReport82yearslatertherewasaneditor,asub-editorandtenauthors.Sincethenchemistryasawholeprogressedsofastthat,since1967,theReportonorganicchemistryhasbeenpublishedasaseparatevolume,SectionB.Tograspevenalittleo