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1、Historyofthecommonlaw
CommonlaworiginallydevelopedundertheinquisitorialsysteminEnglandfromjudicialdecisionsthatwerebasedintradition,custom,andprecedent.SuchformsoflegalinstitutionsandculturebearresemblancetothosewhichexistedhistoricallyincontinentalEuropeandoth
2、ersocietieswhereprecedentandcustomhaveattimesplayedasubstantialroleinthelegalprocess,includingGermaniclawrecordedinRomanhistoricalchronicles.Theformofreasoningusedincommonlawisknownascasuistryorcase-basedreasoning.Thecommonlaw,asappliedincivilcases(asdistinctfro
3、mcriminalcases),wasdevisedasameansofcompensatingsomeoneforwrongfulactsknownastorts,includingbothintentionaltortsandtortscausedbynegligence,andasdevelopingthebodyoflawrecognizingandregulatingcontracts.Thetypeofprocedurepractisedincommonlawcourtsisknownastheadvers
4、arialsystem;thisisalsoadevelopmentofthecommonlaw.
BeforetheinstitutionalstabilityimposedonEnglandbyWilliamtheConquerorin1066,Englishresidents,likethoseofmanyothersocieties,particularlytheGermanicculturesofcontinentalEurope,weregovernedbyunwrittenlocalcustomstha
5、tvariedfromcommunitytocommunityandwereenforcedinoftenarbitraryfashion.Forexample,courtsgenerallyconsistedofinformalpublicassembliesthatweighedconflictingclaimsinacaseand,ifunabletoreachadecision,mightrequireanaccusedtotestguiltorinnocencebycarryingared-hotiron烧红
6、的铁块orsnatchingastonefromacauldronofboilingwaterorsomeother"test"ofveracity，(trialbyordeal)神明裁判.Ifthedefendant'swoundhealedwithinaprescribedperiod规定期限,hewassetfreeasinnocent;ifnot,execution处决usuallyfollowed.
In1154,HenryIIbecamethefirstPlantagenet（金雀花王朝）king.Amon
7、gmanyachievements,Henryinstitutionalizedcommonlawbycreatingaunifiedsystemoflaw"common"tothecountrythroughincorporatingandelevatinglocalcustomtothenational,endinglocalcontrolandpeculiarities,eliminatingarbitraryremedies,andreinstatingajurysystemofcitizensswornono
8、athtoinvestigatereliablecriminalaccusationsandcivilclaims.Thejuryreacheditsverdictthroughevaluatingcommonlocalknowledge,notnecessarilythroughthepresentationofevidence
