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1、unit-8-Writing-AbstractContentsDefinitionofAbstract1PurposesofanAbstract2TypesofAbstract3ElementsinanAbstract4VerbTenses5SelectionofKeyWords6DefinitionofAbstract?aone-paragraphsummaryofaresearchproject.aself-contained(completeandseperate),short,andpowerfulstatement
2、thatdescribesalargerwork.acondensedversionofalongerpieceofwritingthathighlightsthemajorpointscovered,conciselydescribesthecontentandscopeofthewriting,andreviewsthewriting’scontentsinanabbreviatedform.thelastsectiontobewritten,butthefirstsectiontobereadpurpose,scope
3、andmethodspurpose,scope,methods,results,conclusionsandrecommendations50-150wordsaround100words200-300wordsmoreorless250wordsreviewarticlesresearchpapersDescriptivevs.Informative?10%ofthetotallengthStructuredAbstractStructuredAbstract:结构式摘要在形式上按一定的格式列出项目名称，逐项叙述。1obj
4、ective,methods,results,conclusion,(background),(remainedquestions)2context/background,objective,design,setting,subjects,interventions,mainoutcomemeasures,results,conclusionsEg:AbstractObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionNon-structuredAbstractNon-structuredAbstract:非结构
5、性摘要是将论文的主要内涵包括。purpose,result,conclusion非结构式摘要的主要缺点是：段落不明，给编辑、审稿、阅读及计算机处理带来诸多不便。与非结构式摘要相比，全结构式摘要观点更明确（moreexplicitness），信息量更大（moreinformation），差错更少（fewererrors），同时也更符合计算机数据库的建立和使用要求。但其缺点也是显而易见的，即烦琐、重复、篇幅过长,于是更多的杂志扬长避短，采用半结构式（semi-structured）摘要Half-structuredabstrac
6、t半结构式摘要也称为四要素摘要，包括：目的（objective/purpose/aim）、方法（methods）、结果（results）和结论（conclusion）Thisdissertationexaminestheimpactsofsocialmovementsthroughamulti-layeredstudyoftheMississippiCivilRightsMovementfromitspeakintheearly1960sthroughtheearly1980s.Byexaminingthishistor
7、icallyimportantcase,Iclarifytheprocessbywhichmovementstransformsocialstructuresandtheconstraintsmovementsfacewhentheytrytodoso.Thetimeperiodstudiedincludestheexpansionofvotingrightsandgainsinblackpoliticalpower,thedesegregationofpublicschoolsandtheemergenceofwhite
8、-flightacademies,andtheriseandfalloffederalanti-povertyprograms.Iusetwomajorresearchstrategies:(1)aquantitativeanalysisofcounty-leveldataand(2)t
