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1、EmeraldNecklaceBoston,MA,Unitedstates波士顿公园系统AShortBiographyintheartoflandscapedesignTheartistwerefertohereisFrederickLawOlmstedwho,forhisvisionandcraft,isknownasthefatheroflandscapearchitecture.HedesignedtheBostonParksystemweaffectionatelycalltheEmeraldN
2、ecklace,astringofninecontinuousparks.Studythesegreenspacesmorecloselyandyou'llfindtheyarefarfromnaturallyoccurringphenomena.Theyarefeatsofengineering,marvelsofvisionaryurbanplanning,corridorsoftransportation,contributorstothepublichealth,andacanvasuponwh
3、ichanartisthasworkedinplants,trees,earthandwaterinsteadofoils.Olmsteddesignedthisparksysteminthelater19thcenturytoprovideacommongroundtowhichallpeoplecouldcomeforhealthfulrelieffromthepollution,noiseandovercrowdingofcitylife.Carriages,horsebackridersandp
4、edestrianscouldenjoytheirrecreations,andBostonianscouldfindplacesforbothactiveplayandquietcontemplation.Hereshapedthetopographytosolvemajordrainageandsewageproblemsandtocreatearusticenvironment.Thoughhedidnotdesignthefirstthreeparks-BostonCommon,thePubli
5、cGardenandCommonwealthAvenueMall-hedidenvisionthenewandolderparksworkingtogetherasasystem.Andhebelievedtheyshouldworkinmanyways.FranklinParkArnoldArboretumJamaicaPondOlmstedParkBackBayFensCommonwealthAvenueMallPublicGardenBostonCommonTheRiverwayBostonCom
6、monFoundedin1634TheoldestparkintheUnitedStates,theCommonhasbeensharedlandsince1634andholdsauniqueplaceinthehistoryofBostonandthenation.Thoughthelandscapehaschangedfrompasturesandmilitiatraininggroundstoawell-lovedparkwithopenlawns,shadedpathways,ballfiel
7、ds,tenniscourtsandaplayground,theCommonremainsanactivemeetinggroundintheheartofhistoricBoston.Forover350yearsithasbeenacenterandamirrorofciviclife.TheMassachusettsStateHouseFrederickLawOlmstednevertouchedBostonCommon,buthissonsdid.About1913,theirfirmsupe
8、rvisedthepavingofwalkways,thereplenishmentofthesoil,andthemovingof15-tontrees.PublicGardencreatedin1837TheBostonPublicGardenwasestablishedin1837byagroupofProprietorsasthefirstpublicbotanicalgardenintheUnitedStates.In1852it
