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1、4.-Ways-of-developing-paragraphs---Listing---Exemplification---CauseandEffect---ComparisonandContrast---Classification---DefinitionCommonMethodsofParagraphDevelopment2ReadingandRecitingStudieshaveindicatedanumberofvaluestoreadingandreciting,asopposedtoread
2、ingalone.Foronething,whenyoureadsomethingwiththeknowledgethatyoumustsoonrecitewhatyouhaveread,youaremorelikelytobemotivatedtorememberandlesslikelytobecomeinattentive.Foranother,recitationprovidesimmediateknowledgeofresults,sothatyoucanseehowwellyouaredoing
3、andadjustandmodifyyourresponsesaccordingly.Finally,recitationprovidesactivepracticeinrecallingthematerialyouwishultimatelytoretain.Listing:Presentingfactsonebyone3BWhatIsLanguage?Alanguageisasignalingsystemwhichemployssymbolicvocalsounds.Letustakeacloserlo
4、okatthisdefinition,foritislanguageaboveallelsewhichservestodistinguishhumansfromotheranimals.Otheranimals,itistrue,cancommunicatebymeansofcries.(Forexample,dogsmaybarkatintruders,catshissatrivals,lambsbleatforattentionoftheirmothers.)Suchcries,nevertheless
5、,lackanumberofthecentralattributesoflanguagethatenablesustodivideahumanutteranceintowords.Humansthroughtheircapacityreplaceonewordwithanothertoformaninfinitevarietyofutterancescapableofconveyingfarmoreinformationthanthecriesofanimals.7(Forinstance,humanwar
6、ningscanconveyfarmorepreciselythenatureofthethreattheypointtothancanthesinglewarningscreechabirdhasinitsrepertoire.“Lookout,someoneisstealingyourbag!”doesnotsoundtoodifferentfrom“Lookout,someoneisstealingyourbike!”yettheycarryfarmorespecificinformationthan
7、anyanimalcouldcaptureinitscries.)Thenumberofutterancesavailablethroughspeechislimitless.Incontrast,thoseofanimalsareconfinedtoafixednumberofsetsequences.(Thetitcanbetakenasacaseinpoint,beinglimitedtoabouttwentydifferentcalls.Thislimitationisinitselfanexpla
8、nationofwhyanimals’criestendtobeverygeneralinmeaningandlackthespeakingabilitytoconveyhighlyspecificinformation.)8GeneralRulestoAbidebyWhenChoosingandUsingExamples---Choosethosethatcanforcefullyandlogicallyill
