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1、宁波大学科学技术学院本科毕业设计（论文）系列表格英文翻译1.1.Teachers—theimplementersIna2-yearstudyintwoSingaporeschoolstoinvestigatepedagogicalpracticesintheelementarymathematicsclassroom,Chang,Kaur,Koay,andLee(2001)foundthattraditionalteachingapproachespredominatedamongsttheteachers.Thetypicalteachingappr
2、oachwasexpository,followedbystudentspracticingroutineexercisestoconsolidatetheconcepts,knowledgeandskills.Changetal.’sstudyinvolvedvideotapingfive1-hmathematicslessonsforfourteachers,twofromaneliteschoolandtwofromalocalschool.Inanotherstudy,Foong,Yap,andKoay(1996)describedhowanu
3、mberofteachersexpressedtheirconcernovertheirperceivedlackofskillsfortheteachingofmathematicsusingaproblemsolvingapproach.TheyfoundthatteachersfeltinadequatelypreparedtoteachMPSwhentheexampleswerenonroutineproblemsthathadseveralpossiblesolutions.Theydoubtedtheirabilitytocommunica
4、tethemultipleconceptsrequiredbystudentstounderstandwithoutbeingconfusedbythenumberofmethodsandheuristicssuggestedinthenewlyreleasedsyllabus,andtheteachersexpresseduneasewiththeemphasisonopen-endedproblemsolving.Suchlackofconfidenceledtothegeneralbeliefthattherewasanoverrelianceo
5、ntextbooksandanarrowrangeofproblemtypesusedinclassroomexamples,bothcontrarytotheofficialsyllabus(MOE,2000).Teachers’developmentingivingproblemsolvinginstructionshasbeeninsufficientlyexploredbyresearchers(Chapman,1999;Lester,1994).Inonestudy,Norton,McRobbie,andCooper(2002)investi
6、gatedhownineteachersrespondedtoareformcurriculum(BoardofSeniorSecondarySchoolStudies,1992)inlinewithreformsinitiatedbytheNationalCouncilforTeachersofMathematics(NCTM,1989,2000)andtheAustralianEducationCouncil(AEC,1990).Theysoughttofindifteacherswhowereusinganinvestigativeapproac
7、hthatinvolvedstudentsactivelyengagingin:“makingsenseofnewinformationandideas”(CurriculumCouncil,1998,p.1),“investigatingmathematicalprocessessituatedwithinmeaningfulcontexts”(AustralianAssociationofMathematicsTeachersInc.,1996,p.4),and“constructionofmeaning”(Anderson,1994,p.1).T
8、heteachersvariedtheirpedagogicalapproachesdiffe
