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时间:2021-02-11
《中国农业大学有机化学课件第十六章 碳水化合物.ppt》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。
1、Chapter16CarbohydratesCarbohydratesaresugarsandtheirderivatives.Thecommonsugarscontainanaldehydeorketonecarbonylgroupaswellasanumberofhydroxygroups.PhotosynthesisxCO2+yH2O+太阳能→Cx(H2O)y+xO2Cx(H2O)y+xO2→xCO2+yH2O+energyMetabolismChlorophyl-aADPEnergyreleasedinoxidationATPsynthesisfromADPand
2、HPO42-16.1Monosaccharides16.1.1Classification16.1.2DandLseriesGlyceraldehydedihydroxyacetoneD-(+)-glyceraldehydeL-(-)-glyceraldehydeR-(+)-glyceraldehydeS-(-)-glyceraldehyde16.1.3Structure-D-(+)-葡萄糖-D-(+)-葡萄糖Haworth-D-(+)-glucose-D-(+)-glucose16.1.4Mutarotation-D-(+)-glucopyranose-D-(+
3、)-glucopyranosemp146℃,[]D25=+112°mp150℃,[]D25=+18.7°~36%~64%~0.1%16.1.5Glycosidesmethyl-D-(+)-glucopyranosidemethyl-D-(+)-glucopyranosidemp165℃,[]D25=+158°mp107℃,[]D25=-33°16.1.6Otherreactions16.1.6.1enolization,tautomerismandisomerism单糖的异构化现象16.1.6.2Etherformation16.1.6.3Esterificat
4、ion16.1.6.4Formationofcyclicacetals16.1.6.5Oxidation①withBenedictorTollensreagent:还原性糖②withaqueousbromineAldonicacid-D-吡喃葡萄糖D-葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯D-葡萄糖酸D-葡萄糖酸-γ-内酯③withnitricacidAldaricacid-lactone④withperiodate16.1.6.6ReductionAlditol16.1.6.7withphenylhydrazinePhenylosazoneD-葡萄糖D-甘露糖差向异构体(epimers)
5、:在多手性碳化合物中只有一个手性碳构型不同而其它构型均相同的非对映异构体。16.1.7Synthesisanddegradationofsaccharides16.1.7.1Kiliani-FischerSynthesis16.1.7.2RuffdegradationD-(-)-核糖D-(-)-核糖酸D-(-)–赤藓糖16.2Disaccharides16.2.1SucroseSOA,非离子型表面活性剂,无毒、无污染、无刺激、易生物降解。用于化工、食品及医药。Sucralose(三氯蔗糖),新型甜味剂,甜度是蔗糖的600倍,低热值、无毒、抗龋齿从一种烟草N.gossei中提
6、取的天然杀虫剂,对温室粉虱杀灭率100%,对梨黄木虱和蜘蛛螨也有很好的防效。16.2.2Maltose麦芽糖的氧化甲基化水解和甲基化水解16.2.3Fibrinose-纤维二糖-乳糖16.2.4Lactose16.3OligosaccharidesandPolysaccharides16.3.1Starch直链淀粉的部分结构支链淀粉的部分结构16.3.2Glycogen16.3.3Cellulose纤维素链的部分结构人造纤维16.4OtherimportantsaccharidesandtheirderivativesD-葡糖醛酸D-半乳糖醛酸16.4.1Otherim
7、portantsaccharides-L-鼠李糖(6-去氧-L-甘露糖)-L-岩藻糖(6-去氧-L-半乳糖)-2-去氧-D-核糖16.4.2Saccharidescontainingnitrogenatoms16.4.2.1Saccharidylamine-D-吡喃葡基胺腺苷(Adenosine)16.4.2.2Aminosaccharides-D-葡糖胺-N-乙酰基-D-葡糖胺(NAG)-N-乙酰基胞壁酸(NAND)几丁质的部分结构肝素的部分结构16.4.3Sugarlipids
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