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1、Areorganizationaljusticeeffectsgeneralizableacrosscultures?AcriticalreviewandsomedirectionsforfutureresearchToappearinHandbookoforganizationaljustice:FundamentalquestionsaboutfairnessintheworkplaceeditedbyJeraldGreenbergandJasonA.Colquitt.IthankJerryGreenbergforhisinsightfulcomme
2、ntsonanearlierdraft.ThischapterissupportedbyaresearchgrantprovidedbyCityUniversityofHongKong.AbstractAthree-stagemodelconsistedofjusticerules,criteria,andpracticesisusedtoorganizethecross-culturalliteratureonorganizationaljustice.Justicerulesareabstractprinciplesthatguidejusticed
3、ecisions;justicecriteriaarespecificationsforimplementingjusticerules;andjusticepracticesrepresenttheconcretestandards,verbalandnon-verbalbehaviors,andsocialarrangementsforoperationalizngjusticecriteria.Areviewofthecross-culturalliteratureshowsthattherearesubstantialculturalvariat
4、ionsinthesalienceofandpreferenceforjusticerules,criteria,andpractices.Individualism-collectivismandpowerdistanceprovidetheconceptualbasisfororganizingandinterpretingmostofthecross-culturalfindingsinorganizationaljustice,althoughsomeresultscallforthedevelopmentofalternativecultura
5、lframeworksfortheirinterpretations.Commonproblemsincross-culturalresearchinorganizationaljustice,implicationsofcross-culturalresearchfortheorydevelopment,anddirectionsforfutureresearcharediscussed.IntroductionJusticehasalonghistoryinhumancivilizations.Twentyfivecenturiesago,Confu
6、ciuswarnedusintheAnalectsofthedireconsequencesofdistributiveinjustice:"...theheadofstateoranoblefamilyworriesnotaboutpovertybutaboutunevendistribution...Forwherethereisevendistributionthereisnosuchthingaspoverty"(translatedbyLau,1992,p.161).Aboutacenturylater,Aristotlecautionedus
7、intheEthics,asmanymodernmanagerswould,that“howactionsaretobeperformedanddistributionsmadeinordertobejust–toknowthatisahardertaskthantoknowwhatone’shealthrequires”(translatedbyThomson,1976,p.197).TheBiblealludestoaproportionalitynormfordistributiveandretributivejustice:“forwhatsoe
8、veramansoweth,thatshallhealsoreap"(Galat
