科技英语阅读答案unit 8

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1、AppendixIReferenceAnswersUnit8SpaceExplorationPartIESTReadingReading1SectionAPre-readingTaskWarm-upQuestions:Workinpairsanddiscussthefollowingquestions.1.Howmuchdoyouknowaboutthespace?Spaceistheboundless,three-dimensionalextentinwhichobjectsandeventsoccurandhaverelativepositionanddirection.[1]

2、Physicalspaceisoftenconceivedinthreelineardimensions,althoughmodernphysicistsusuallyconsiderit,withtime,tobepartoftheboundlessfour-dimensionalcontinuumknownasspacetime.Inmathematicsoneexamines'spaces'withdifferentnumbersofdimensionsandwithdifferentunderlyingstructures.Theconceptofspaceisconsid

3、eredtobeoffundamentalimportancetoanunderstandingofthephysicaluniversealthoughdisagreementcontinuesbetweenphilosophersoverwhetheritisitselfanentity,arelationshipbetweenentities,orpartofaconceptualframework.2.Howdoyouunderstandthetitle“DoesGodPlayDice”?"Thescienceofchaosisforcingscientiststoreth

4、inkEinstein'sfundamentalassumptionsregardingthewaytheuniversebehaves.Chaostheoryhasalreadyshownthatsimplesystems,obeyingpreciselaws,canneverthelessactinarandommanner.PerhapsGodplaysdicewithinacosmicgameofcompletelawandorder.DoesGodPlayDice?revealsastrangeuniverseinwhichnothingmaybeasitseems.Fa

5、miliargeometricshapessuchascirclesandellipsesgivewaytoinfinitelycomplexstructuresknownasfractals,theflutteringofabutterfly'swingscanchangetheweather,andthegravitationalattractionofacreatureinadistantgalaxycanchangethefateofthesolarsystem."3.Whatisdeterminism?Determinism(specificallycausaldeter

6、minism)istheconceptthateventswithinagivenparadigmareboundbycausalityinsuchawaythatanystate(ofanobjectorevent)is,tosomelargedegree,determinedbypriorstates.4.Howdoyouunderstand“theworldmusthaveseemedprettyarbitraryandrandom”?Disasterssuchasfloodsordiseasesmusthaveseemedtohappenwithoutwarning,ora

7、pparentreason.Primitivepeopleattributedsuchnaturalphenomena,toapantheonofgodsandgoddesses,whobehavedinacapriciousandwhimsicalway.Therewasnowaytopredictwhattheywoulddo,andtheonlyhopewastowinfavorbygiftsoractions.Manypeoplestillpartiallys